scholarly journals Variable Anatomy of the Middle Cerebral Artery from Its Origin to the Edge of the Sylvian Fissure: A Direct Fresh Brain Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Eve M. Oo ◽  
Khin E. E. Saw ◽  
Hnin N. Oo ◽  
Thida Than ◽  
Khin Thida
Keyword(s):  
Middle Cerebral Artery ◽  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Preoperative Assessment ◽  
Main Trunk ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
Posterior Parietal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Study ◽  
Selection Of

The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is a major artery supplying blood to the brain and a common site of surgically treatable intracranial aneurysms. The MCA has anatomic variations that may have clinical significance. In order to investigate and document the extent of such variations, the MCA in 100 fresh brain hemispheres from 50 deceased patients, obtained from the Police Surgeon Office, Yangon General Hospital, Myanmar, was dissected and examined. Double MCA was observed in 2% of specimens. The termination patterns were bifurcation (72%), trifurcation (16%), and primary trunk (12%); early bifurcation was also observed (3%). The mean length of the main trunk (MT) was 20.6 ± 6.2 mm. The number of perforators ranged from 4 to 15 (mean = 9); most arose from the MT (96%), and the others originated at the bifurcation point (3%) and in postbifurcation divisions (1%). All of the perforators (100%) had a single branching pattern. The number of cortical branches ranged from 6 to 13 and included the orbitofrontal (98%), prefrontal (99%), precentral (95%), central (98%), temporopolar (87%), anterior temporal (89%), middle temporal (24%), posterior temporal (62%), temporo-occipital (69%), anterior parietal (88%), angular (83%), and posterior parietal (57%) arteries. Early cortical branches emerged from the MT in 52% of specimens. These data can help anatomists, radiologists, and neurosurgeons in preoperative assessment, surgical planning, and selection of surgical approach.

The perforating branches of the middle cerebral artery

1985 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Umansky ◽  
Francisco B. Gomes ◽  
Manuel Dujovny ◽  
Fernando G. Diaz ◽  
James I. Ausman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Cerebral Artery ◽  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Interventional Neuroradiology ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Main Trunk ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
Medial Group ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The perforating branches (PFB's) of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) were studied in 34 unfixed brain hemispheres which were injected with a polyester resin and dissected under the operating microscope. Five hundred and eight vessels were identified and their site of origin, branching pattern, outer diameter (OD), and length recorded. Four hundred and two PFB's (79%) originated from the main trunk of the MCA before its division; the remaining 106 vessels (21%) had their origin from branches of the MCA as follows: superior trunk, 43 vessels (8.5%); inferior trunk, 30 vessels (6%); middle trunk, four vessels (0.8%); early temporal branch, 27 vessels (5.3%); and early frontal branch, two vessels (0.4%). The number of PFB's in each hemisphere varied from five to 29 (mean 14.9 ± 0.7 vessels). The great majority of PFB's (96%) originated along the proximal 17 mm of the MCA. The PFB's arising in the first 10 mm had a mean OD of 0.35 ± 0.01 mm and a mean length of 9.25 ± 0.19 mm, and those arising from the second 10 mm had a mean OD of 0.47 ± 0.02 mm and a mean length of 16.67 ± 1.4 mm. A clear distinction between a medial and lateral group of PFB's was present in only 14 hemispheres (41%). In nine hemispheres (26%), perforating vessels from the anterior cerebral artery (A1 segment) and from the recurrent artery of Heubner replaced the medial group of PFB's of the MCA. In one case this group originated in an accessory MCA. In three hemispheres (9%) a small anastomosis (OD 0.2 mm) was seen between a PFB of the recurrent artery of Heubner and one of the MCA. From a total of 508 PFB's, 255 vessels (50%) originated as single vessels, while 253 vessels (50%) originated as branches of common stems. The OD of the single vessels ranged from 0.1 mm to 1.1 mm (mean 0.39 ± 0.02 mm), and the length from 3 to 20 mm (mean 10.8 ± 0.2 mm). The common stems ranged in OD from 0.6 to 1.8 mm (mean 0.87 ± 0.04 mm), and in length from 1 to 15 mm (mean 4.1 ± 0.4 mm). The clinical application of these anatomical data to the management of aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations of the MCA, and in the field of interventional neuroradiology is described. The most frequent pathological entities involving the perforating vessels are also discussed.

