scholarly journals Is SARS-CoV-2 an Etiologic Agent or Predisposing Factor for Oral Lesions in COVID-19 Patients? A Concise Review of Reported Cases in the Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Shahroo Etemad-Moghadam ◽  
Mojgan Alaeddini
Keyword(s):  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Oral Lesions ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Oral Symptoms ◽  
Indirect Association

The pathogenic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection is unclear, and its symptoms vary in different patients. Initial reports of COVID-19 concentrated on pulmonary issues, but with time, additional features such as hyposmia/anosmia, dysgeusia, and skin lesions were added to the list of COVID-19 symptoms. There have been an increasing number of reports on oral cavity lesions in individuals with COVID-19, which might be relevant considering that this location is one of the first sites coming into contact with the virus and that it contains the SARS-CoV-2 receptor. We hereby aim to familiarize practicing head and neck clinicians with the range of oral lesions reported in COVID-19 patients and to critically appraise the most recent data on the role of SARS-CoV-2 in these lesions. We also discuss the ongoing debate on the direct/indirect association of oral symptoms with the disease. COVID-19 cases with simultaneous oral symptoms were extracted from the literature, and articles discussing the role of SARS-CoV-2 in oral lesions were compiled and methodically analyzed. We found approximately 95 COVID-19 patients with a wide range of oral lesions. Based on current evidence, the exact role of SARS-CoV-2 in the development of oral lesions remains unclear. Oral examination of patients is needed to provide adequate cases for analysis to clarify unknown problems related to COVID-19. There is evidence to support both the direct and indirect roles of SARS-CoV-2 in the development of oral lesions. Awareness of the possibility of oral manifestations in COVID-19 is important to clarify the range of disease signs and symptoms.

Acute Monarticular Arthritis Caused by Herpes Simplex Virus Type I

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 882-883
Author(s):  
GARY RAMAFEDI ◽  
ROBERT L. MULDOON
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Acute Onset ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Mexican Descent ◽  
Type I ◽  
Oral Lesions ◽  
Acute Arthritis ◽  
Simplex Virus

Numerous viruses have been described as potential causes of acute arthritides.1-3 Recently, herpes simplex virus (HSV) type I has been implicated as a possible etiologic agent in acute arthritis in adults.4-6 The purpose here is to review evidence of the role of herpes viruses in acute arthritis and to report the isolation of HSV from the synovial fluid of a child with arthritis. CASE REPORT A 6-year-old of Mexican descent was admitted to the hospital because of the acute onset of pain and swelling in her light knee. The patients had been well until four days prior to admission when she developed fever and painful oral lesions.

scholarly journals Role of Thiamine in Refeeding Syndrome in Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Total Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Intestinal Resection ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Refeeding Syndrome ◽  
Wide Range

Purpose, Setting and Subjects: We conducted a case report study of a postoperative pediatric patient on total parenteral nutrition managed by a multidisciplinary team in a tertiary care hospital. In October 2020, data of nutritional status, hypophosphatemia, electrolyte and metabolic imbalance, and the role of thiamine supplement were reviewed. Background: Refeeding Syndrome is usually defined as the possibly lethal maldistribution of fluids and electrolytes that could take place in malnourished patients receiving enteral or parenteral refeeding. This is due to hormonal and metabolic disturbances that may lead to critical clinical deterioration. The biochemical key feature of Refeeding Syndrome is hypophosphatemia. In general, the syndrome is complicated and may also incorporate abnormal electrolytes and fluid balance; changes in serum level of protein, glucose, and the metabolism of fat; thiamine deficiency; hypokalemia; and hypomagnesaemia. Case Report: an ex-preterm 6-year-old boy who underwent major intestinal resection due to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) during his stormy neonatal period, presented to ED with constipation for 2 days; the patient was admitted in the pediatric ward under combined care with Pediatric Surgery, as a case of large bowel obstruction for conservative management. He had cachexic appearance, global developmental delay (GDD), and faltering growth. Subsequently and during his PICU stay, he suffered a fluctuating course of electrolytes imbalance a few days after commencing total parenteral nutrition (TPN), and developed altered mental status that responded well to thiamine infusions to resume his baseline sensorium within 48 hours. Conclusions: The role of thiamine in Refeeding Syndrome is extremely underestimated, despite the current evidence of its high efficacy. However, the fussy exclusion mechanism to reach the diagnosis is probably the reason behind the delaying of treatment in most of the cases. A wide range of patients are at risk of developing Refeeding Syndrome, especially malnourished children, as in this case report. Categories: Nutrition, Surgery, Pediatrics, Gastroenterology.

scholarly journals Pathogenesis of Behçet's Syndrome: Genetic, Environmental and Immunological Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Mattioli ◽  
Alessandra Bettiol ◽  
Güher Saruhan-Direskeneli ◽  
Haner Direskeneli ◽  
Giacomo Emmi
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Vasculitis ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Behçet’S Syndrome ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Behçet's Syndrome ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Behcet’S Syndrome ◽  
Immunological Factors ◽  
Behcet's Syndrome

