scholarly journals 3D Processing Maps of Cast Mg-9Gd-3Y Alloy and Numerical-Experimental Verification

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Pan Li ◽  
Jianguo Luo
Keyword(s):  
Strain Rate ◽  
Plane Strain ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Strain Rate Range ◽  
Processing Maps ◽  
Rate Range ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Isothermal Plane ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
3D Processing

The hot compression behavior of Mg-9Gd-3Y (GW93) alloy was investigated by carrying out isothermal compression tests at the deformation temperature range of 300–450°C and strain rate range of 0.001–1s−1. Considering the influence of the strain on the formability of the GW93 alloy, three-dimensional (3D) processing maps were established based on the dynamic material model. The 3D processing maps indicate that the formability of the material improved with the decrease of the strain rate and the increase of the heating temperature, and the material at lower heating temperature mostly underwent flow instability. The formable processing region of the hot deformation of the GW93 alloy was concentrated within the temperature range of 380–450°C and the strain rate range of 0.001–0.01 s−1. Subsequently, the 3D processing maps were embedded into the finite element (FE) software DEFORM-3D by means of user subroutines, and the formability of GW93 alloy during the isothermal plane strain forging process was predicted. The FE simulation results revealed that the formability of the material at low strain rate improved compared with that at high strain rate under the same temperature. Finally, an isothermal plane strain forging technological experiment was carried out, and the microstructure of the formed sample was analyzed. The experimental result is in good agreement with that of the numerical simulation. Combined with microstructural observation, the accuracy of the simulation results and the 3D processing maps of the GW93 alloy was verified.

Characterization of Hot Deformation Behavior of Zr-4 Alloy in Material Application Area

2012 ◽  
Vol 578 ◽  
pp. 202-205
Author(s):  
Guo Qing Lin
Keyword(s):  
Strain Rate ◽  
Hot Deformation ◽  
Deformation Behavior ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Strain Rate Range ◽  
Processing Maps ◽  
Peak Efficiency ◽  
Hot Deformation Behavior ◽  
Rate Range ◽  
Temperature Range

The hot deformation behavior of Zr-4 alloy was studied in the temperature range 650-900°C and strain rate range 0.005-50s-1 using processing maps. The processing maps revealed three domains: the first occurs in the temperature range 780-820°C and strain rate range 0.005-0.05s-1, and has a peak efficiency of 45% at 790°C and 0.005s-1; the mechanism is the dynamic recrystallization. The second occurs in the temperature range greater than 900°C and strain rate range 0.05-0.8s-1, and has a peak efficiency of 40% at 900°C and 0.5s-1, which are the domains of dynamic recovery. In addition, the instability zones of flow behavior can also be recognized by the maps in the temperature range 650-780°C and strain rate range 0.01-0.1s-1, which should be strictly avoided in the processing of the material. Zr-4 alloy is the material for pressure tube applications in nuclear reactors and has better strength and a lower rate of hydrogen uptake compared to other materials under similar service conditions.

A Study at the Workability of Ultra-High Strength Steel Sheet by Processing Maps on the Basis of DMM

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 657-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Feng Xia ◽  
Shuai Long ◽  
Tian-Yu Wang ◽  
Jia Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
High Strength Steel ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Strain Rate Range ◽  
Diffusion Activation Energy ◽  
Processing Maps ◽  
Rate Range ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Ultra High Strength Steel

AbstractThe hot workability of the ultra-high strength steel BR1500HS has been investigated by processing maps. A series of hot deformation tensile tests were carried out on a Gleeble-3500 thermal simulator in the deformation temperature range of 773–1,223 K and strain rate range of 0.01–10 s–1. The obtained flow stress curves reveal that the peak stress increases with the rising of strain rate and decreases with the rising of temperature. Based on dynamic materials model (DMM), the processing maps at the strains of 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 were developed, and the optimum hot working conditions were recommended as the temperature range of 1,200–1,223 K and the strain rate range of 0.01–0.1 s–1, where the peak power dissipation efficiency is about 37 % revealing the occurrence of typical dynamic recrystallization (DRX). The main instability defects are deformation twinning and micro-crack occurring mainly at the temperature range of 773–873 K with the strain rate higher than 1 s–1. In order to deeply understand the microstructure mechanisms, the Zener–Hollomon parameter is solved, and then the self-diffusion activation energy is compared with the apparent activation energy Q at different deformation temperatures and strain rates.

