scholarly journals Comparing School-Aged Refraction Measurements Using the 2WIN-S Portable Refractor in Relation to Cycloplegic Retinoscopy: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ziming Liu ◽  
Emmanuel Eric Pazo ◽  
Hong Ye ◽  
Cui Yu ◽  
Ling Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Altman Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bland Altman Analysis ◽  
The Mean

Purpose. To assess the repeatability and agreement of refractive measurements using 2WIN-S photoscreening with the gold-standard cycloplegic retinoscope refraction. Design. Single centre, cross-sectional study. Methods. Spherical, cylindrical, axis, and spherical equivalent of 194 bilateral eyes of 97 children were assessed using a retinoscope and 2WIN-S. One week later, another operator repeated the 2WIN-S measurements. The primary outcome measures were to assess the repeatability and agreement between spherical equivalent, J0, and J45 readings of 2WIN-S. The repeatability of measurements was assessed by the within-subject standard deviation (2.77 Sw) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The agreement between devices was assessed using 95% limits of agreement. The extent of the agreement between cycloplegic retinoscopy and noncycloplegic 2WIN-S measurements was assessed using Bland–Altman analysis. Results. The mean age ± SD was 10.3 ± 2.46 year (range, 4–14 years). The sphere, cylinder, and spherical equivalent measurements were found to be consistent with both apparatus (r value >0.86). ICC for SE, J0, and J45 was 0.900, 0.666, and 0.639, respectively; Sw for SE, J0, and J45 was 0.61D, 0.30D, and 0.31D, respectively; Bland–Altman analysis of retinoscopy with cycloplegia and 2WIN-S for SE was 184/194 (95%) in 95% confidence interval, and the mean value was 0.46. J0 was 184/194 (95%), and the mean value is −0.04. J45 was 181/194 (93%), and the mean value is −0.15. Conclusion. The objective refractive measurement of 2WIN-S had good reliability and high agreement with the gold-standard retinoscopy refraction in children and adolescents. While consistency was observed, it is essential to take into consideration that it is a screening tool.

scholarly journals Factors influencing the dental caries in pregnant women: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. e32810111226
Author(s):  
Gabriela Bohrer Bolsson ◽  
Jessica Klöckner Knorst ◽  
Marília Cunha Maroneze ◽  
Maísa Casarin ◽  
Patrícia Pasquali Dotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The City ◽  
Santa Maria

Objective: To assess factors associated with the average number of dental caries in pregnant women. Method: Basic research design: This cross-sectional study was performed between January 2017 and December 2018 in Santa Maria, Brazil. Clinical setting and participants: Multistage random sampling resulted in the recruitment of 256 pregnant women from public health centers across the city. Clinical exams and semi-structured questionnaires including demographic, socioeconomic and behavioral questions were performed by trained interviewers. Main outcome measure: The experience of dental caries was evaluated through the mean value of the Decay, Missing, and Filled Surface Index (DMFS) by 4 trained and calibrated examiners. Multilevel Poisson regression models were used to evaluate the influence of different variables on the average number of dental caries. Rate ratio (RR) and respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated (CI 95%). Results: The prevalence of untreated dental caries was 62.7% in the sample, while the mean DMFS index was 10.27 (± 10.92). Women who smoked during pregnancy had a higher mean DMFS (RR 1.41; 95% CI 1.25-1.57). Furthermore, pregnant women who had poor self-ratings of oral health had a higher average DMFS (RR 1.21; 95% CI 1.10-1.32). Conclusions: The results showed that older age, ethnicity, fewer years in education and the presence of dental plaque resulted in higher means of DMFS.

scholarly journals Refractive Outcomes of  Table-Mounted and HandheldAuto-Refractometers in Children: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
müjdat karab ◽  
sinem karabulut ◽  
Aylin karalezli
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Refractive Outcomes ◽  
Spearman's Rho ◽  
Spearman’S Rho ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Cylinder Power