Behçet's syndrome (BS) is a rare systemic vasculitis, characterized by a wide range of different clinical involvements and unpredictable phases of recurrence and remission. BS can be described as a multifactorial disease with an incompletely known etiopathogenesis; in fact, though presenting some peculiar features, such as its typical geographic distribution and the strong association with the well-known genetic predisposing factor HLA-B*51, the cause behind the onset and progression of the disease remains currently not fully understood. Besides genetic HLA and non-HLA predisposing associations and epigenetic influence, environmental factors also play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease, and among these, infectious agents (both bacterial and viral) and specific microbiome alterations are considered of particular relevance in BS pathogenesis. BS has been included for decades among autoimmune diseases, in light of evidence showing T- and B-cell aberrant responses. However, because of recurrent mucocutaneous lesions and episodes of inflammation without antigen-specific T-cell or autoantibody responses, BS has also been classified among autoinflammatory disorders. Nevertheless, differently from autoinflammatory diseases, BS mildly responds to therapies targeting IL-1, its onset is not usually in childhood, and has high neutrophilic vasculitic involvement. Finally, given the association with HLA class I alleles, similar to spondyloarthropathies, the concept of BS as a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I -opathy has been introduced. Understanding the complex etiopathogenesis of BS is essential to identify modifiable risk factors of BS occurrence or exacerbation and to develop targeted therapies. This review summarizes current evidence on the main genetic, environmental and immunological factors contributing to BS development.

scholarly journals Neonatal Sepsis and Inflammatory Mediators

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Reis Machado ◽  
Danilo Figueiredo Soave ◽  
Marcos Vinícius da Silva ◽  
Liliana Borges de Menezes ◽  
Renata Margarida Etchebehere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Neonatal Sepsis ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Neonatal Infection ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Diagnostic Criterion

Neonatal sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and its signs and symptoms are nonspecific, which makes the diagnosis difficult. The routinely used laboratory tests are not effective methods of analysis, as they are extremely nonspecific and often cause inappropriate use of antibiotics. Sepsis is the result of an infection associated with a systemic inflammatory response with production and release of a wide range of inflammatory mediators. Cytokines are potent inflammatory mediators and their serum levels are increased during infections, so changes from other inflammatory effector molecules may occur. Although proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines have been identified as probable markers of neonatal infection, in order to characterize the inflammatory response during sepsis, it is necessary to analyze a panel of cytokines and not only the measurement of individual cytokines. Measurements of inflammatory mediators bring new options for diagnosing and following up neonatal sepsis, thus enabling early treatment and, as a result, increased neonatal survival. By taking into account the magnitude of neonatal sepsis, the aim of this review is to address the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of neonatal sepsis and its value as a diagnostic criterion.

scholarly journals Oral findings in SARS-CoV-2 infection- A comprehensive review

2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 208-210
Author(s):  
Kratika Mohan ◽  
G V Sowmya ◽  
Shashwat Saxena ◽  
Samia Seraj
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Oral Lesions ◽  
Health It ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Dental Practitioners ◽  
Multi Disciplinary Team

The COVID-19 has presented as a worldwide threat to global health. It is highly necessary to study signs and symptoms associated with this infection. This review highlights the role of dental practitioners to diagnose the early signs of oral lesions in COVID-19 infection. They can play an important role in managing pain, giving support to patient and improving the quality of life, by becoming a part of multi-disciplinary team to fight against this global pandemic.

scholarly journals Expert consensus on defining sensitive skin and role of cosmeceuticals: an Indian perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 827
Author(s):  
Malvika Kohli ◽  
Hema Pant ◽  
Rasya Dixit ◽  
Anchala Parthasaradhi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Sensitive Skin ◽  
Skin Manifestation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dermatological Disorders ◽  
Indian Perspective

<p class="abstract">In clinical practice, the ‘sensitive skin’ phenomenon, encompassing a wide range of signs and symptoms, is majorly a self-diagnosed condition. Various articles have given perspective on the heterogeneous concept of sensitive skin in varied ways. Cosmeceuticals, commonly used for sensitive skin, contain biologically active ingredients that deliver multifunctional skin benefits. Since no guidelines have been formulated for the use of cosmeceutical products in the management of sensitive skin, an individualized skin care regimen is usually adopted. Also, cosmeceutical products have been demonstrated to play a crucial role as add-on therapy in the management of dermatological disorders. However, there exists uncertainty about sensitive skin manifestation and well-defined use of cosmeceuticals for sensitive skin. This paper provides a consensus clinical viewpoint of expert clinicians, which will help clear the pathway for effective identification and management of sensitive skin using cosmeceuticals.</p>

scholarly journals Immune mediated Lesions of the oral cavity: A scrupulously researched review