Processing Maps for TC18 Titanium Alloy Deformed in α+β Region

2012 ◽  
Vol 490-495 ◽  
pp. 3423-3426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Zhao ◽  
Hong Zhao ◽  
Rui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Alloy ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Power Dissipation ◽  
Strain Rate Range ◽  
Hot Working ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Processing Maps ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Rate Range ◽  
Temperature Range

The hot deformation characteristics of TC18 titanium alloy were studied in the temperature range 750-850°C and strain rate range 0.001-1 s-1 by using hot compression tests. Processing maps for hot working are developed on the basis of the variations of efficiency of power dissipation with temperature and strain rate. The results reveal that the flow stress of TC18 is sensitive to strain rate. Processing map at stain of 0.6 reveals two domains: one is centered at 750°C and 0.001s-1; another is centered at 850°C and 0.001s-1. The maximum efficiency is more than 60%. According to the maps, the zone with the temperature range of 750-850°C and strain rate range of 0.01-0.001s-1 may be suitable for hot working

Hot Deformation Behavior and Processing Map of 25%SiCp/2009A1 Composite

2016 ◽  
Vol 849 ◽  
pp. 409-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shao Hua Wei ◽  
Yan Qiang Liu ◽  
Jun Hui Nie ◽  
Tao Zuo ◽  
Zi Li Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strain Rate ◽  
Hot Deformation ◽  
Constant Strain Rate ◽  
Material Model ◽  
Strain Rate Range ◽  
Deformation Condition ◽  
Processing Maps ◽  
Rate Range ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Dynamic Material Model

The hot deformation characteristics of 25%SiCp/2009A1 composite fabricated by powder metallurgy route were studied by thermal compaction testing on Gleeble-3800 hot-simulation machine in the temperature range of 370~520 °C and strain rate range of 0.01~10 s-1. The processing maps of 25%SiCp/2009A1 composites were developed on the basis of dynamic material model. The results show that the flow stress decreased with increasing deformation temperature at a constant strain rate, and increased with increasing strain rate at a constant temperature. The processing maps present unsteady zones at high strain rate (≥1 s-1). There are a few interfaces of particle-matrix separated and the particle itself cracked. There was significant dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization occurred in the higher temperature and lower strain rate region. The optimum hot deformation condition of the composites attained by the maps were in the temperature range of 450~490 °Cand in the strain rate range of 0.01~0.1 s-1.

scholarly journals Hot Deformation Characteristics—Constitutive Equation and Processing Maps—of 21-4N Heat-Resistant Steel

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiming Li ◽  
Hongchao Ji ◽  
Wangda Li ◽  
Yaogang Li ◽  
Weichi Pei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strain Rate ◽  
Hot Deformation ◽  
Deformation Temperature ◽  
Strain Rate Range ◽  
Processing Maps ◽  
Resistant Steel ◽  
Heat Resistant Steel ◽  
Rate Range ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Heat Resistant

Abstract: The hot deformation behavior of 21-4N heat-resistant steel was studied by hot compression test in a deformation temperature range of 1000–1180 °C, a strain rate range of 0.01–10 s−1 and a deformation degree of 60%, and the stress-strain curves were obtained. The functional relationship between flow stress and process parameters (deformation degree, deformation temperature, strain rate, etc.) of 21-4N heat-resistant steel during hot deformation was explored, the constitutive equation of peak stress was established, and its accuracy was verified. Based on the dynamic material model, the energy dissipation maps and destabilization maps of 21-4N heat-resistant steel were established at strains of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6, and processing maps were obtained by their superposition. Within the deformation temperature range of 1060~1120°C and a strain rate range of 0.01–0.1 s−1, there is a stable domain with the peak efficiency of about 0.5. The best hot working parameters (strain rate and deformation temperature) of 21-4N heat-resistant steel are determined by the stable and instable domain in the processing maps, which are in the deformation temperature range of 1120–1180 °C and the strain rate range of 0.01–10 s−1.

Flow Behavior and Workability of a Zn-8Cu-0.2Cr Alloy during Hot Deformation

2012 ◽  
Vol 538-541 ◽  
pp. 1257-1261
Author(s):  
Sheng Li Guo ◽  
Peng Du ◽  
Xiao Ping Wu ◽  
De Fu Li
Keyword(s):  
Constitutive Equation ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Hot Deformation ◽  
Flow Instability ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Strain Rate Range ◽  
Processing Maps ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Rate Range ◽  
Temperature Range

The hot deformation behavior of Zn91.8-Cu8-Cr0.2 (in wt.%) was investigated by means of hot compression tests in the temperature range of 230-380 °C and strain rate range of 0.01 - 10 s-1. The constitutive equation and processing maps were developed. The influence of strain on the flow stress was studied by considering the effect of the strain on material constants. The stress-strain curves obtained by the constitutive equation are in good agreement with experimental results. The proposed constitutive equations can be used for the analysis problem of hot forming processes. The processing maps have exhibited a domain, which is optimum processing window for hot working, in the temperature range of 310 - 380 °C and strain rate range of 0.01-1 s-1 corresponding to the higher efficiency of power dissipation. The large regime of flow instability is observed at high strain rate. The instability regime should be avoided during hot deformation processing.

