scholarly journals Changing Perspectives on HDL: From Simple Quantity Measurements to Functional Quality Assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Himani Thakkar ◽  
Vinnyfred Vincent ◽  
Atanu Sen ◽  
Archna Singh ◽  
Ambuj Roy
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Functional Quality ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Prediction

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) comprises a heterogeneous group of particles differing in size, density, and composition. HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels have long been suggested to indicate cardiovascular risk, inferred from multiple epidemiological studies. The failure of HDL-C targeted interventions and genetic studies has raised doubts on the atheroprotective role of HDL-C. The current consensus is that HDL-C is neither a biomarker nor a causative agent of cardiovascular disorders. With better understanding of the complex nature of HDL which comprises a large number of proteins and lipids with unique functions, recent focus has shifted from HDL quantity to HDL quality in terms of atheroprotective functions. The current research is focused on developing laboratory assays to assess HDL functions for cardiovascular risk prediction. Also, HDL mimetics designed based on the key determinants of HDL functions are being investigated to modify cardiovascular risk. Improving HDL functions by altering its composition is the key area of future research in HDL biology to reduce cardiovascular risk.

A Comparison Between Self-Reported and Investigator-Measured Cardiovascular Risk-Related Biometric Numbers

2021 ◽  
pp. 019394592110135
Author(s):  
Sohye Lee ◽  
Catherine Pantik ◽  
Sree Duggirala ◽  
Ruth Lindquist
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Health Assessment ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Personal Knowledge ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cardiovascular Risks ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Glucose Levels

The purpose of this study was to examine individuals’ knowledge of cardiovascular risk-related biometric numbers and to compare self-reported and investigator-measured numbers in a convenience sample of adults in the Midwest region. Sociodemographic data and personal knowledge of cardiovascular risk-related biometric numbers were assessed using self-reported questionnaires. Investigators conducted health assessments to obtain biometric numbers. Among the 224 participants, participants’ reported knowledge about their cardiovascular risk-related biometric numbers was low, especially for high-density lipoprotein and fasting blood glucose levels. Participants’ knowledge was associated with education level and the recency of their last healthcare visit for health assessment. We found statistically significant mean differences between self-reported and investigator-measured blood pressure, and weight. This study found that there were discrepancies between self-reported and investigator-measured cardiovascular risk-related numbers. Future research is needed to develop educational interventions to improve personal knowledge of cardiovascular risks.

scholarly journals The role of cyclooxygenase-2 on endurance exercise training in female LDL-receptor knockout ovariectomized mice

2013 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 1157-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
FLAVIA DE OLIVEIRA ◽  
LAURA B.M. MAIFRINO ◽  
GUSTAVO P.P. DE JESUS ◽  
JULIANA G. CARVALHO ◽  
CLAUDIA MARCHON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Ldl Receptor ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cyclooxygenase 2 ◽  
Sedentary Control ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Ovariectomized Mice ◽  
Cox 2

Estrogen deprivation in postmenopausal women increases cardiovascular risk. Cardiovascular risk as a result of atherosclerosis is able to induce an inflammatory disease as far as cyclooxygenase-2 ( COX-2) expression. The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of COX-2 on exercise training in female mice low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout ( LDL-KO) with or without ovariectomy. A total of 15 female C57BL/6 mice and 15 female LDL-KO mice were distributed into 6 groups: sedentary control, sedentary control ovariectomized, trained control ovariectomized, LDL-KO sedentary, LDL-KO sedentary ovariectomized and LDL-KO trained ovariectomized. The ascending part of the aorta was stained with H&E and COX-2 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results revealed that ovariectomy as well as exercise training were not able to induce histopathological changes in mouse aorta for all groups investigated. LDL-KO mice demonstrated plaque containing cholesterol clefts, foamy histiocytes and mild inflammatory process for all groups indistinctly. Ovariectomy induced a strong immunoexpression in atherosclerosis lesion of LDL-KO mice. Nevertheless, a down-regulation of COX-2 expression was detected in LDL-KO trained ovariectomized when compared to LDL-KO sedentary. Our results are consistent with the notion that exercise training is able to modulate COX-2 expression in LDL-KO mice as a result of COX-2 down-regulation.

scholarly journals Abnormally expressed miR-23b in Chinese Mongolian at high cardiovascular risk may contribute to monocyte/macrophage inflammatory reaction in atherosclerosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-ping He ◽  
Xing-sheng Zhao ◽  
Le-ping He
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
High Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear

Background: The prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) appears to be high among Chinese Mongolians. MiR-23b has been proven to play a key role in atherosclerosis. The expression and role of miR-23b in the Mongolians at high cardiovascular risk were explored in the present study. Methods: Forty cases of blood samples from the Mongolians at high cardiovascular risk were enrolled in the present study. The expression of miR-23b was quantified by quantitative real-time PCR. To induce monocytes differentiation into macrophages, HP-1 cells were cultured with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. The level of inflammatory markers was determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The interaction between miR-23b and A20 was explored by the dual luciferase reporter assay. Results: The expression of miR-23b in the Mongolian at high cardiovascular risk was higher than that in healthy Mongolian volunteers. Decrease in ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 caused by miR-23b is responsible for TC accumulation in the Mongolian at high cardiovascular risk. MiR-23b enhanced the oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced inflammatory response of THP-1 derived macrophage. MiR-23b regulated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway through targeting A20. MiR-23b mediated oxLDL-induced inflammatory response of peripheral blood mononuclear cell in the Mongolian at high cardiovascular risk. Conclusion MiR-23b enhanced oxLDL-induced inflammatory response of macrophages in the Mongolian at high cardiovascular risk through the A20/NF-κB signaling pathway, and thus contributing to atherosclerosis.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular risk according to plasma apolipoprotein and lipid profiles in a Canadian First Nation