Perforating branches of the middle cerebral artery

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slobodan V. Marinković ◽  
Miroslav S. Kovačević ◽  
Jelena M. Marinković
Keyword(s):  
Middle Cerebral Artery ◽  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Carotid Bifurcation ◽  
Main Trunk ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
Perforating Artery ◽  
Lateral Group ◽  
Medial Group ◽  
Perforating Arteries

✓ Perforating branches of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) were examined under magnification in 50 formalin-fixed brain hemispheres. Perforating vessels varied in number from three to 18, with an average of nine. The greater the number of vessels, the smaller was their diameter. In this study, the perforating arteries were divided into medial, middle, and lateral groupings. Those in the medial group usually arose directly from the MCA main trunk close to the carotid bifurcation. There were usually three vessels in the middle group, which originated not only from the MCA trunk, but also from the MCA collateral (cortical) branches. Common stems, when present, gave rise to individual perforating vessels and occasionally to thin olfactory and insular rami. Perforating arteries in the lateral group varied from one to nine in number. In addition to an origin from the MCA trunk, they also arose from cortical branches supplying the frontal and temporal lobes. The fact that lateral perforating vessels often originated from division sites and from terminal branches of the MCA is of clinical significance, because aneurysms are more commonly located at the MCA bifurcation. Anastomoses were not found among the perforating arteries. In two specimens, a fusion between a perforating artery and the MCA trunk was noted. Since the perforating vessels are obviously end arteries, injury to them must be avoided during operations for MCA aneurysms.

scholarly journals CORTICAL BRANCHES OF THE MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY IN EUROPEAN BADGER (Meles meles)

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedykt Skoczylas ◽  
Witold Brudnicki ◽  
Krzysztof Kirkiłło-Stacewicz ◽  
Włodzimierz Nowicki ◽  
Jan Wach
Keyword(s):  
Middle Cerebral Artery ◽  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Meles Meles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
Common Trunk ◽  
Main Trunk ◽  
European Badger ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Independent Branch

The pattern and variation of the cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery in European badger were studied for 64 cerebral hemispheres. It was found that the artery bifurcates into splits into ten permanent branches. Two olfactory arteries supply the area of the brain situated on the border between the old and the new cortex. The other eight branches get divided into three branches heading for the frontal region, two branches – to the parietal region and three temporal branches which supply only the new cortex. The frontal, parietal and temporal branches descended independently from the main trunk of the middle cerebral artery or formed a common trunk first. Common trunks for respective groups of branches have been described as the rostral, dorsal and caudal middle cerebral artery. The rostral olfactory artery in 6.3% of the cases investigated was an independent branch from the rostral cerebral artery.Key words: arteries; brain; European badgerKORTIKALNE VEJE SREDNJE MOŽGANSKE ARTERIJE PRI EVROPSKEM JAZBECU  (Meles meles)Povzetek: Vzorec in razlike v razvejanosti kortikalnih vej srednje možganske arterije smo preučevali v 64 možganskih poloblah evropskega jazbeca. Ugotovili smo, da se glavna arterija razdeli na deset vedno prisotnih vej. Dve vohalni arteriji oskrbujeta območje možganov, ki se nahaja na meji med področjem neokorteksa in starejšega dela skorje možgan. Preostalih osem vej se deli na tri veje, ki se usmerijo v čelno področje, dve veji usmerjeni v parietalno področje in tri senčnične veje, ki oskrbujejo področje neokorteksa. Čelne, parietalne in temporalne veje se spustijo neodvisno od glavnega debla srednje možganske arterije, ali pa najprej oblikujejo skupno deblo. Običajna debla za posamezne skupine vej so opisana kot rostralna, dorzalna in kavdalna srednja možganska arterija. Rostralna vohalna arterija je bila v 6,3 odstotkih preiskovanih primerov neodvisna od rostralne možganske arterije.Ključne besede: arterije; možgani; evropski jazbec

