scholarly journals Optimization, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity of Copper Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Senna didymobotrya Root Extract

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Bernard Otieno Sadia ◽  
Jackson Kiplagat Cherutoi ◽  
Cleophas Mecha Achisa
Keyword(s):  
Copper Nanoparticles ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Conventional Medicine ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Synthesis Conditions ◽  
Ft Ir

The economic burden and high mortality associated with multidrug-resistant bacteria is a major public health concern. Biosynthesized copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) could be a potential alternative to combat bacterial resistance to conventional medicine. This study for the first time aimed at optimizing the synthesis conditions (concentration of copper ions, temperature, and pH) to obtain the smallest size of CuNPs, characterizing and testing the antibacterial efficacy of CuNPs prepared from Senna didymobotrya (S. didymobotrya) roots. Extraction was done by the Soxhlet method using methanol as the solvent. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed to identify compounds in S. didymobotrya root extracts. Box–Behnken design was used to obtain optimal synthesis conditions as determined using a particle analyzer. Characterization was done using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), particle size analyzer, X-ray diffraction, zeta potentiometer, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). Bioassay was conducted using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test. The major compounds identified by GC-MS in reference to the NIST library were benzoic acid, thymol, N-benzyl-2-phenethylamine, benzaldehyde, vanillin, phenylacetic acid, and benzothiazole. UV-Vis spectrum showed a characteristic peak at 570 nm indicating the formation of CuNPs. The optimum synthesis conditions were temperature of 80°C, pH 3.0, and copper ion concentration of 0.0125 M. The FT-IR spectrum showed absorptions in the range 3500–3400 cm−1 (N-H stretch), 3400–2400 cm−1 (O-H stretch), and 988–830 cm−1 (C-H bend) and peak at 1612 cm−1 (C=C stretch), and 1271 cm−1 (C-O bend). Cu nanoparticle sizes were 5.55–63.60 nm. The zeta potential value was −69.4 mV indicating that they were stable. The biosynthesized nanoparticles exhibited significant antimicrobial activity on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with the zone of inhibition diameters of 26.00 ± 0.58 mm and 30.00 ± 0.58 mm compared to amoxicillin clavulanate (standard) with inhibition diameters of 20 ± 0.58 mm and 28.00 ± 0.58 mm, respectively.

scholarly journals Emerging antibiotic resistant enteric bacterial flora among food animals in Abeokuta, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-262
Author(s):  
F. O Olufemi ◽  
P. A. Akinduti ◽  
E. O. Omoshaba ◽  
E. O. Okpara
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Enteric Pathogens ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Food Animals

Bacterial resistance to antibiotic in food animals is an emerging public health concern as a result of increasing multi-resistant bacteria found in Abeokuta. Therefore, occurrence rate and resistant profile of the emerging enteric pathogens were determined in food animals in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Fecal and rectal samples of 82 were randomly collected from food animals such as sheep (30), chicken (37) and pigs (15) in three major farms located in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Enteric bacteria isolates obtained were cultured and identified according to standard protocol. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method and standard micro-tube dilution assay and resistance profile was carried out. Among the food animals surveyed for resistant enteric pathogens, 46% and 36% were chicken and sheep respectively while 18% were pigs. Complete resistance of 100% was shown by all the enteric bacteria obtained to metronidazole, tetracycline and penicillin while highest rate of Proteus mirabilis (33.5%) and Escherichia coli (20.1%) were multi resistant strains. Uncontrolled use of antimicrobial agents in food animals is shown to be associated with increasing emergence of antimicrobial resistance in food-borne pathogens which could enhance treatment failure and increase morbidity or death among the populace.

scholarly journals Current Mechanism of Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobials

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
Sonali Gangwar ◽  
Keerti Kaushik ◽  
Maya Datt Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Pathogenic Variants ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria

Serious infectious diseases are caused by bacterial pathogens that represents a serious public health concern. Antimicrobial agents are indicated for the treatment bacterial infections.Various bacteria carries several resistance genes also called multidrug resistant (MDR). Multidrug resistant organisms have emerged not only in the hospital environment but are now often identified in community settings, suggesting the reservoirs of antibiotic resistant bacteria are present outside the hospital. Drug resistant bacteria that are selected with a single drug are also frequently multi-drug resistant against multiple structurally different drugs, thus confounding the chemotherapeutic efficacy of infectious disease caused by such pathogenic variants. The molecular mechanisms by which bacteria have common resistance to antibiotics are diverse and complex. This review highlights the mechanism of bacterial resistance to antimicrobials.

