scholarly journals Computational Analysis for Rainfall Characterization and Drought Vulnerability in Peninsular India

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
M. P. Akhtar ◽  
Firoz Alam Faroque ◽  
L. B. Roy ◽  
Mohd. Rizwanullah ◽  
Mukesh Didwania
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Drought Index ◽  
Extreme Drought ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Drought Indices ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Drought Vulnerability ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Moderate Drought ◽  
Standard Deviations

This paper analyzes the historical rainfall characterization and drought conditions in two major southern states of India, namely, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, through estimation of meteorological drought indices, namely, drought index (DI), Palmer drought index (PDI), and standardized precipitation index (SPI). Monthly and yearly rainfall data, including temperature, have been considered for 110 years. Deficient rainfall conditions have been identified and compared using annual rainfall classification thresholds. Annual rainfall variability and trend have been estimated using Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s slope test. Comparative study on results implies that drought characterization using SPI may amply facilitate the standardization of threshold classification for severity and frequency. Based on threshold classification, it is found that Tamil Nadu witnessed on an average 11 years of moderate drought, 4.36 years of severe drought, and 1.32 years of extreme drought conditions with standard deviations of 4.28, 1.87, and 1.63 years, respectively, during the study period, whereas Karnataka witnessed on an average 9.74 years of moderate drought, 3.91 years of severe drought, and 2.30 years of extreme drought conditions with standard deviations of 4.54, 2.04, and 2.21 years, respectively, during the study period. According to the analysis, drought vulnerability in Tamil Nadu was higher than in Karnataka, based on the number of dry and wet years in terms of SPI threshold values and area covered over 110 years. Karnataka was more susceptible in terms of severity. When compared with other indices, analysis based on drought indices indicates that a single variable-based estimation using SPI is easy to assess and may be significant and definitive in terms of decision making for prioritizing drought mitigation measures in the study area in case of inadequate available data for multiple variable-based drought analysis.

scholarly journals Correlating drought conservation practices and drought vulnerability in a tropical agricultural system

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora L. Álvarez-Berríos ◽  
Sandra Soto-Bayó ◽  
Eva Holupchinski ◽  
Stephen J. Fain ◽  
William A. Gould
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Spatial Databases ◽  
Extreme Drought ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Conservation Practices ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Moderate Drought

AbstractRecent droughts in Puerto Rico and throughout the Caribbean have emphasized the region's agricultural vulnerability to this hazard and the increasing need for adaptation mechanisms to support sustainable production. In this study, we assessed the geographic extent of agricultural conservation practices incentivized by US Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and evaluated their large-scale contribution to drought adaptability. We identified concentrations of drought-related practices (e.g. cover crops, ponds) applied between 2000 and 2016. Using information from spatial databases and interviews with experts, we assessed the spatial correlation between these practices and areas exposed to drought as identified by the US Drought Monitor. Between 2000 and 2016, Puerto Rico experienced seven drought episodes concentrated around the south, east and southeastern regions. The most profound drought occurred between 2014 and 2016 when the island experienced 80 consecutive weeks of moderate drought, 48 of severe drought and 33 of extreme drought conditions. A total of 44 drought-related conservation practices were applied at 6984 locations throughout 860 km2 of farmlands between 2000 and 2016 through the NRCS-Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP). Practices related to water availability were statistically clustered along the coasts, whereas soil and plant health practices were clustered in the mountainous region. While these concentrations strongly correlated with areas exposed to moderate drought conditions, >80% did not coincide with areas that experienced severe or extreme drought conditions, suggesting that areas highly exposed to drought conditions generally lacked drought preparedness assisted by EQIP. Climate projections indicate an increase in the frequency and intensity of drought events, particularly in the eastern region of Puerto Rico. Our analysis highlighted the need to implement more conservation practices in these areas subject to drought intensification and exposure. Government programs intended to address vulnerabilities and enhance capacity and resilience may not be reaching areas of highest exposure. Recommendations include raising producer awareness of past and future exposure and making programs more accessible to a broader audience.

scholarly journals Quantifying the spatial extent and intensity of recent extreme drought events in the Amazon rainforest and their impacts on the carbon cycle

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Papastefanou ◽  
Christian S. Zang ◽  
Zlatan Angelov ◽  
Aline Anderson de Castro ◽  
Juan Carlos Jimenez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
Extreme Drought ◽  
Spatial Extent ◽  
Amazon Rainforest ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Moderate Drought

Abstract. Over the last decades, the Amazon rainforest was hit by multiple severe drought events. Here we assess the severity and spatial extent of the extreme drought years 2005, 2010, and 2015/2016 in the Amazon region and their impacts on the carbon cycle. As an indicator of drought stress in the Amazon rainforest, we use the widely applied maximum cumulative water deficit (ΔMCWD). Evaluating an ensemble of ten state-of-the-art precipitation datasets for the Amazon region, we find that the spatial extent of the drought in 2005 ranges from 2.8 to 4.2 (mean = 3.2) million km2 (46–71 % of the Amazon basin, mean = 53 %) where ΔMCWD indicates at least moderate drought conditions (ΔMCWD anomaly

Can wild lentil genotypes help improve water use and transpiration efficiency in cultivated lentil?

