scholarly journals Sexism-Related Stigma Affects Pain Perception

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ming Zhang ◽  
Yuqi Zhang ◽  
Zhihui Li ◽  
Li Hu ◽  
Yazhuo Kong
Keyword(s):  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Frequency Component ◽  
Physical Pain ◽  
Laser Evoked Potentials ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Related Stigma

People with stigmatized characteristics tend to be devalued by others in a given society. The negative experiences related to stigma cause individuals to struggle as they would if they were in physical pain and bring various negative outcomes in the way that physical pain does. However, it is unclear whether stigma related to one’s identity would affect their perception of physical pain. To address this issue, using sexism-related paradigms, we found that females had reduced pain threshold/tolerance in the Cold Pressor Test (Experiment 1) and an increased rating for nociceptive laser stimuli with fixed intensity (Experiment 2). Additionally, we observed that there was a larger laser-evoked N1, an early laser-evoked P2, and a larger magnitude of low-frequency component in laser-evoked potentials (LEPs) in the stigma condition than in the control condition (Experiment 3). Our study provides behavioral and electrophysiological evidence that sexism-related stigma affects the pain perception of females.

scholarly journals Aging Independently of the Hormonal Status Changes Pain Responses in Young Postmenopausal Women

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannick Tousignant-Laflamme ◽  
Serge Marchand
Keyword(s):  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Hormonal Status ◽  
Pain Pathways ◽  
Pain Ratings ◽  
The Mean

Both aging and hormonal status have an effect on pain perception. The goal of this study was to isolate as much as possible the effect of aging in postmenopausal women. Thirty-two women with regular menstrual cycles (RMW) and 18 postmenopausal women (PMW) underwent a 2-minute cold pressor test (CPT) to activate DNIC with a series of tonic heat pain stimulations with a contact thermode to assess ascending pain pathways. We found that this procedure induced much less pain during the first 15 seconds of stimulation the PMW group (P=0.03), while the mean thermode pain ratings, pain tolerance, pain threshold, and DNIC analgesia were similar for both groups (P>0.05). The absence of the peak pain in the PMW was probably due to reduced function of the myelinated Aδ fibers that naturally occurs with age.

scholarly journals Pain Perception in Contact Sport Athletes: A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda O'Farrell ◽  
William Sauvé ◽  
Maxime Bergevin ◽  
Giuseppe Cimadoro ◽  
Arvisais D. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Physical Pain ◽  
Contact Sport ◽  
Contact Sports ◽  
Pain Testing

Contact sports athletes are regularly facing acute physical pain in part of their practice. However, the literature investigating pain perception in these athletes remains scarce. This scoping review aimed to explore the literature surrounding pain perception in contact sport athletes and to compile and understand how it is studied. The search strategy consisted of using index terms and keywords in Medline, EMBASE, Sport-Discus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, CINAHL and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global search engines. Results revealed that a mix of team contact sports and combat sports are studied and included under the umbrella of contact sports. These athletes are being compared to non-athletes as well as athletes from non-contact sports. The cold pressor test and the pain pressure test are the two predominant methods used to investigate physical pain. This review highlights the need to clearly define sports based on contact levels expected in play to better define the types of pain athletes are facing in their practice. Athlete’s level of play as well as years of experience should also be more rigorously reported. While contact sport athletes seem to have a higher level of pain tolerance than both active controls and non-contact athletes, the methods of pain testing are not always justified and appropriate in relation to the pain induced during contact sports. Future experimental studies should use pain testing methods relevant to the pain experienced during contact sports and better justify the rationale for the choice of these methods.

scholarly journals Early sympathetic neural responses during a cold pressor test linked to pain perception

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mu Huang ◽  
Jeung-Ki Yoo ◽  
Abigail S. L. Stickford ◽  
Jonathan P. Moore ◽  
Joseph M. Hendrix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Perception ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Pressor Test

scholarly journals Swearing as a response to pain: Assessing hypoalgesic effects of novel “swear” words

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Stephens ◽  
Olly May Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Neutral Word ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Mediation Effects ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Cold Pressor Pain