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
ND Riediger ◽  
SG Bruce ◽  
TK Young
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
First Nations ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipid Profiles ◽  
Apolipoprotein A1 ◽  
First Nation ◽  
Future Research

Introduction Despite high diabetes rates among Canadian First Nations people, little is known about their cardiovascular disease risk. Our aim was to describe the apolipoprotein profile with respect to cardiovascular risk in a Canadian First Nation community. Methods In 2003, a representative sample of adult members of a Manitoba First Nation (N = 483) participated in a screening study for diabetes and diabetes complications. We assessed their cardiovascular risk factors. Results Sixty percent of women were at increased cardiovascular risk because of low apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) levels, compared with 35% of men. The proportion of women with low apoA1 levels decreased with age, but the proportion with low high-density lipoprotein levels remained stable across age groups. Both apoB and apoA1 were significantly associated with obesity when age, sex, diastolic blood pressure, homocysteine, diabetes, and insulin resistance were controlled for. Conclusion Apolipoprotein and lipid profiles in this First Nation population suggest high cardiovascular risk. Future research should characterize the lipoprotein particle size in this population.

scholarly journals Humor in Psychiatry: Lessons From Neuroscience, Psychopathology, and Treatment Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Berger ◽  
Florian Bitsch ◽  
Irina Falkenberg
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Diseases ◽  
Systematic Training ◽  
Treatment Research

Humor is a ubiquitous human characteristic that is socially motivated at its core and has a broad range of significant positive effects on emotional well-being and interpersonal relationships. Simultaneously, however, impairments in humor abilities have often been described in close association with the occurrence and course of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, social anxiety, or depression. In the past decade, research in the neuroimaging and psychiatric domain has substantially progressed to (i) characterize impaired humor as an element of psychopathology, and (ii) shed light on the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the role of humor in neuropsychiatric diseases. However, (iii) targeted interventions using concepts of positive psychology have revealed first evidence that a systematic training and/or a potential reactivation of humor-related skills can improve rehabilitative outcome in neuropsychiatric patient groups. Here, we sought to integrate evidence from neuroscience, as well as from psychopathology and treatment research to shed more light on the role of humor in psychiatry. Based on these considerations, we provide directions for future research and application in mental health services, focusing on the question of how our scientific understanding of humor can provide the basis for psychological interventions that foster positive attitudes and well-being.

Dyslipidaemia

2019 ◽  
pp. 33-48
Author(s):  
Heinz Drexel
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Residual Risk ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cholesterol Levels

Lipid metabolism has gained cardiological interest only after statins were demonstrated to reduce cardiovascular disease in secondary and primary prevention. Therefore, this chapter first introduces the physiological and atherogenic properties of lipoproteins, before focusing on interventions. Both the efficacy and safety of statins have been proven in numerous randomized clinical trials. Because there is a considerable residual risk in statin-treated patients, additional approaches have been investigated. The focus is now on further reductions in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. First, high-intensity statin regimens were shown to reduce residual risk. Subsequently, ezetimibe was demonstrated, for the first time, to have a beneficial effect as a non-statin lipid intervention. More recently, inhibitors of the enzyme PCSK9 have demonstrated a very high efficacy in reducing LDL cholesterol levels. Although the causality of LDL for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has been proven in epidemiological studies, including Mendelian randomization studies, as well as interventional trials, adherence to statins and other therapies is far from optimal. In contrast, interventions to increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels could not proven to have further benefits when combined with statins.

scholarly journals Novel Insights From Human Studies on the Role of High-Density Lipoprotein in Mortality and Noncardiovascular Disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian M. Madsen ◽  
Anette Varbo ◽  
Børge G. Nordestgaard
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
High Density ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function

The vast majority of research about HDL (high-density lipoprotein) has for decades revolved around the possible role of HDL in atherosclerosis and its therapeutic potential within cardiovascular disease prevention; however, failures with therapies aimed at increasing HDL cholesterol has left questions as to what the role and function of HDL in human health and disease is. Recent observational studies have further shown that extreme high HDL cholesterol is associated with high mortality leading to speculations that HDL could in some instances be harmful. In addition, evidence from observational, and to a lesser extent genetic, studies has emerged indicating that HDL might be associated with the development of other major noncardiovascular diseases, such as infectious disease, autoimmune disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, and lung disease. In this review, we discuss (1) the association between extreme high HDL cholesterol and mortality and (2) the emerging human evidence linking HDL to several major diseases outside the realm of cardiovascular disease.

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