scholarly journals Prevalence and Traits of Mobile Colistin Resistance Gene Harbouring Isolates from Different Ecosystems in Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Madubuike Umunna Anyanwu ◽  
Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala ◽  
Kennedy Foinkfu Chah ◽  
Vincent Shodeinde Shoyinka
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Insertion Sequences ◽  
Plant Origin ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
Food Trade ◽  
Extensive Drug Resistance ◽  
Class 1

The mobile colistin resistance (mcr) gene threatens the efficacy of colistin (COL), a last-line antibiotic used in treating deadly infections. For more than six decades, COL is used in livestock around the globe, including Africa. The use of critically important antimicrobial agents, like COL, is largely unregulated in Africa, and many other factors militate against effective antimicrobial stewardship in the continent. Currently, ten mcr genes (mcr-1 to mcr-10) have been described. In Africa, mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-5, mcr-8, and mcr-9 have been detected in isolates from humans, animals, foods of animal origin, and the environment. These genes are harboured by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, and Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. Different conjugative and nonconjugative plasmids form the backbone for mcr in these isolates; however, mcr-1 and mcr-3 have also been integrated into the chromosome of some African strains. Insertion sequences (ISs) (especially ISApl1), either located upstream or downstream of mcr, class 1 integrons, and transposons, are drivers of mcr in Africa. Genes coding multi/extensive drug resistance and virulence are colocated with mcr on plasmids in African strains. Transmission of mcr to/among African strains is nonclonal. Contact with mcr-habouring reservoirs, the consumption of contaminated foods of animal/plant origin or fluid, animal-/plant-based food trade and travel serve as exportation, importation, and transmission routes of mcr gene-containing bacteria in Africa. Herein, the current status of plasmid-mediated COL resistance in humans, food-producing animals, foods of animal origin, and environment in Africa is discussed.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Characteristics of Mobile Colistin Resistance (mcr) Gene-Containing Isolates from the Environment: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madubuike Umunna Anyanwu ◽  
Ishmael Festus Jaja ◽  
Obichukwu Chisom Nwobi
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Insertion Sequences ◽  
Environmental Isolates ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Extensive Drug Resistance ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Genes Encoding

The emergence and spread of mobile colistin (COL) resistance (mcr) genes jeopardize the efficacy of COL, a last resort antibiotic for treating deadly infections. COL has been used in livestock for decades globally. Bacteria have mobilized mcr genes (mcr-1 to mcr-9). Mcr-gene-containing bacteria (MGCB) have disseminated by horizontal/lateral transfer into diverse ecosystems, including aquatic, soil, botanical, wildlife, animal environment, and public places. The mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-5, mcr-7, and mcr-8 have been detected in isolates from and/or directly in environmental samples. These genes are harboured by Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Citrobacter, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Kluyvera, Aeromonas, Providencia, and Raulotella isolates. Different conjugative and non-conjugative plasmids form the backbones for mcr in these isolates, but mcr have also been integrated into the chromosome of some strains. Insertion sequences (IS) (especially ISApl1) located upstream or downstream of mcr, class 1–3 integrons, and transposons are other drivers of mcr in the environment. Genes encoding multi-/extensive-drug resistance and virulence are often co-located with mcr on plasmids in environmental isolates. Transmission of mcr to/among environmental strains is clonally unrestricted. Contact with the mcr-containing reservoirs, consumption of contaminated animal-/plant-based foods or water, international animal-/plant-based food trades and travel, are routes for transmission of MGCB.

Detection of Multiple-Antimicrobial Resistance and Characterization of the Implicated Genes in Escherichia coli Isolates from Foods of Animal Origin in Tunis

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 1082-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
AHLEM JOUINI ◽  
KARIM BEN SLAMA ◽  
YOLANDA SÁENZ ◽  
NAOUEL KLIBI ◽  
DANIELA COSTA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Agar Dilution