Background: This pre-registered study extends previous findings that swearing alleviates pain tolerance by assessing the effects of a conventional swear word (“fuck”) and two new “swear” words, “fouch” and “twizpipe”.Method: A mixed sex group of participants (N = 92) completed a repeated measures experimental design augmented by mediation analysis. The independent variable was Word with the levels, “fuck” v. “fouch” v. “twizpipe” v. a neutral word. The dependent variables were emotion rating, humour rating, distraction rating, cold pressor pain threshold, cold pressor pain tolerance, pain perception score and change from resting heart rate. Possible mediation effects were assessed for emotion, humour and distraction ratings. Results: For conventional swearing (“fuck”), confirmatory analyses found a 32% increase in pain threshold and a 33% increase in pain tolerance, accompanied by increased ratings for emotion, humour and distraction, relative to the neutral word condition. The new “swear” words, “fouch” and “twizpipe” were rated higher than the neutral word for emotion and humour although these words did not affect pain threshold or tolerance. Changes in heart rate, pain perception and were absent, as were mediation effects.Conclusions: Our data replicate previous findings that repeating a swear word at a steady pace and volume benefits pain tolerance, extending this finding to pain threshold. Our data cannot explain how such effects are manifest, although distraction appears to be of little importance, and emotion is worthy of future study. The new “swear” words did not alleviate pain even though participants rated them as emotion evoking and humorous.

FC09-02 - Efficacy of distraction by means of virtual reality in the control and reduction of pain using the cold-pressor test

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1859-1859
Author(s):  
J. Gutiérrez-Maldonado ◽  
K. Cabas-Hoyos ◽  
O. Gutiérre Martínez ◽  
D. Loreto-Quijada ◽  
C. Peñaloza-Salazar
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Pain Treatment ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Reduction Of Pain ◽  
Healthy Participants

IntroductionAttention plays an important rol in pain perception. Focusing attention in pain intensifies the painful experience whereas distraction may decrease its subjective sensation (Eccleston & Crombez, 1999).The purpose of the two studies is to establish the efficacy of distraction by means of VR in the control and reduction of pain using the cold-pressor test. In both studies threshold, tolerance, perceived pain intensity and time estimation were measured.Study 137 healthy participants were induced pain in two consecutive immersions using the cold-pressor test. The experiment was counterbalanced and all participants went through two experimental conditions: VR (stereoscopic screen) and black screen. A virtual environment “Surreal World” was designed based on distraction of attention techniques. Results showed that VR significantly increased threshold and tolerance, diminished pain intensity and perception of time.Study 235 healthy participants underwent two consecutive immersions using cold pressor: VR (using the updated version of Surreal World and 3D laptops) and black screen. VR significantly increased the threshold and tolerance, whereas variations in the estimation of time were barely significant.Differences in the results of the two studies could be accounted for by the immersive effect of the stereoscopic screen. Findings are discussed in relation to previous studies on VR and pain. Results support VR as an adjunctive method in pain treatment and allow proving its efficacy in patients with chronic pain.

scholarly journals A STUDY ON PAIN PERCEPTION INDUCED BY COLD PRESSOR TEST AMONG DIFFERENT ABO BLOOD GROUPS

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (29) ◽  
pp. 2332-2335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolinda Rajkumari ◽  
Susie Keithellakpam ◽  
Joshna Thiyam ◽  
Abhijeet Srivastava ◽  
Minita Devi N.
Keyword(s):  
Pain Perception ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Blood Groups ◽  
Abo Blood Groups ◽  
Pressor Test

Pain sensations to the cold pressor test in normally menstruating women: comparison with men and relation to menstrual phase and serum sex steroid levels

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (4) ◽  
pp. R1711-R1716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent Stening ◽  
Olle Eriksson ◽  
LisKarin Wahren ◽  
Göran Berg ◽  
Mats Hammar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Test Session ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Late Luteal Phase

The role of gonadal hormones on pain sensations was investigated in normally menstruating women ( n = 16) using the cold pressor test. Tolerance time, pain threshold, and pain intensity were examined once a week during a 4-wk period, and serum concentrations of 17β-estradiol and progesterone were determined at each test session, which were classified into the early follicular phase, late follicular phase, early luteal phase, and late luteal phase, as determined by the first day of menses and the actual hormone levels recorded. A group of men ( n = 10) of the same age interval was examined for comparison. The data show that pain threshold was reduced during the late luteal phase compared with the late follicular phase, and hormone analyses showed significant positive correlation between the progesterone concentration and lowered pain threshold and increasing pain intensity. Hormone analysis also showed an interaction between S-estradiol and S-progesterone on pain intensity, demonstrating that the increased perceived pain intensity that was associated with high progesterone concentrations was significantly reduced with increasing levels of estradiol. While no statistically significant sex differences in pain measurements were found, women displayed much more pronounced, and statistically significant, session-to-session effects than men, with increased pain threshold and decreased pain intensity with each test session. Hence, these data suggest that the changes in the serum concentration of gonadal hormones that occur during the menstrual cycle influence pain sensations elicited by noxious tonic cold stimulation and show that adaptation to the cold pressor test may be sex dependent.