scholarly journals Frequency of pathogens in routine bacteriological diagnosis in fish and their antimicrobial resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 3259-3272
Author(s):  
Arthur Roberto da Costa ◽  
◽  
Roberta Torres Chideroli ◽  
Larissa Melo Chicoski ◽  
Diego Candido de Abreu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Plesiomonas Shigelloides ◽  
Bacteriological Diagnosis ◽  
Zoonotic Bacteria

Aquaculture is one of the sectors of animal husbandry with the fastest growth rate. However, the increase in the sector’s production chain without proper management can result in factors that favor the development of diseases, especially infectious diseases caused by bacteria. Many factors, such as agriculture or industry resides, improper use of antibiotics in animals or humans, have contributed to increased environmental pressure and the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, while residues from these drugs can remain in the carcasses and in water a risk to public and environmental health. From that, we identified the bacterial genus/species and their bacterial resistance to antibiotics from samples received from fish disease outbreaks for bacteriosis diagnosis between January 2017 and October 2020. Isolated bacteria were subjected to the Kirby and Bauer sensitivity test for five classes of antibiotics (penicillins, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, amphenicols, and tetracyclines). Of the 181 analyzed outbreaks, 232 bacteria were isolated, including Streptococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Edwardsiella spp., Plesiomonas shigelloides, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Chromobacterium violaceum, Flavobacterium spp., Citrobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., Vibrio spp., Enterobacter spp., Chryseobacterium meningosepticum. Of the 232 bacteria, 40 strains were classified as multidrug resistant (MDR), with Plesiomonas shigelloides, Aeromonas spp., and Edwardsiella spp. representing more than half of this number (22/total). With several bacteria demonstrating resistance to Brazilian aquaculture-legalized drugs (tetracycline and florfenicol), it is mandatory to research, not only for alternatives to the use of antibiotics, but also for other drugs effective against the main circulating bacterial pathogens. In addition, vigilance over the occurrence of resistant bacteria is necessary, considering the appearance of zoonotic bacteria with multi-resistant characteristics, becoming a public health concern.

scholarly journals Elevation of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Metabolism Contributes to Zhongshengmycin Resistance in Xanthomonas oryzae

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1166
Author(s):  
Qiaoxing Wang ◽  
Meiyun Lin ◽  
Peihua Shen ◽  
Yi Guan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Xanthomonas Oryzae ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant

Xanthomonas oryzae severely impacts the yield and quality of rice. Antibiotics are the most common control measure for this pathogen; however, the overuse of antibiotics in past decades has caused bacterial resistance to these antibiotics. The agricultural context is of particular importance as antibiotic-resistant bacteria are prevalent, but the resistance mechanism largely remains unexplored. Herein, using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), we demonstrated that zhongshengmycin-resistant X. oryzae (Xoo-Rzs) and zhongshengmycin-sensitive X. oryzae (Xoo-S) have distinct metabolic profiles. We found that the resistance to zhongshengmycin (ZS) in X. oryzae is related to increased fatty acid biosynthesis. This was demonstrated by measuring the Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) activity, the expression levels of enzyme genes involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis and degradation pathways, and adding exogenous materials, i.e., triclosan and fatty acids. Our work provides a basis for the subsequent control of the production of antibiotic-resistant strains of X. oryzae and the development of coping strategies.

Current Mechanism of Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobials

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonali Gangwar ◽  
Keerti Kaushik ◽  
Maya Datt Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Pathogenic Variants ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria

Serious infectious diseases are caused by bacterial pathogens that represents a serious public health concern. Antimicrobial agents are indicated for the treatment bacterial infections.Various bacteria carries several resistance genes also called multidrug resistant (MDR). Multidrug resistant organisms have emerged not only in the hospital environment but are now often identified in community settings, suggesting the reservoirs of antibiotic resistant bacteria are present outside the hospital. Drug resistant bacteria that are selected with a single drug are also frequently multi-drug resistant against multiple structurally different drugs, thus confounding the chemotherapeutic efficacy of infectious disease caused by such pathogenic variants. The molecular mechanisms by which bacteria have common resistance to antibiotics are diverse and complex. This review highlights the mechanism of bacterial resistance to antimicrobials.

scholarly journals Utilização de creme de papaína e extrato liofilizado das raízes de salsa (Petroselinum crispum) contra Escherichia coli multirresistente em abscesso em equino

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Carla Faria Orlandini ◽  
André Giarola Boscarato ◽  
Rodrigo Assunção Moura ◽  
Patrícia Sapateiro ◽  
Zilda Cristiani Gazim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Petroselinum Crispum ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
E Coli

