scholarly journals Prevalence and Social and Built Environmental Determinants of Maternal Prepregnancy Obesity in 68 Major Metropolitan Cities of the United States, 2013–2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Gopal K. Singh ◽  
Jessica N. DiBari ◽  
Hyunjung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Severe Obesity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Environmental Determinants ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Metropolitan Cities ◽  
Prepregnancy Obesity ◽  
Maternal Prepregnancy Obesity ◽  
Us Cities

Objective. Maternal prepregnancy obesity is related to increased maternal morbidity and mortality and poor birth outcomes. However, prevalence and risk factors for prepregnancy obesity in US cities are not known. This study examines the prevalence and social and environmental determinants of maternal prepregnancy obesity (BMI ≥30), overweight/obesity (BMI ≥25), and severe obesity (BMI ≥40) in the 68 largest metropolitan cities of the United States. Methods. We fitted logistic and Poisson regression models to the 2013–2016 national vital statistics birth cohort data (N = 3,083,600) to derive unadjusted and adjusted city differentials in maternal obesity and to determine social and environmental determinants. Results. Considerable disparities existed across cities, with the prevalence of prepregnancy obesity ranging from 10.4% in San Francisco to 36.6% in Detroit. Approximately 63.0% of mothers in Detroit were overweight or obese before pregnancy, compared with 29.2% of mothers in San Francisco. Severe obesity ranged from 1.4% in San Francisco to 8.5% in Cleveland. Women in Anchorage, Buffalo, Cleveland, Fresno, Indianapolis, Louisville, Milwaukee, Oklahoma City, Sacramento, St Paul, Toledo, Tulsa, and Wichita had >2 times higher adjusted odds of prepregnancy obesity compared to those in San Francisco. Race/ethnicity, maternal age, parity, marital status, nativity/immigrant status, and maternal education were important individual-level risk factors and accounted for 63%, 39%, and 72% of the city disparities in prepregnancy obesity, overweight/obesity, and severe obesity, respectively. Area deprivation, violent crime rates, physical inactivity rates, public transport use, and access to parkland and green spaces remained significant predictors of prepregnancy obesity even after controlling for individual-level covariates. Conclusions. Substantial disparities in maternal prepregnancy obesity among the major US cities remain despite risk-factor adjustment, with women in several Southern and Midwestern cities experiencing high risks of obesity. Sound urban policies are needed to promote healthier lifestyles and favorable social and built environments for obesity reduction and improved maternal health.

scholarly journals A citizen science approach to evaluating US cities for biotic homogenization

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Misha Leong ◽  
Michelle D Trautwein
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Biodiversity ◽  
Biotic Homogenization ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Science Data ◽  
Metropolitan Cities ◽  
Urban Intensification ◽  
The City ◽  
Us Cities

Cities around the world have converged on structural and environmental characteristics that exert similar eco-evolutionary pressures on local communities. However, evaluating how urban biodiversity responds to urban intensification remains poorly understood because of the challenges in capturing the diversity of a range of taxa within and across multiple cities from different types of urbanization. Here we utilize a growing resource—citizen science data. We analyzed 66,209 observations representing 5,209 species generated by the City Nature Challenge project on the iNaturalist platform, in conjunction with remote sensing (NLCD2011) environmental data, to test for urban biotic homogenization at increasing levels of urban intensity across 14 metropolitan cities in the United States. Based on community composition analyses, we found that while similarities occur to an extent, urban biodiversity is often much more a reflection of the taxa living locally in a region. At the same time, the communities found in high intensity development were less explained by regional context than communities from other land cover types were. We also found that the most commonly observed species are often shared between cities and are non-endemic and/or have a distribution facilitated by humans. This study highlights the value of citizen science data in answering questions in urban ecology.

Interpersonal violence

2021 ◽  
pp. 377-392
Author(s):  
Rachel Jewkes
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Youth Violence ◽  
Elder Abuse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Societal Factors ◽  
Underlying Causes

Interpersonal violence results in 404,000 deaths annually and substantial health and economic costs. Although there is an element of genetic susceptibility, its use largely a social construct and thus inherently preventable. Interpersonal violence encompasses child maltreatment, peer violence, youth violence, physical, sexual, emotional, and economic intimate partner violence, sexual violence, and elder abuse. While these appear as a disparate set of acts of violence, they are actually very closely interrelated and perpetrators of one form are at greater risk of perpetrating others, and may also have been victims. This chapter uses an ecological approach to understanding common risk factors and underlying causes and reveals the importance of individual-level, interpersonal- or relationship-level, community-level, and societal factors. Evidence of the preventability of interpersonal violence is demonstrated in the United States, where the prevalence of all forms has declined since 1990. This has not been convincingly attributed to any one intervention, and further suggests that a complex and multilevel programme of interpersonal violence prevention is required, targeting risk factors, and encompassing effective health responses to support victims.