Abstract Background: To compare the refractive results of two autorefractors.Methods: We designed this study as an observational, cross-sectional study. We compared the mean spheric and cylinder power, spherical equivalent, Jackson cross-cylinder values, determined the limits of agreement (LoA), and evaluated reliability.Results: Nidek HandyRef-K autorefractor measured more astigmatism and myopia in terms of the mean cylindrical power (P<.001) and spherical equivalent (P=.024). Nidek HandyRef-K showed significantly more myopic results in subgroups with spherical power more than +1.50 Diopters (D) hyperopia and -3.00 D myopia (P=.031; P=.045; P=.026; respectively) and higher astigmatism in the subgroup with the cylindric power less than -1.00 D (P<.001). The mean differences and 95% LoA were 0.06 D ± 0.47 D (-0.82 D to 0.98 D) in spherical power, 0.08 D ± 0.28 D (-0.47 D to 0.64 D) in cylindrical power, 0.11 D ± 0.47 D (-0.81 D to 1.01 D) in spherical equivalent, 0.02 D ± 0.36 D (-0.73 D to 0.69 D) in Jackson cross-cylinder power at 0°, 0.005 D ± 0.54 D (-1.07 D to 1.06 D) in Jackson cross-cylinder power at 45°. There was a strong correlation for spherical power (Spearman’s rho=0.99, P<.001), cylindrical power (Spearman’s rho=0.88, P<.001), spherical equivalent (Spearman’s rho=0.98, P<.001).Conclusion: Nidek HandyRef-K showed more myopic results regarding spherical equivalent and cylindrical power. Nidek HandyRef-K showed significantly more myopia in spherical power more than +1.50 D hyperopia, -3.00 D myopia, and more prominent astigmatism in cylindrical power less than -1.00 D subgroups.

scholarly journals Reference values of the central corneal thickness with different refractive errors for the adult Egyptian population

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amr A. Gab-Alla
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Central Corneal Thickness ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Egyptian Population ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background: To generate reference values of the central corneal thickness (CCT) with different refractive errors for the adult Egyptian population. Methods: A retrospective, observational, and cross-sectional study of 2200 eyes in 1166 subjects scheduled for LASIK, who came to private refractive eye center, Ismailia, Egypt. The study period was from January 2018 to January 2020. The subjects were divided into a broad range of myopia with spherical equivalent (SE) <-0.5D and hyperopia SE> +0.5D. Then, the myopic eyes divided into low (SE>-3.0D), moderate (SE-3.0D to >-6.0D), and high (SE<-6.0D). Similarly, the hyperopic eyes were divided into low (SE<+3.0 D) and moderate (SE+3.0D to <+6.0D) and high >+6.0D. The refractive error was measured by an auto-refractometer (Topcon, Tokyo Optical Co., Ltd., Japan), and CCT was measured using Sirius (CSO, Florence, Italy). Results: The data of 1100 myopic eyes in 556 subjects (30.5% males and 69.5% females) and 1100 hyperopic eyes in 610 subjects (33.6% males and 66.4% females). The mean+SD of CCT for the total myopic subjects was 531.98+32.92μm, range (406 to 636μm). The mean+SD of SE was -4.1±2.5D, range (-0.5 to -12.0D). The mean+SD of CCT for the total hyperopic subjects was 529±38.8μm, range (448 to 619 μm). The mean+SD of SE was +3.65+1.97D, range (+0.5 to +8.5D).Conclusion: In this study, the mean of CCT of the Egyptian population was 531.9 μm for myopic and 529μm for hyperopic subjects respectively. The myopic and hyperopic subjects show a reduction in CCT with age. Females have a thinner cornea than males, 23.6% of the myopic eyes, and 16.5% of the hyperopic eyes have CCT less than 500μm.

scholarly journals Gonial Angle by Lateral Cephalogram in Orthodontic Patients of a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (237) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manju Bajracharya ◽  
Anjana Rajbhandari ◽  
Resina Pradhan ◽  
Pushkar Manandhar ◽  
Surendra Maharjan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Lateral Cephalogram ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gonial Angle ◽  
Orthodontic Patients ◽  
The Mean

Introduction: The Gonial angle is an important parameter of the craniofacial complex for growth Patterns prediction. The gonial angle on lateral cephalometric radiograph represents the mandibular morphology concerning mandibular body and ramus. The objective of this study was to find out the mean value of gonial angle in lateral cephalometric radiographs of patients of orthodontic department in a tertiary care center. Methods: The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among patients from the Department of Orthodontics at People’s Dental College and Hospital between 8th December 2020 to 8th February 2021 at People’s Dental College and Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal after obtaining Ethical approval (Reference Number. 01, CH100 09,2077/2078) by the Institutional Review Committee. A convenience sampling technique was used to collect 166 pre-treatment lateral cephalograms radiographs of patients between 17-30 years. Data were collected and entered using Statistical Package of Social Science 16. Results: The mean value of gonial angle on lateral cephalogram radiographs was 132.84±3.70 in hyperdivergent, 119.94±5.57 in hypodivergent and 124.06±3.88 in normodivergent vertical skeletal patterns and between male and female were 132.52±4.32, 133.07±3.28 in hyperdivergent, 121.46±3.78, 119.14±6.42 in hypodivergent and 123.74±5.14, 123.94±3.90 in normodivergent vertical skeletal patterns of Orthodontic Patients. Conclusions: The gonial angle value on lateral cephalometric radiographs was greater in hyperdivergent than hypodivergent and normodivergent vertical skeletal patterns. The hyperdivergent vertical skeletal pattern of female was greater than of male patient’s lateral cephalometric radiographs while hypodivergent and normodivergent vertical skeletal patterns of males were greater than female lateral cephalogram radiographs of Nepalese orthodontic patients.