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antimicrobial resistance was conducted for 98 Escherichia coli isolates recovered from 40 food samples of animal origin (poultry, sheep, beef, fish, and others) obtained in supermarkets and local butcheries in Tunis during 2004 and 2005. Susceptibility to 15 antimicrobial agents was tested by disk diffusion and agar dilution methods, the mechanisms of resistance were evaluated using PCR and sequencing methods, and the clonal relationship among isolates was evaluated using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. High resistance was detected to tetracycline, sulphonamides, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, streptomycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (29 to 43% of isolates), but all isolates were susceptible to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefoxitin, azthreonam, and amikacin. One-third of the isolates had multiresistant phenotypes (resistance to at least five different families of antimicrobial agents). Different variants of blaTEM, tet, sul, dfrA, aadA, and aac(3) genes were detected in most of the strains resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, sulphonamide, trimethoprim, streptomycin, and gentamicin, respectively. The presence of class 1 and class 2 integrons was studied in 15 sulphonamide-resistant unrelated E. coli strains, and 14 of these strains harbored class 1 integrons with five different arrangements of gene cassettes, and a class 2 integron with the dfrA1 + sat + aadA1 arrangement was found in one strain. This study revealed the high diversity of antimicrobial resistance genes, some of them included in integrons, in E. coli isolates of food origin.

scholarly journals Impact of Feed Supplementation with Antimicrobial Agents on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens, Clostridium perfringens and Enterococcus Counts, and Antibiotic Resistance Phenotypes and Distribution of Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants in Escherichia coli Isolates

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (20) ◽  
pp. 6566-6576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moussa S. Diarra ◽  
Fred G. Silversides ◽  
Fatoumata Diarrassouba ◽  
Jane Pritchard ◽  
Luke Masson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Feed Supplementation ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
Class 1

ABSTRACT The effects of feed supplementation with the approved antimicrobial agents bambermycin, penicillin, salinomycin, and bacitracin or a combination of salinomycin plus bacitracin were evaluated for the incidence and distribution of antibiotic resistance in 197 commensal Escherichia coli isolates from broiler chickens over 35 days. All isolates showed some degree of multiple antibiotic resistance. Resistance to tetracycline (68.5%), amoxicillin (61.4%), ceftiofur (51.3%), spectinomycin (47.2%), and sulfonamides (42%) was most frequent. The levels of resistance to streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin were 33.5, 35.5, and 25.3%, respectively. The overall resistance levels decreased from day 7 to day 35 (P < 0.001). Comparing treatments, the levels of resistance to ceftiofur, spectinomycin, and gentamicin (except for resistance to bacitracin treatment) were significantly higher in isolates from chickens receiving feed supplemented with salinomycin than from the other feeds (P < 0.001). Using a DNA microarray analysis capable of detecting commonly found antimicrobial resistance genes, we characterized 104 tetracycline-resistant E. coli isolates from 7- to 28-day-old chickens fed different growth promoters. Results showed a decrease in the incidence of isolates harboring tet(B), bla TEM, sulI, and aadA and class 1 integron from days 7 to 35 (P < 0.01). Of the 84 tetracycline-ceftiofur-resistant E. coli isolates, 76 (90.5%) were positive for bla CMY-2. The proportions of isolates positive for sulI, aadA, and integron class 1 were significantly higher in salinomycin-treated chickens than in the control or other treatment groups (P < 0.05). These data demonstrate that multiantibiotic-resistant E. coli isolates can be found in broiler chickens regardless of the antimicrobial growth promoters used. However, the phenotype and the distribution of resistance determinants in E. coli can be modulated by feed supplementation with some of the antimicrobial agents used in broiler chicken production.

scholarly journals Molecular survey of mcr1 and mcr2 plasmid mediated colistin resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates of animal origin in Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayhan Ilbeigi ◽  
Mahdi Askari Badouei ◽  
Hossein Vaezi ◽  
Hassan Zaheri ◽  
Sina Aghasharif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
E Coli ◽  
High Level ◽  
Farming Industry