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 459-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Yuya Gorim ◽  
Albert Vandenberg
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Drought Indices ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Transpiration Efficiency ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Moderate Drought ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
Wild Lentil

AbstractClimate change forecasts point to increased frequency of droughts which may affect plant growth. For protein crops such as lentil, genetic improvement of both water use and drought tolerance is necessary. Wild lentil species are known to have evolved in drought prone areas and can be introgressed into cultivated lentil, making them candidates for the evaluation of high transpiration efficiency (TE) and drought tolerance. We assessed TE, water use and drought tolerance at the plant level for five wild lentil species and in cultivated lentil. Under fully watered and moderate drought conditions, wild lentil genotypes consumed significantly less water to fix similar or more dry matter compared with their cultivated counterparts. Under severe drought conditions, the wild lentil genotype L. ervoides IG 72815 had significantly higher TE compared with L. culinaris Eston. Lens ervoides L-01-827A, had significantly higher yield compared with all other species in the presence or absence of drought and showed significantly higher (α = 5%) TE under moderate drought. Drought susceptibility index was identified as a tool to identify drought-tolerant lentil genotypes grown under severe drought. The numerous small seeds of wild lentil made it difficult to estimate drought indices that are weight based and require formulae that incorporate seed numbers.

scholarly journals Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Meteorological Drought in Puerto Rico between 1950 and 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Rogert Sorí ◽  
Rafael Méndez-Tejeda ◽  
Milica Stojanovic ◽  
José Carlos Fernández-Alvarez ◽  
Albenis Pérez-Alarcón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Meteorological Drought ◽  
Extreme Drought ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Moderate Drought ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

The phenomenon of drought is one of the most dangerous for small islands because of its impacts on freshwater availability. Thus, in this study, the spatio-temporal evolution of meteorological drought that affected the main island of Puerto Rico in the period 1950–2019 was investigated. In doing so, the Standardized Precipitation–Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), using monthly values of minimum and maximum temperatures and precipitation derived from Daymet Version 4 daily data at a 1 km × 1 km spatial resolution, was used. At a 1 month temporal scale, the SPEI showed great temporal variability, but there was a clear tendency towards wetting in the last years of the study period. A total of 85 meteorological drought episodes were identified. The spatial analysis also revealed that major affectation by moderate drought conditions occurred across the half west and south of the island, by severe drought also in the west half of the island but also along the eastern coast, and finally the extreme drought conditions, which were less frequent, principally affected the northeast of the country. A trend analysis of the area affected by moderate, severe, and extreme drought conditions revealed a tendency to decrease, which is reflected by the prevalence of positive spatial trends of the SPEI1 across the country.

scholarly journals Enhancement of drought tolerance in diverse Vicia faba cultivars by inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria under newly reclaimed soil conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsayed Mansour ◽  
Hany A. M. Mahgoub ◽  
Samir A. Mahgoub ◽  
El-Sayed E. A. El-Sobky ◽  
Mohamed I. Abdul-Hamid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Moderate Drought ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Effects Of Drought

AbstractWater deficit has devastating impacts on legume production, particularly with the current abrupt climate changes in arid environments. The application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is an effective approach for producing natural nitrogen and attenuating the detrimental effects of drought stress. This study investigated the influence of inoculation with the PGPR Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae (USDA 2435) and Pseudomonas putida (RA MTCC5279) solely or in combination on the physio-biochemical and agronomic traits of five diverse Vicia faba cultivars under well-watered (100% crop evapotranspiration [ETc]), moderate drought (75% ETc), and severe drought (50% ETc) conditions in newly reclaimed poor-fertility sandy soil. Drought stress substantially reduced the expression of photosynthetic pigments and water relation parameters. In contrast, antioxidant enzyme activities and osmoprotectants were considerably increased in plants under drought stress compared with those in well-watered plants. These adverse effects of drought stress reduced crop water productivity (CWP) and seed yield‐related traits. However, the application of PGPR, particularly a consortium of both strains, improved these parameters and increased seed yield and CWP. The evaluated cultivars displayed varied tolerance to drought stress: Giza-843 and Giza-716 had the highest tolerance under well-watered and moderate drought conditions, whereas Giza-843 and Sakha-4 were more tolerant under severe drought conditions. Thus, co-inoculation of drought-tolerant cultivars with R. leguminosarum and P. putida enhanced their tolerance and increased their yield and CWP under water-deficit stress conditions. This study showed for the first time that the combined use of R. leguminosarum and P. putida is a promising and ecofriendly strategy for increasing drought tolerance in legume crops.