scholarly journals A citizen science approach to evaluating US cities for biotic homogenization

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Misha Leong ◽  
Michelle D Trautwein
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Biodiversity ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Science Data ◽  
Metropolitan Cities ◽  
Regional Specificity ◽  
Urban Intensification ◽  
The City ◽  
Us Cities

Background. Cities around the world have converged on structural and environmental characteristics that exert similar eco-evolutionary pressures on local communities. However, evaluating how urban biodiversity responds to urban intensification remains poorly understood because of the challenges in capturing the diversity of a range of taxa within and across multiple cities from different types of urbanization. Methods. Here we utilize a growing resource—citizen science data. We analyzed 66,209 observations representing 5,209 species generated by the City Nature Challenge project on the iNaturalist platform, in conjunction with remote sensing (NLCD2011) environmental data, to test for urban homogenization at increasing levels of urban intensity across 14 metropolitan cities in the United States. Results. Based on community composition analyses, we found that while urban homogenization occurs to an extent, urban biodiversity is often much more a reflection of the regional specificity of taxa. On the other hand, we also found that the most commonly observed species are often shared between cities and are non-endemic and/or have a distribution facilitated by humans. This study highlights the value of citizen science data in answering questions in urban ecology.

scholarly journals A citizen science approach to evaluating US cities for biotic homogenization

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Misha Leong ◽  
Michelle Trautwein
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Biodiversity ◽  
Biotic Homogenization ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Science Data ◽  
Metropolitan Cities ◽  
Urban Intensification ◽  
The City ◽  
Us Cities

Cities around the world have converged on structural and environmental characteristics that exert similar eco-evolutionary pressures on local communities. However, evaluating how urban biodiversity responds to urban intensification remains poorly understood because of the challenges in capturing the diversity of a range of taxa within and across multiple cities from different types of urbanization. Here we utilize a growing resource—citizen science data. We analyzed 66,209 observations representing 5,209 species generated by the City Nature Challenge project on the iNaturalist platform, in conjunction with remote sensing (NLCD2011) environmental data, to test for urban biotic homogenization at increasing levels of urban intensity across 14 metropolitan cities in the United States. Based on community composition analyses, we found that while similarities occur to an extent, urban biodiversity is often much more a reflection of the taxa living locally in a region. At the same time, the communities found in high-intensity development were less explained by regional context than communities from other land cover types were. We also found that the most commonly observed species are often shared between cities and are non-endemic and/or have a distribution facilitated by humans. This study highlights the value of citizen science data in answering questions in urban ecology.

Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward L. Barnes ◽  
Robert Burakoff
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
North America ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
The United States ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises chronic disorders characterized by inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two major identified subtypes of IBD are ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn disease (CD), and over many years, each can demonstrate periods of recurrence and remission. Although the presentation and clinical patterns of UC and CD have been well studied, many questions remain regarding the underlying disease pathogenesis. On an individual level, the development of clinically active IBD appears to occur on account of a complex set of interactions of distinct risk factors, including genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, and geographic location. On a global scale, the highest rates of IBD are found in Europe and North America, with worldwide prevalence of UC and CD increasing. Figures show the prevalence of UC and CD in the United States, stratified by region. Tables show the prevalence of IBD in North America as identified by various studies and environmental risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease. This review contains 2 highly rendered figures, 2 tables, and 134 references. 

scholarly journals A citizen science approach to evaluating US cities for biotic homogenization

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Misha Leong ◽  
Michelle D Trautwein
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Biodiversity ◽  
Biotic Homogenization ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Science Data ◽  
Metropolitan Cities ◽  
Urban Intensification ◽  
The City ◽  
Us Cities

Cities around the world have converged on structural and environmental characteristics that exert similar eco-evolutionary pressures on local communities. However, evaluating how urban biodiversity responds to urban intensification remains poorly understood because of the challenges in capturing the diversity of a range of taxa within and across multiple cities from different types of urbanization. Here we utilize a growing resource—citizen science data. We analyzed 66,209 observations representing 5,209 species generated by the City Nature Challenge project on the iNaturalist platform, in conjunction with remote sensing (NLCD2011) environmental data, to test for urban biotic homogenization at increasing levels of urban intensity across 14 metropolitan cities in the United States. Based on community composition analyses, we found that while similarities occur to an extent, urban biodiversity is often much more a reflection of the taxa living locally in a region. At the same time, the communities found in high intensity development were less explained by regional context than communities from other land cover types were. We also found that the most commonly observed species are often shared between cities and are non-endemic and/or have a distribution facilitated by humans. This study highlights the value of citizen science data in answering questions in urban ecology.