Abstract Objectives The emergence of colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from human and animal sources is one of the major public health concerns as colistin is the last-resort antibiotic for treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. We aimed to determine the prevalence of the prototype widespread colistin resistance genes (mcr-1 and mcr-2) among commensal and pathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from food-producing and companion animals in Iran. Results A total of 607 E. coli isolates which were previously collected from different animal sources between 2008 and 2016 used to uncover the possible presence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes (mcr-1 and mcr-2) by PCR. Overall, our results could not confirm the presence of any mcr-1 or mcr-2 positive E. coli among the studied isolates. It is concluded that despite the important role of food-producing animals in transferring the antibiotic resistance, they were not the main source for carriage of mcr-1 and mcr-2 in Iran until 2016. This study suggests that the other mcr variants (mcr-3 to mcr-9) might be responsible for conferring colistin resistance in animal isolates in Iran. The possible linkage between pig farming industry and high level of mcr carriage in some countries needs to be clarified in future prospective studies.

scholarly journals Molecular characterisation of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrhoeic and healthy rabbits in Tunisia

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Raouia Ben Rhouma ◽  
Ahlem Jouini ◽  
Amira Klibi ◽  
Safa Hamrouni ◽  
Aziza Boubaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Class 1 Integron ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Class 1

The purpose of this study was to identify <em>Escherichia coli</em> isolates in diarrhoeic and healthy rabbits in Tunisia and characterise their virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. In the 2014-2015 period, 60 faecal samples from diarrhoeic and healthy rabbits were collected from different breeding farms in Tunisia. Susceptibility to 14 antimicrobial agents was tested by disc diffusion method and the mechanisms of gene resistance were evaluated using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing methods. Forty <em>E. coli</em> isolates were recovered in selective media. High frequency of resistance to tetracycline (95%) was detected, followed by different levels of resistance to sulphonamide (72.5%), streptomycin (62.5%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (60%), nalidixic acid (32.5%), ampicillin (37.5%) and ticarcillin (35%). <em>E. coli</em> strains were susceptible to cefotaxime, ceftazidime and imipenem. Different variants of bla<sub>TEM</sub>, <em>tet</em>, <em>sul</em> genes were detected in most of the strains resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline and sulphonamide, respectively. The presence of class 1 integron was studied in 29 sulphonamide-resistant <em>E. coli</em> strains from which 15 harboured class 1 integron with four different arrangements of gene cassettes, <em>dfrA17</em>+<em>aadA5</em> (n=9), <em>dfrA1</em> + <em>aadA1</em> (n=4), <em>dfrA12</em> + <em>addA2</em> (n=1), <em>dfrA12</em>+<em>orf</em>+<em>addA2</em> (n=1). The <em>qnrB</em> gene was detected in six strains out of 13 quinolone-resistant <em>E. coli</em> strains. Seventeen <em>E. coli</em> isolates from diarrhoeic rabbits harboured the enteropathogenic eae genes associated with different virulence genes tested (<em>fimA</em>, <em>cnf1</em>, <em>aer</em>), and affiliated to B2 (n=8) and D (n=9) phylogroups. Isolated <em>E. coli</em> strains from healthy rabbit were harbouring <em>fim A</em> and/or <em>cnf1</em> genes and affiliated to A and B1 phylogroups. This study showed that <em>E. coli</em> strains from the intestinal tract of rabbits are resistant to the widely prescribed antibiotics in medicine. Therefore, they constitute a reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant genes, which may play a significant role in the spread of antimicrobial resistance. In addition, the eae virulence gene seemed to be implicated in diarrhoea in breeder rabbits in Tunisia.

Antimicrobial Resistance and Association with Class 1 Integrons in Escherichia coli Isolated from Turkey Meat Products

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 1679-1684 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. KHAITSA ◽  
J. OLOYA ◽  
D. DOETKOTT ◽  
R. KEGODE
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Population Attributable Fraction ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Class 1 Integrons ◽  
Turkey Meat ◽  
Class 1