Geographical and Socioeconomic Distribution of Overweight and Morbidity in a Rural Swedish County

1987 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo J. A. Haglund
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean

This report on overweight is based on a cross-sectional study in Skaraborg County, Sweden, in 1977. Mean values of Body Mass Index (BMI) are higher in this county than in other areas studied in Sweden and abroad. In correlation analysis the strongest association was found between overweight and hypertension. This is of particular interest since other studies have shown that Skaraborg county, has one of Sweden's highest proportions of treated hypertensives and also higher mortality during the 1970s in hypertension and obesity related diseases. The BMI varied between the municipalities of the county. Overweight was most common in the agricultural municipalities. The mean value of the BMI was higher among workers and persons with less formal education. This is contradictory to earlier Swedish studies with regard to men but not women. Physically demanding jobs accounted for more overweight individuals whereas high physical activity during leisure time was correlated with low body weight.

scholarly journals The Level of Ca125 in Preand Postoperative of Endometriosis

2017 ◽  
pp. 142-146
Author(s):  
Asriyanti Amsir ◽  
Andi M Tahir ◽  
Nusratuddin Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Ca 125 ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean

Objective: To determine the Ca-125 level in pre- and post-operative of endometriosis and its correlation to endometriosis stage and severity of dysmenorrhea. Method: This was a cross-sectional study design conducted at Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo dan some affiliated hospitals. We took the patients undergoing laparoscopy or laparotomy consecutively. Result: The mean value of preoperative Ca-125 level in stage I-II was 21.53 (SD 12.64) IU/ml vs 72.52 (SD 8.52) IU/ml in stage III-IV. The mean value of postoperative Ca-125 level was 14.82 (SD 10.00) IU/ml (stage I-II) vs 61.03 (SD 8.43) IU/ml (stage III-IV); they were significantly different (p

scholarly journals Refractive outcomes of table-mounted and hand-held auto-refractometers in children: an observational cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Müjdat Karabulut ◽  
Sinem Karabulut ◽  
Aylin Karalezli
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Refractive Outcomes ◽  
Spearman's Rho ◽  
Spearman’S Rho ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cylinder Power

Abstract Background To compare the refractive results of hand-held and table-mounted autorefractors. Methods We designed this study as an observational, cross-sectional study. We compared the mean spheric and cylinder power, spherical equivalent, Jackson cross-cylinder values, determined the limits of agreement (LoA), and evaluated the reliability of two autorefractors. Results We evaluated 256 eyes of 256 pediatric patients (mean age, 9.12 ± 2.26 years; range, 5–16 years). 49% of the patients were female, and 51% were male. The Nidek HandyRef-K autorefractor measured relatively more astigmatism (P < 0.001) and less hyperopia (P = 0.024). The mean differences and 95% LoA were 0.06 D ± 0.47 D (− 0.82 D to 0.98 D) in spherical power, 0.08 D ± 0.28 D (− 0.47 D to 0.64 D) in cylindrical power, 0.11 D ± 0.47 D (− 0.81 D to 1.01 D) in spherical equivalent, 0.02 D ± 0.36 D (− 0.73 D to 0.69 D) in Jackson cross-cylinder power at 0°, 0.005 D ± 0.54 D (− 1.07 D to 1.06 D) in Jackson cross-cylinder power at 45°. We found the difference within 0.50 D in 244 (95%) eyes for spherical power, in 245 (96%) eyes for cylindrical power, 228 (89%) eyes for spherical equivalent, 224 (87%) eyes for Jackson cross-cylinder power at 0°, 213 (83%) eyes for Jackson cross-cylinder power at 45°. When comparing devices, there were strong correlations for spherical power (Spearman’s rho = 0.99, P < 0.001), cylindrical power (Spearman’s rho = 0.88, P < 0.001), and spherical equivalent (Spearman’s rho = 0.98, P < 0.001). Conclusion Two autorefractors showed clinically applicable agreement limits; excellent reliability for spherical power and spherical equivalent and good reliability for cylindrical power; high positive percent agreement for spherical and cylindrical power, spherical equivalent, Jackson cross-cylinder power at 0°and 45°. These results showed that both devices might be used interchangeably for screening of refractive error in children.