Proportion of Individuals With Past-Year Suicidal Ideation Who Attempted Suicide Over the Past 10 Years in the United States, and the Influence of Age and Sex

Crisis ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Shannon Lange ◽  
Courtney Bagge ◽  
Charlotte Probst ◽  
Jürgen Rehm
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
The United States ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Age Category

Abstract. Background: In recent years, the rate of death by suicide has been increasing disproportionately among females and young adults in the United States. Presumably this trend has been mirrored by the proportion of individuals with suicidal ideation who attempted suicide. Aim: We aimed to investigate whether the proportion of individuals in the United States with suicidal ideation who attempted suicide differed by age and/or sex, and whether this proportion has increased over time. Method: Individual-level data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 2008–2017, were used to estimate the year-, age category-, and sex-specific proportion of individuals with past-year suicidal ideation who attempted suicide. We then determined whether this proportion differed by age category, sex, and across years using random-effects meta-regression. Overall, age category- and sex-specific proportions across survey years were estimated using random-effects meta-analyses. Results: Although the proportion was found to be significantly higher among females and those aged 18–25 years, it had not significantly increased over the past 10 years. Limitations: Data were self-reported and restricted to past-year suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Conclusion: The increase in the death by suicide rate in the United States over the past 10 years was not mirrored by the proportion of individuals with past-year suicidal ideation who attempted suicide during this period.

Craft Beer's Unlikely Alchemist

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 78-90
Author(s):  
Theresa McCulla
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Assembly Line ◽  
The United States ◽  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Intellectual Curiosity ◽  
Brewing Industry ◽  
Washing Machine ◽  
Craft Beer ◽  
History Of

In 1965, Frederick (Fritz) Maytag III began a decades-long revitalization of Anchor Brewing Company in San Francisco, California. This was an unexpected venture from an unlikely brewer; for generations, Maytag's family had run the Maytag Washing Machine Company in Iowa and he had no training in brewing. Yet Maytag's career at Anchor initiated a phenomenal wave of growth in the American brewing industry that came to be known as the microbrewing—now “craft beer”—revolution. To understand Maytag's path, this article draws on original oral histories and artifacts that Maytag donated to the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History via the American Brewing History Initiative, a project to document the history of brewing in the United States. The objects and reflections that Maytag shared with the museum revealed a surprising link between the birth of microbrewing and the strategies and culture of mass manufacturing. Even if the hallmarks of microbrewing—a small-scale, artisan approach to making beer—began as a backlash against the mass-produced system of large breweries, they relied on Maytag's early, intimate connections to the assembly-line world of the Maytag Company and the alchemy of intellectual curiosity, socioeconomic privilege, and risk tolerance with which his history equipped him.

The “Japanese Turn” in Fine Dining in the United States, 1980–2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
Samuel H. Yamashita
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
San Francisco Bay Area ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Further Training ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Wide Acceptance

In the 1970s, Japanese cooks began to appear in the kitchens of nouvelle cuisine chefs in France for further training, with scores more arriving in the next decades. Paul Bocuse, Alain Chapel, Joël Robuchon, and other leading French chefs started visiting Japan to teach, cook, and sample Japanese cuisine, and ten of them eventually opened restaurants there. In the 1980s and 1990s, these chefs' frequent visits to Japan and the steady flow of Japanese stagiaires to French restaurants in Europe and the United States encouraged a series of changes that I am calling the “Japanese turn,” which found chefs at fine-dining establishments in Los Angeles, New York City, and later the San Francisco Bay Area using an ever-widening array of Japanese ingredients, employing Japanese culinary techniques, and adding Japanese dishes to their menus. By the second decade of the twenty-first century, the wide acceptance of not only Japanese ingredients and techniques but also concepts like umami (savory tastiness) and shun (seasonality) suggest that Japanese cuisine is now well known to many American chefs.

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