Background: Due to the bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics, studies on natural products with antibacterial or bactericidal activity are becoming more and more frequent. Among multi-resistant bacteria, Escherichia coli is a producer of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL). Papain, coming from papaya latex (Carica papaya), stands out for its capacity to degrade the devitalized tissue that delays the healing process. Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) has been studied, mainly for its diuretic, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The aim of this work was to report the use of these two phytotherapic agents in an equine presenting abscess infected by multi-resistant ESBL producing E. coli.Case: A four and a half year old male neutered equine weighing 400 kg of undefined race (SRD) was admitted to the Veterinary Hospital of the Paranaense University (UNIPAR), presenting an increased volume on the left side of the middle third of the neck, one year ago, probably due to an intramuscular injection in the splenius muscle performed by the animal’s owner, who did not remember which drug had been applied. Physical examination revealed a characteristic abscess lesion that involved the subcutaneous and muscular tissue of approximately 10 cm in diameter, and presented a fistulous trajectory with purulent content drainage and pain upon palpation. The animal was initially submitted to surgical drainage of the abscess and to systemic treatment with ceftiofur. In view of the failure of the therapy proposed, the lesion was treated with 2% papain cream and, subsequently, in association with lyophilized parsley extract (Petroselinum crispum) after the identification of the presence of multi-resistant ESBL producing E. coli, isolated from the lesion and identified through standard laboratory tests. The use of 2% papain cream reduced the inflammatory process and fibrous tissue. Lyophilized parsley root extract was effective against infection by multi-resistant bacteria.Discussion: The reduction of purulent secretion and the size of the inflammatory process are due to the proteolytic activity of papain, which decreases bacterial adhesion, and the degree of wound contamination, promoting healing. Several studies have indicated the bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of papain, but in some trials, this effect was only found in a concentration of 10% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, and no effect for E. coli bacteria. In vitro studies have shown that the essential oil of Petroselinum crispum leaves and stems is more effective than the essential oil of seeds against this bacterium. Reports of isolation and bacterial identification of wounds and abscesses of horses present a large amount of microorganisms, but the presence of multi-resistant E. coli is uncommon. In other countries, the presence of this bacterium in wounds and other regions has been described in this species. In the Netherlands and Germany, the presence of ESBL producing E. coli in horses was detected in clinical samples of pus, stomach, uterus, feces and synovial fluid, presenting a real risk of human contamination by these resistant bacteria. In this sense, the study of antimicrobial agents has great scope, being a crucial point in several sectors of the pharmaceutical field. The phytotherapeutic association, used in this case, represents a possible promising, low-cost alternative for the treatment of contaminated wounds, emphasizing the importance of studies involving alternative treatments for bacterial resistance.

scholarly journals Detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamases and resistance in members of the Enterobacteriaceae family isolated from healthy sheep and dogs in Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 829
Author(s):  
Patricia Alves de Oliveira ◽  
Rodrigo Assunção Moura ◽  
Graziela Vendrame Rodrigues ◽  
Karoline Franciani Cardoso Lopes ◽  
Melissa Marchi Zaniolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Healthy Sheep ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases

Bacterial resistance is a primary public health concern worldwide. Within this context, pets and breeding animals act as reservoirs for multidrug-resistant bacteria (MR), such as those producing extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) and those presenting plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). The aim of this study was to detect the presence of ESBL and PMQR in members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, isolated from healthy sheep and dogs from non-intense farming rural properties in the Umuarama region of Paraná, Brazil. A total of 81 oral and rectal swabs from dogs and sheep from 11 small rural properties were analyzed. These swabs were inoculated in tubes containing brain heart infusion broth (BHI), and the resulting cultures were inoculated on MacConkey agar (MAC) supplemented with 10 ?g/mL cefotaxime for the selection of ESBL producers. The cells were also plated on MAC supplemented with 50 ?g/mL nalidixic acid for selecting quinolone-resistant enterobacteria. The bacterial isolates were subjected to biochemical identification tests, antibiograms, double-disk synergic tests, and polymerase chain reaction analysis for resistance-inducing genes (blaESBL, qnr, and genes encoding efflux pump and acetylases). Four (5.00%) bacterial isolates (3 Escherichia coli and 1 Morganella morganii) resistant to cephalosporins and/or quinolones were identified; of these, three (75%) isolates were from sheep and one (25%) from a dog. These findings indicate the presence of MR bacteria in the normal microbiota of the animals studied. Animals colonized with such bacteria can contribute to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance to other animals, environment, and/or human beings and can harbor endogenous infections in unfavorable conditions, which have poor prognosis due to the limited therapeutic options.