Microsurgical anatomy of the middle cerebral artery

1981 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirohiko Gibo ◽  
Christopher C. Carver ◽  
Albert L. Rhoton ◽  
Carla Lenkey ◽  
Robert J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Middle Cerebral Artery ◽  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Sylvian Fissure ◽  
Microsurgical Anatomy ◽  
Main Trunk ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Posterior Parietal ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Temporal Middle

✓ The microsurgical anatomy of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) was defined in 50 cerebral hemispheres. The MCA was divided into four segments: the M1 (sphenoidal) segment coursed posterior and parallel to the sphenoid ridge; the M2 (insular) segment lay on the insula; the M3 (opercular) segment coursed over the frontoparietal and temporal opercula; and the M4 (cortical) segment spread over the cortical surface. The Sylvian fissure was divided into a sphenoidal and an operculoinsular compartment. The M1 segment coursed in the sphenoidal compartment, and the M2 and M3 segments coursed in the operculoinsular compartment. The main trunk of the MCA divided in one of three ways: bifurcation (78% of hemispheres), trifurcation (12%), or division into multiple trunks (10%). The MCA's that bifurcated were divided into three groups: equal bifurcation (18%), inferior trunk dominant (32%), or superior trunk dominant (28%). The MCA territory was divided into 12 areas: orbitofrontal, prefrontal, precentral, central, anterior parietal, posterior parietal, angular, temporo-occipital, posterior temporal, middle temporal, anterior temporal, and temporopolar. The smallest cortical arteries arose at the anterior end and the largest one at the posterior end of the Sylvian fissure. The largest cortical arteries supplied the temporo-occipital and angular areas. The relationship of each of the cortical arteries to a number of external landmarks was reviewed in detail.

Anomalies and Variations of the Middle Cerebral Artery : A Micro anatomical Study

Neurosurgery ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 22 (6P1-P2) ◽  
pp. 1023-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Umansky ◽  
Manuel Dujovny ◽  
James I. Ausman ◽  
Fernando G. Diaz ◽  
Haresh G. Mirchandani
Keyword(s):  
Middle Cerebral Artery ◽  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Polyester Resin ◽  
Anterior Cerebral Artery ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Main Trunk ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
Accessory Middle Cerebral Artery

Abstract The microvascular anatomy of the main trunk and divisions of the middle cerebral artery was studied in 104 unfixed brain hemispheres injected with polyester resin and dissected under the operating microscope. The following anomalies and variations of the middle cerebral artery were found: fenestration (1 case; 1%), located on the first 4 mm of the main trunk of the middle cerebral artery; duplication (1 case; 1%). with vessels arising from the internal carotid artery; accessory middle cerebral artery (2 cases; 2%). originating on the A, segment of the anterior cerebral artery; single-trunk type of middle cerebral artery (4 cases; 4%), with no division of its main trunk; quadrifurcation (4 cases; 4%), in which the main trunk of the middle cerebral artery divided into four secondary trunks. The clinical implications of these anatomical findings are discussed, and photographs of representative specimens illustrate the anomalies.

scholarly journals The cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery in the otter (Lutra lutra)

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 282-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Skoczylas ◽  
W. Brudnicki ◽  
W. Nowicki ◽  
K. Kirkillo-Stacewicz ◽  
R. Jablonski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Cerebral Artery ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Trunk ◽  
Lutra Lutra ◽  
Main Trunk ◽  
The Brain

The cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery in the otter were described using 60 hemispheres. It was demonstrated that the artery is divided into ten permanent branches. Two rhinal arteries supply the region of the brain located on the border between the old and the archicortex and the neocortex. The other eight branches are divided into three branches running towards the frontal lobe, two branches – to the region of the parietal lobe and three temporal branches which supply blood to the neocortex only. The frontal, parietal and temporal branches descended independently from the main trunk of the middle cerebral artery or first formed a common trunk. Common trunks for specific groups of bifurcations were described as the middle cerebral artery (anterior, superior and posterior).  