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-244
Author(s):  
Sunita Gupta ◽  
Shriya Khera
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Oral Lesions ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Salient Features

Oral mucosa may be the first site to manifest protean signs and symptoms in immune mediated diseases. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to have a thorough and vast knowledge about various diseases. It is the role of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostician to diagnose the lesions according to their salient features.In this review article, we aim to describe the immune mediated oral lesions, their clinical features, investigations and management.

scholarly journals Prevention strategies for adolescent depression

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl Bennett ◽  
Rhys Bevan Jones ◽  
Daniel Smith
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Depression ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
List Type ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Interpersonal Therapy ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Current Evidence Base

SummaryDepression is missed more often in adolescents than in adults, partly because they present with symptoms different from those in adults and because many do not seek help. Early detection or the delay of onset can have a significant effect on a young person's development and social functioning. We briefly discuss diagnosis and screening instruments before presenting the wide range of educational and psychological preventive approaches developed for adolescent depression. Many of the latter are based on the cognitive-behavioural or interpersonal therapy models. We consider how clinicians might use the current evidence base to identify and prevent depression in adolescents, and outline the principles of management of the disorder.LEARNING OBJECTIVES•Identify signs and symptoms of adolescent depression and recognise the difficulties in making a diagnosis.•Recognise the risk factors for adolescent depression.•Appreciate the aims and theoretical concepts of prevention strategies for adolescent depression.

scholarly journals Diagnosis of Skin Lesions by Trainee Surgeons: Experience Improves Accuracy

2009 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 494-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Pearl ◽  
W Townley ◽  
D Stott ◽  
AO Grobbelaar
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Training Period ◽  
Structured Learning ◽  
Specialist Training ◽  
Clinical Exposure ◽  
Diagnostic Skills ◽  
Wide Range

INTRODUCTION Accurate clinical diagnosis depends on the reliable recognition of signs and symptoms. This expertise comes from experience in seeing patients which has been traditionally gained over a long training period. Shortened specialist training (Modernising Medical Careers) has led to a greater reliance on structured teaching and skills transfer programmes. The accuracy of clinical diagnosis and the rate at which diagnostic skills improve during training is important for the assessment of trainees, and the delivery of care. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study assessed the accuracy of clinical diagnosis of skin lesions by two junior plastic surgery trainees. They were asked to diagnose 120 consecutive skin lesions seen in a pigmented skin lesion clinic in 2005, with the histological diagnosis being confirmed following subsequent excision. The process was repeated a year later in 2006 to enable the rate of correct diagnosis to be compared. RESULTS Initially, 53.3% of diagnoses were correct. A year later, this had risen to 65.0%. Twenty-two different skin pathologies were present in excised specimens, and skin cancers comprised 30%. The trainees demonstrated 93.8% sensitivity in their initial diagnosis of malignancy (95% CI, 79.2–99.2) and 97.4% a year later (95% CI, 86.5–99.9). However, specificity was 69.3% (95% CI, 58.6–78.7) in 2005 and 71.6% (95% CI, 60.5–71.4) in 2006. CONCLUSIONS Accuracy in the diagnosis of the wide range of skin conditions presenting to an out-patient clinic was shown to increase over a 1-year period. We feel that this improvement resulted from regular clinical exposure supported by a structured learning programme. The shortening of the specialist training period may affect the acquisition of diagnostic skills by trainees and impact on the confidence with which they commence consultant practice.

scholarly journals UNRAVELING (COVID) MUCOR MYCOSIS, DENTISTS AT THE DEEP END - A MINI REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (09) ◽  
pp. 940-947
Author(s):  
Nirmala Chandrasekaran ◽  
◽  
Anil Kumar Ramachandran ◽  
G. Padmanabha Kumar ◽  
Siddharth Dhanraj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Delayed Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Uncontrolled Diabetes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Oral And Maxillofacial Region ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms

COVID-19 otherwise called as SARS-Cov-2 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome declared as pandemic by WHO, resulted in increased mortality globally. Post covid recovered patients developed a wide range of opportunistic bacterial and fungal infections including mucormycosis. Even though mucormycosis is known as a life-threatening disease in immunocompromised patients and patients with uncontrolled diabetes with high rates of morbidity and mortality, application of a proper protocol and adhering to the standard guidelines in the management from initial stage to advanced complex stage can reduce the morbidity and mortality. Since the early clinical signs and symptoms arise in the oral and maxillofacial region, the role of general dentist in early detection of the clinical signs and symptoms and in particular the early surgical intervention by the Oral & Maxillofacial surgeons can definitely reduce the morbidity and mortality caused by mucormycosis. Poor prognosis and increased morbidity are often related to delayed diagnosis and delayed management without proper guidelines. This article aims to describe in brief mucormycosis with the current update and the role of an endodontist in diagnosis and management of this fungal infection.

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