Bioactivity of Phenolic Compounds Extracted from Strawberry against Formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Baydaa Hussein ◽  
Zainab A. Aldhaher ◽  
Shahrazad Najem Abdu-Allah ◽  
Adel Hamdan
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Hydrocarbon Chain ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Phenolic Contents

Background: Biofilm is a bacterial way of life prevalent in the world of microbes; in addition to that it is a source of alarm in the field of health concern. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogenic bacterium responsible for all opportunistic infections such as chronic and severe. Aim of this study: This paper aims to provide an overview of the promotion of isolates to produce a biofilm in vitro under special circumstances, to expose certain antibiotics to produce phenotypic evaluation of biofilm bacteria. Methods and Materials: Three diverse ways were used to inhibited biofilm formation of P.aeruginosa by effect of phenolic compounds extracts from strawberries. Isolates produced biofilm on agar MacConkey under certain circumstances. Results: The results showed that all isolates were resistant to antibiotics except sensitive to azithromycin (AZM, 15μg), and in this study was conducted on three ways to detect the biofilm produced, has been detected by the biofilm like Tissue culture plate (TCP), Tube method (TM), Congo Red Agar (CRA). These methods gave a clear result of these isolates under study. Active compounds were analyzed in both extracts by Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry which indicate High molecular weight compound with a long hydrocarbon chain. Conclusion: Phenolic compounds could behave as bioactive material and can be useful to be used in pharmaceutical synthesis. Phenolic contents which found in leaves and fruits extracts of strawberries shows antibacterial activity against all strains tested by the ability to reduce the production of biofilm formation rate.

Medicinal Plants: Antibacterial Effects and Chemical Composition of Essential Oil of Foeniculum vulgare

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Azadeh Foroughi ◽  
Pouya Pournaghi ◽  
Fariba Najafi ◽  
Akram Zangeneh ◽  
Mohammad Mahdi Zangeneh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Screen Test ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibacterial Effects ◽  
Foeniculum Vulgare

Medicinal plants are considered modern resources for producing agents that could act as alternatives to antibiotics in demeanor of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of the study was to evaluate the chemical composition and antibacterial activities of essential oil of Foeniculum vulgare (FV) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry was done to specify chemical composion. As a screen test to detect antibacterial properties of the essential oil, agar disk and agar well diffusion methods were employed. Macrobroth tube test was performed to determinate MIC. The results indicated that the most substance found in FV essential oil was Trans-anethole (47.41 %), also the essential oil of FV with 0.007 g/ml concentration has prevented P. aeruginosa and with 0.002 g/ml concentration has prevented B. subtilis from the growth. Thus, the research represents the antibacterial effects of the medical herb on test P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis. We believe that the article provide support to the antibacterial properties of the essential oil. The results indicate the fact that the essential oil from the plant can be useful as medicinal or preservatives composition.

In Silico Studies on Anti-Stress Compounds of Ethanolic Root Extract of Hemidesmus indicus L.

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 502-515
Author(s):  
Jayasimha R. Daddam ◽  
Basha Sreenivasulu ◽  
Katike Umamahesh ◽  
Kotha Peddanna ◽  
Dowlathabad M. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Medicine ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Docking Studies ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Hemidesmus Indicus ◽  
In Silico Studies

Background: Alternative medicine is available for those diseases which cannot be treated by conventional medicine. Ayurveda and herbal medicines are important alternative methods in which the treatment is done with extracts of different medicinal plants. This work is concerned with the evaluation of anti-stress bioactive compounds from the ethanolic root extract of Hemidesmus indicus. Methods: Gas chromatography and Mass Spectrum studies are used to identify the compounds present in the ethanolic extract based on the retention time, area. In order to perform docking studies, Vasopressin model is generated using modeling by Modeller 9v7. Vasopressin structure is developed based on the crystal structure of neurophysin-oxytocin from Bos taurus (PDB ID: 1NPO_A) collected from the PDB data bank. Using molecular dynamics simulation methods, the final predicted structure is obtained and further analyzed by verifying 3D and PROCHECK programs, confirmed that the final model is reliable. The identified compounds are docked to vasopressin for the prediction of anti-stress activity using GOLD 3.0.1 software. Results: The predicted model of Vasopressin structure is stabilized and confirmed that it is a reliable structure for docking studies. The results indicated ARG4, THR7, ASP9, ASP26, ALA32, ALA 80 in Vasopressin are important determinant residues in binding as they have strong hydrogen bonding with phytocompounds. Among the 21 phytocompounds identified and docked, molecule Deoxiinositol, pentakis- O-(trimethylsilyl) showed the best docking results with Vasopressin. Conclusion: The identified compounds were used for anti-stress activity by insilico method with Vasopressin which plays an important role in causing stress and hence selected for inhibitory studies with phytocompounds. The phytocompounds are inhibiting vasopressin through hydrogen bodings and are important in protein-ligand interactions. Docking results showed that out of twenty-one compounds, Deoxiinositol, pentakis-O-(trimethylsilyl) showed best docking energy to the Vasopressin.

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