scholarly journals The response of the accommodation system to digital and print images

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minette Devenier ◽  
Rekha Hansraj ◽  
Tuwani Rasengane
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Tablet Computer ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Altman Analysis ◽  
Digital Medium ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bland Altman Analysis ◽  
Print Medium ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Accommodative Facility

Background: The transition from traditional print medium to a digital medium may affect the accommodative response (AR) because of the differences in the characteristics of the targets viewed.Aim: This study investigated how the accommodation system responded to targets displayed on a tablet computer compared to that on paper.Setting: The study was conducted amongst students at a university in South Africa.Methods: Using a quantitative, cross-sectional study the AR, amplitude of accommodation (AA), and accommodative facility (AF) were assessed with a target on an iPad and a paper-based one on a non-probability sample of 30 university students. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and Bland Altman plots.Results: The median AR with a tablet was +0.25 dioptre (D) compared to +0.21 D with the paper-based target. This difference was neither statistically nor clinically significant. The median AA with a tablet computer target was 10.59 D and 9.85 D with a paper-based target. While this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.002), Bland Altman analysis revealed comparable measurements with both types of targets. Both Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test (p = 0.462) and Bland Altman analysis found comparable medians for AF obtained with a target on paper (7.67 cycles per minute [cpm]) and a target on the tablet computer (7.17 cpm) to be comparable.Conclusion: The accuracy, strength and flexibility of accommodation were comparable for tablet computer and paper-based targets.

scholarly journals ADULT MYOPES

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 1660-1666
Author(s):  
NuhaMohamed Fath Elrahman ◽  
AbdElaziz Mohamed Elmadina ◽  
Manzoor Ahmad Qureshi ◽  
Adil Mousa Younis ◽  
Muhammad Ijaz Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Axial Length ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Corneal Curvature ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
The Mean

Objectives: This study aimed to explore the correlation of central cornealthicknesses (CCT), mean keratometry (KM) and axial length (AL) to myopia degree in sphericalequivalent (SE) among Sudanese adults. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting:University Eye complex clinic and Makka Eye complex Omdurman. Period: April to October2015. Methods: Central Corneal Thickness (CCT), k-reading (KM), axial length and thedegree of refraction (SE) 0f 200 myopic eyes and 60 emmetropic eyes as a control groupwere measured. Results: Adult Sudanese females (57%) were found greater than males (43%)population; (χ 2 = 109.5, p = 0.000 ), most of the participants’ age was less than 25 years(χ 2 = 109.5, p = 0.000 ), and the mean myopic spherical equivalent (SE) was – 4.79 ± 2.55 D,ranging from -1.00 to -11.00 D. The mean CCT of the myopic group was 542.8 ±11.9 μm,while for the emmetropic group was 538.7 ±12.4 μm. The cornea were steeper in eyes withlonger axial length (r = 0.24, p =0.001). Eyes with higher myopic spherical equivalent hadlonger axial length (r =0.30, p <0.001). Mean keratometrys were steeper with increasing age(r= 0.24, p= 0.001). This study has shown that CCT has no correlation with degree of myopia(p= 0.46), gender (p= 0.99), and age (p= 0.07). The CCT, KM, and AL means for myopicparticipants were found significantly greater than emmetropic participants (p=0.000, 0.000,and 0.044 respectively. Conclusion: The females participants of myopia were higher rate thanmales, early adults’ age group were of higher rate myopic incident; there was no correlationbetween CCT and the degree of myopia, gender, and age. CCT, KM, and AL means for myopicwere found higher than emmetropic participant. Eyes with more myopic spherical equivalenthad longer axial length; corneal curvature mean becomes steeper with increasing age.

scholarly journals Head Circumference Features of Under One Year Old Children at Dr. Pirngadi Hospital Medan

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 184-9
Author(s):  
Yulitas Bahtiar ◽  
Marisi Manurung ◽  
Manihar D. Marbun ◽  
Iskandar Z. Lubis ◽  
Bistok Saing
Keyword(s):  
Head Circumference ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Only Children ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
One Year

A descriptive cross sectional study to have normal values of the bead circumference of under one year old children in Dr. Pirngadi Hospital Medan had been done during january to February 1990. The sample size determined based on formula, was 356 (178 boys and 178 girls). Each sex group was devided proportionally by age in months. Only children with good nutritional status and middle to high socio economic level were included in this study. The mean value of the head circumference is still in the range of the mean of Nellhaus standard. Tbe Nellhaus standard can be used as a standard of bead circumference of under one year old children at Dr. Pirngadi Hospital Medan.

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