Cerebral hypoxia-ischemia and middle cerebral artery occlusion induce expression of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor in the brain

2007 ◽  
Vol 412 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Ashton ◽  
Rosanna M.A. Rahman ◽  
Shiva M. Nair ◽  
Brad A. Sutherland ◽  
Michelle Glass ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Cerebral Artery ◽  
Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion ◽  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Cerebral Hypoxia ◽  
Cb2 Receptor ◽  
Hypoxia Ischemia ◽  
Cerebral Artery Occlusion ◽  
The Brain

Abstract 166: Endothelial Overexpression of LOX-1 Increases Stroke Size in vivo

2013 ◽  
Vol 113 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Akhmedov ◽  
Remo D Spescha ◽  
Francesco Paneni ◽  
Giovani G Camici ◽  
Thomas F Luescher
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Middle Cerebral Artery ◽  
Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion ◽  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Oxidized Ldl ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Cerebral Artery Occlusion ◽  
The Brain

Background— Stroke is one of the most common causes of death and long term disability worldwide primarily affecting the elderly population. Lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) is the receptor for oxidized LDL identified in endothelial cells. Binding of OxLDL to LOX-1 induces several cellular events in endothelial cells, such as activation of transcription factor NF-kB, upregulation of MCP-1, and reduction in intracellular NO. Accumulating evidence suggests that LOX-1 is involved in endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, atherogenesis, myocardial infarction, and intimal thickening after balloon catheter injury. Interestingly, a recent study demonstrated that acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), which could prevent ischemic stroke, inhibited Ox-LDL-mediated LOX-1 expression in human coronary endothelial cells. The expression of LOX-1 was increased at a transient ischemic core site in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model. These data suggest that LOX-1 expression induces atherosclerosis in the brain and is the precipitating cause of ischemic stroke. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to investigate the role of endothelial LOX-1 in stroke using experimental mouse model. Methods and Results— 12-week-old male LOX-1TG generated recently in our group and wild-type (WT) mice were applied for a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model to induce ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) brain injury. LOX-1TG mice developed 24h post-MCAO significantly larger infarcts in the brain compared to WT (81.51±8.84 vs. 46.41±10.13, n=7, p < 0.05) as assessed morphologically using Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Moreover, LOX-1TG showed higher neurological deficit in RotaRod (35.57±8.92 vs. 66.14±10.63, n=7, p < 0.05) and Bederson tests (2.22±0.14 vs. 1.25±0.30, n=9-12, p < 0.05) - two experimental physiological tests for neurological function. Conclusions— Thus, our data suggest that LOX-1 plays a critical role in the ischemic stroke when expressed at unphysiological levels. Such LOX-1 -associated phenotype could be due to the endothelial dysfunction. Therefore, LOX-1 may represent novel therapeutic targets for preventing ischemic stroke.

Acute Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion: Experience with Volume Expansion Therapy

Neurosurgery ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce I. Tranmer ◽  
Cordell E. Gross ◽  
Ted S. Keller ◽  
Glenn W. Kindt
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Middle Cerebral Artery ◽  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Life Styles ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Mca Occlusion ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Five consecutive patients with acute neurological deficits after middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion were given emergency treatment with colloidal volume expansion. In each case, the diagnosis was confirmed promptly by computed tomography and cerebral angiography. Aggressive volume expansion therapy was started 2 to 18 hours (mean, 11 hr) after the onset of the neurological deficit. The mean colloidal volume used was 920 ml/day for an average of 4 days. During volume expansion, the mean cardiac output increased 57% from 4.6 + 0.6 to 7.2 + 1.9 litres/min (P &lt; 0.05). The mean hematocrit decreased 19% from 46 + 3% to 37 + 4% (P &lt; 0.01). The mean arterial blood pressure remained stable, and the pulmonary artery wedge pressure was maintained at &lt; 15 mm Hg. Three patients improved dramatically with volume expansion therapy and have returned to their previous life-styles. Two patients made partial recoveries and manage at home with nursing care. The three patients who improved dramatically were young (aged &lt;34) and, when compared to the older patients, they had greater increases in cardiac output (67% vs. 19%). No major complications or deaths were attributed to the volume expansion therapy. We propose that intravascular volume expansion and its concomitant augmentation of the cardiovascular dynamics may be effective in the treatment of acute neurological deficits after acute MCA occlusion.

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