The objective of this study was to quantify the role of class 1 integrons in antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from turkey meat products purchased from retail outlets in the Midwestern United States. Of 242 E. coli isolates, 41.3% (102 of 242) tested positive for class 1 integrons. A significant association was shown between presence of class 1 integrons in E. coli isolates and the resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin, sulfisoxazole, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Attributable risk analysis revealed that for every 100 E. coli isolates carrying class 1 integrons, resistance was demonstrated for ampicillin (22%), gentamycin (48%), streptomycin (29%), sulfisoxazole (40%), trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (7%), and tetracycline (26%). Non–integron-related antimicrobial resistance was demonstrated for ampicillin (65%), gentamycin (16.9%), streptomycin (42.1%), sulfisoxazole (35.8%), and tetracycline (49.7%). Population-attributable fraction analysis showed that class 1 integrons accounted for the following resistances: gentamycin, 71% (50 of 71), amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, 19.6% (6 of 33), nalidixic acid, 34% (7 of 21), streptomycin, 28% (30 of 107), sulfisoxazole, 38% (40 of 106), and tetracycline, 14%, (26 of 185). In conclusion, although class 1 integrons have been implicated in resistance to antimicrobial agents, other non–integron resistance mechanisms seem to play an important part.

Prevalence of trimethoprim resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates of human and animal origin in Lithuania

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaida Šeputienė ◽  
Justas Povilonis ◽  
Modestas Ružauskas ◽  
Alvydas Pavilonis ◽  
Edita Sužiedėlienė
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Alternative Sources

A total of 456 non-repetitive Escherichia coli isolates from human clinical specimens (urinary, n=134; cervix, vagina and prostate, n=52; blood, pus and wounds, n=45), healthy animals (cattle, n=45; poultry, n=20) and diseased animals (cattle, n=53; swine, n=64; poultry, n=43) obtained in Lithuania during the period 2005–2008 were studied for trimethoprim (TMP) resistance and the prevalence of dfr genes. A TMP resistance rate in the range of 18–26 % respective to the origin was found in clinical isolates, 23–40 % in isolates from diseased animals and 9–20 % in isolates from healthy animals. Of 112 TMP-resistant isolates, 103 carried at least one of the six dfrA genes (dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA8, dfrA12, dfrA14 and dfrA17) as determined by multiplex PCR and RFLP. The dfrA1 and dfrA17 genes were found most frequently in clinical isolates (17 and 19 isolates, respectively), whilst dfrA1 and dfrA14 genes dominated in isolates of animal origin (25 and 13 isolates, respectively). The dfrA5, dfrA12 and dfrA8 genes were detected at lower frequencies. The association with class 1/class 2 integrons was confirmed for 73–100 % of dfr genes found in most groups of isolates, except for the isolates from diseased swine. In this group, the majority of dfr-positive isolates (67 %, 8/12) carried dfrA8 (6/12) or dfrA14 genes (2/12) that were not associated with integrons. Non-integron location was also confirmed for the remaining dfrA8 genes (six clinical isolates and one isolate from diseased cattle) and for dfrA14 genes (two isolates from diseased cattle and swine each). All cassette-independent dfrA14 genes were found to be located within the strA gene. This study on the prevalence and distribution of TMP resistance genes among E. coli isolates of human and animal origin in Lithuania demonstrates that dfr genes are carried most frequently as gene cassettes within class 1 and/or class 2 integrons. However, TMP resistance in some of the isolates was found to be mediated by non-integron-associated dfrA8 and dfrA14 genes, indicating the existence of alternative sources for the spread of resistance.

scholarly journals Molecular Detection of Colistin Resistance mcr-1 Gene in Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Chicken

Antibiotics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Md Bashir Uddin ◽  
Mohammad Nurul Alam ◽  
Mahmudul Hasan ◽  
S. M. Bayejed Hossain ◽  
Mita Debnath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Catalytic Domain ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Chicken Feces

Zoonotic and antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli (hereafter, E. coli) is a global public health threat which can lead to detrimental effects on human health. Here, we aim to investigate the antimicrobial resistance and the presence of mcr-1 gene in E. coli isolated from chicken feces. Ninety-four E. coli isolates were obtained from samples collected from different locations in Bangladesh, and the isolates were identified using conventional microbiological tests. Phenotypic disk diffusion tests using 20 antimicrobial agents were performed according to CLSI-EUCAST guidelines, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for a subset of samples. E. coli isolates showed high resistance to colistin (88.30%), ciprofloxacin (77.66%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (76.60%), tigecycline (75.53%), and enrofloxacin (71.28%). Additionally, the pathotype eaeA gene was confirmed in ten randomly selected E. coli isolates using primer-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The presence of mcr-1 gene was confirmed using PCR and sequencing analysis in six out of ten E. coli isolates. Furthermore, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed a similarity between the catalytic domain of Neisseria meningitidis lipooligosaccharide phosphoethanolamine transferase A (LptA) and MCR proteins, indicating that the six tested isolates were colistin resistant. Finally, the findings of the present study showed that E. coli isolated from chicken harbored mcr-1 gene, and multidrug and colistin resistance. These findings accentuate the need to implement strict measures to limit the imprudent use of antibiotics, particularly colistin, in agriculture and poultry farms.