Personality traits and sensitivity to pain in male chronic opioid addicts

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elon Eisenberg, MD ◽  
Doron Cohen, MA ◽  
Eli Lawental, PhD ◽  
Dorit Pud, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Pain Mechanisms

Objective: Previous evidences concerning pain mechanisms, long-term opioids use, and personality traits evolve the possibility that pain perception and opioid abuse are two related phenomena and there is a need to take into account the specific personality traits as well, in examining the relationships among them. Opioid addicts (OAs) have been shown to exhibit different personality traits and pain perception as compared with healthy subjects. The aim of the present study was to examine the relations between personality traits and pain perception among in-treatment OAs in comparison with controls.Design: Participants (54 OAs, 59 controls), all males, were exposed to the cold pressor test and were evaluated for latency of pain onset (seconds); pain intensity (0-100 visual analogue scale [VAS)]); and pain tolerance (time for hand withdrawal). Personality traits were evaluated using Cloninger’s Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire, TPQ; harm avoidance, HA; reward dependence, RD; novelty seeking, NS.Results: In comparison with controls, OAs exhibited longer latencies, lower VAS scores, and shorter tolerance, and significantly higher NS, higher HA, and lower RD. Control group, but not OAs, showed a significant positive correlation between HA and VAS (r = 0.31, p = 0.02) and significant negative correlation between HA and tolerance (r = −0.29, p = 0.03).Conclusions: It is concluded that in contrast to healthy population, personality traits, as measured by the TPQ, do not predict pain perception in OAs.

scholarly journals A 5-HT Antagonist (UP 26-91) versus Codeine and Placebo in a Human Experimental Pain Study

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Arendt-Nielsen ◽  
Poul Pedersen ◽  
Lars Poulsen ◽  
Ole Kæseler Andersen ◽  
Peter Bjerring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serotonin Receptor ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Experimental Pain ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Pain Models

BACKGROUND: This double-blind, randomized, crossover study compared the potential analgesic effect of the serotonin receptor antagonist UP 26-91 (50 mg, 150 mg and 300 mg) with that of codeine (100 mg) and placebo by use of different human experimental pain models.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In experiment 1, pain detection and tolerance thresholds to heat, pressure and pain ratings during the cold pressor test were measured. In experiment 2, the pain threshold to single and repetitive (temporal summation) electrical sural nerve stimulation, and the pain intensity on a visual analogue scale to supra pain threshold electrical stimulation (stimulus-response-function) were measured. Tests were performed before, and 1, 2 and 6 h after drug administration.RESULTS: UP 26-91 did not show a marked effect on the experimental pain tests. Most of the variables tended to show a better effect from codeine than from placebo, but statistical significance for peak pain was only reached during the cold pressor test (P=0.011).CONCLUSIONS: In the present doses, the serotonin antagonist UP 26-91 had no effect on the experimental pain models applied.

Cardiovascular and autonomic responses to physiological stressors before and after six hours of water immersion

2013 ◽  
Vol 115 (9) ◽  
pp. 1275-1289 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Florian ◽  
Erin E. Simmons ◽  
Ki H. Chon ◽  
Luca Faes ◽  
Barbara E. Shykoff
Keyword(s):  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Maximum Strength ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Muscle Ischemia ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Handgrip Test ◽  
Physiological Stressors

The physiological responses to water immersion (WI) are known; however, the responses to stress following WI are poorly characterized. Ten healthy men were exposed to three physiological stressors before and after a 6-h resting WI (32–33°C): 1) a 2-min cold pressor test, 2) a static handgrip test to fatigue at 40% of maximum strength followed by postexercise muscle ischemia in the exercising forearm, and 3) a 15-min 70° head-up-tilt (HUT) test. Heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), cardiac output (Q̇), limb blood flow (BF), stroke volume (SV), systemic and calf or forearm vascular resistance (SVR and CVR or FVR), baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), and HR variability (HRV) frequency-domain variables [low-frequency (LF), high-frequency (HF), and normalized (n)] were measured. Cold pressor test showed lower HR, SBP, SV, Q̇, calf BF, LFnHRV, and LF/HFHRV and higher CVR and HFnHRV after than before WI ( P < 0.05). Handgrip test showed no effect of WI on maximum strength and endurance and lower HR, SBP, SV, Q̇, and calf BF and higher SVR and CVR after than before WI ( P < 0.05). During postexercise muscle ischemia, HFnHRV increased from baseline after WI only, and LFnHRV was lower after than before WI ( P < 0.05). HUT test showed lower SBP, DBP, SV, forearm BF, and BRS and higher HR, FVR, LF/HFHRV, and LFnHRV after than before WI ( P < 0.05). The changes suggest differential activation/depression during cold pressor and handgrip (reduced sympathetic/elevated parasympathetic) and HUT (elevated sympathetic/reduced parasympathetic) following 6 h of WI.

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