Deformation Heating and Its Effect on the Processing Maps of Ti-15-3 Titanium Alloy

2013 ◽  
Vol 712-715 ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
Jing Qi Zhang ◽  
Hong Shuang Di ◽  
Xiao Yu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Alloy ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Strain Rate Range ◽  
Processing Maps ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Deformation Heating ◽  
Instability Criteria ◽  
Flow Stress Data

In the present study, deformation heating generated by plastic deformation and its effect on the processing maps of Ti-15-3 titanium alloy were investigated. For this purpose, hot compression tests were performed on a Gleeble-3800 thermo-mechanical simulator in the temperature range of 850-1150 °C and strain rate range of 0.001-10 s1. The temperature rise due to deformation heating was calculated and the as-measured flow curves were corrected for deformation heating. Using the as-measured and corrected flow stress data, the processing maps for Ti-15-3 titanium alloy at a strain of 0.5 were developed on the basis Murty‘s and Babu’s instability criteria. The results show that both the instability maps based the two instability criteria are essentially similar and are characterized by an unstable region occurring at strain rates higher than 0.1 s1for almost the entire temperature range tested. The unstable regions are overestimated from the as-measured data due to the effect of deformation heating, indicating a better workability after correcting the effect of deformation heating. This is further conformed by the analysis based on strain rate sensitivity.

The Constitutive Relationship and Processing Map of Hot Deformation in A100 steel

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongkang Liu ◽  
Zongmei Yin ◽  
Junting Luo ◽  
Zhang Chunxiang ◽  
Yanshu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Strain Rate ◽  
Type Equation ◽  
Strain Rate Range ◽  
Constitutive Relationship ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Rate Range ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Strain Data ◽  
Different Strains

AbstractIsothermal compression tests were conducted on A100 steel using a Gleeble 1500 thermal simulator at a temperature range of 900–1,200°C and strain rate range of 0.001–3 s−1. Results show that the A100 steel has higher strength than the Aermet 100 steel at high temperatures. Constant values, such as A, α, and n, and activate energy Q were obtained through the regression processing of the stress–strain data curves under different strains. A set of constitutive equations for A100 steel was proposed by using an Arrhenius-type equation. The optimum processing craft ranges for A100 steel based on the analysis of the hot working diagram and deformation mechanism are as follows: temperature range of 1,000–1,100°C and strain rate range of 0.01–0.1 s−1. The average grain size within this working range is 7–22.5 μm.

scholarly journals Determination of Constitutive Equation and Thermo–Mechanical Processing Map for Pure Iridium

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1087
Author(s):  
Mi Zhou ◽  
Rui Hu ◽  
Jieren Yang ◽  
Chuanjun Wang ◽  
Ming Wen
Keyword(s):  
Constitutive Equation ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Processing Map ◽  
Frictional Coefficient ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Strain Rate Range ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Thermal Compression ◽  
Rate Range ◽  
Temperature Range

Deformation behavior of pure iridium has been studied during thermal compression testing with the help of Gleeble-1500D in the temperature range of 1200 °C~1500 °C and strain rate range of 10−1 s−1~10−2 s−1. Resistance to deformation, microstructural evolution and hot workability of pure iridium have been used to analyze in detail. Frictional coefficient has been used to modify the experimental stress–strain curve of thermal compression test, and it has been found effective in reducing the influence of friction during thermo–mechanical testing. The hyperbolic sine constitutive equation of pure iridium has been established to give a material processing model for numerical simulation. A very high value of activation energy for iridium, 573 KJ/mol, clearly indicates that it is very hard to deform this material. The deformation mechanism of pure iridium is dependent upon temperature as well as strain rate. At low temperature and strain rate (temperature range of 1200 °C~1300 °C and strain rate range of 10−1 s−1~10−2 s−1), dynamic recovery is active while dynamic recrystallization becomes operative as temperature and stain rate are increased. On further increase in temperature and decrease in strain rate (temperature range of 1400 °C~1500 °C and strain rates of 10−2 s−1~10−3 s−1), abnormal grain growth takes place. On the basis of a constitutive model and processing map, suitable forming process parameters (temperature range of 1400 °C~1500 °C and strain rate range of 0.1 s−1~0.05 s−1) for pure iridium have been worked out.

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