Prevalence of Class 1 Integrons in Commensal Escherichia coli from Pigs and Pig Farmers in Thailand

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
SOUWALAK PHONGPAICHIT ◽  
SUMALEE LIAMTHONG ◽  
ALAN G. MATHEW ◽  
USA CHETHANOND
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Frequent Pattern ◽  
Class 1 Integrons ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Conserved Genes ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

Escherichia coli isolates (n = 617) from fecal samples of healthy and diarrheal pigs, pig farmers, and nonfarmers were analyzed for class 1 integrons. Three hundred ninety-two isolates (63.5%) were positive for class 1 integrons, based on the presence of intI1, with seventy-one of those isolates (11.5%) harboring all three conserved genes (intI1, qacEΔ1, and sul1) known to be associated with class 1 integrons. The presence of integrons was associated with isolate origin. Integrons were more prevalent in isolates from most pig groups than in isolates from pig farmers and nonfarmers. Selected integron-positive and integron-negative isolates were tested for resistance to 16 antimicrobials. All integron-positive swine isolates were multidrug resistant to at least three antimicrobial agents, demonstrating resistance to 14 different antibiotics that included sulphamethoxazole (100%), tetracycline (97.1%), ampicillin (92.8%), streptomycin (89.9%), trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (88.1%), nalidixic acid (60.9%), chloramphenicol (58.0%), kanamycin (55.1%), cephalothin (44.9%), gentamicin (39.1%), ciprofloxacin (33.3%), cefoxitin (8.7%), amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (5.8%), and amikacin (2.9%). All isolates were susceptible to ceftiofur and ceftriaxone. Forty-seven resistance patterns were observed among 69 integron-positive swine and swine farmer isolates. The most frequent pattern was tetracycline–ciprofloxacin–gentamicin–nalidixic acid–sulphamethoxazole–trimetho-prim-sulphamethoxazole–kanamycin–ampicillin–streptomycin (10.1%), which was found in diarrheal and healthy pigs. This study shows that integrons and multidrug-resistant commensal bacteria are common and appear to be a significant aspect of microbial communities associated with pigs and humans in southern Thailand.

CHROMOSOMAL LOCATIONS OF mcr-1 IN Klebsiella pneumoniae AND Enterobacter cloacae FROM DOGS

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (03) ◽  
pp. 79-84
Author(s):  
MING-HUANG CHANG ◽  
GUAN-JUN CHEN ◽  
DAN-YUAN LO
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Insertion Sequences ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
Molecular Surveillance ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

In November 2015, the emergence of a novel plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism was described. So far, there are only two relevant published reports focused solely on Escherichia coli and Salmonella in Taiwan. This paper describes the emergence of colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae clinical isolates harboring mcr-1 on chromosomes in Taiwan. All four mcr-1-positive isolates were from 63 Klebsiella spp., and the isolated Enterobacter spp. were from diseased dogs and cats at Veterinary Teaching Hospital, National Chiayi University. These four isolates were resistant to colistin, amoxicillin, doxycycline and oxytetracycline, and all mcr-1 genes were located on the chromosome, without any flanking ISApl1 or other insertion sequences. The findings suggest that, in addition to food animals and humans, companion animals can serve as reservoirs of mcr-1, adding another layer of complexity to the rapidly evolving epidemiology of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in the community. Hence we consider it essential to continue to survey resistance to colistin in these bacteria. Continuous microbiological and molecular surveillance is necessary to assist in early detection and minimize the dissemination of mcr-1.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document