Spatio-temporal changes of drought in Romania (1961-2015), according to atmospheric circulation types and teleconnection indices

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radu-Vlad Dobri ◽  
Liviu Apostol ◽  
Lucian Sfîcă ◽  
Simona Țîmpu ◽  
Ion-Andrei Niță
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
Standardized Precipitation Index ◽  
Atmospheric Precipitation ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Extreme Drought ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Circulation Types ◽  
Teleconnection Indices ◽  
Moderate Drought

<p>Drought can be determined by climatic conditions (atmospheric precipitation, water supply from soil accessible to the plant, moisture and air temperature and wind speed) but is also induced by environmental aspects some of them related to anthropogenic influences.</p><p>In order to monitor the drought and its impact for Romania, four indices were analyzed in the present study (SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index), PNI (Percent of Normal Index), DI (Deciles index), and ZSI (Z-score Index)), through Meteorological Drought Monitoring software, using the total daily amount of precipitation for 27 weather stations in Romania, of which 22 stations for the period 1961-2015, 4 stations for the period 1961-2000 and one station for the period 1964-2015.</p><p>Preliminary analyzes resulting from the use of these indices were correlated with 18 GWT (Großwettertypen) atmospheric circulation types of daily mean sea level pressure (SLP). This was done using COST733 class software to evaluate the influence of large-scale mechanisms of atmospheric circulation. Also, four teleconnection indices were used, more exactly AO (Arctic Oscillation), NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation), PNA (Pacific-North American Pattern) and AAO (Antarctic Oscillation) that are recognized for their effect on climatic conditions at European scale,  <br>provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) – Climate Prediction Center.</p><p>Therefore, according to the types of circulation, the amount of precipitation produced in certain areas and implicitly the degree of drought severity is influenced. The types of anticyclonal circulation 13, 16 or 18, for example, which occur on average in 46 (12.7%), 14 (3.9%) , respectively 20 (5.4%) days a year, cause less precipitation as known, compared to the types of cyclonal circulation 1, 2 or 17 for example with an average of 12 (3.2%), 12 (3.2%), respectively 19 (4.3%) days a year.</p><p>In terms of drought analysis indices, according to SPI, the entire analysis interval for Iasi, located in the northeast region of Romania, was 6 years of "moderately dry", 5 years of "severely dry", and one year of "extremely dry", unlike Cluj, located in the central western region, with two years of "moderately dry", 3 years of "severely dry" and two years of "extremely dry". In Bucharest, located in the southern region of Romania there were 4 "moderately dry" years and 5 "severely dry" years. In Iasi, according to the ZSI index with the same classifications as the SPI index, there were 3 "moderately drought" years, 7 "severely drought" years and 7 "extreme drought" years, while in Cluj there were 9, 3 and respectively 6 years and in Bucharest 7, 5 and respectively 6 years with the above classification.</p><p>According to the PNI index, there were 5 "moderate drought" years in Iasi and Cluj and 6 "moderate drought" years in Bucharest. Also, there were 9 "weak drought" years in Iasi, 3 in Cluj and 5 in Bucharest.</p><p>And last but not least, according to the DI index, at all 3 stations there were 5 "extreme drought" years, 6 "severe drought" years and 5 "moderate drought" years.</p>

The Ongoing Central European Drought Observed with GRACE Follow-On

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Boergens ◽  
Andreas Güntner ◽  
Henryk Dobslaw ◽  
Christoph Dahle
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Drought Index ◽  
Water Mass ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Drought Indices ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Data Set

<p class="western">In the last three years Central Europe experienced an ongoing severe drought. With the data of the GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) mission we are able to quantify the water deficit of these years. Since May 2018 GRACE-FO continues the observations of GRACE (2002-2017) allowing to compare the most recent drought with earlier droughts in 2003 and 2015.</p> <p class="western">In July 2019 the water mass deficit in Central Europe amounted to -154 Gt, which has been the largest deficit in the whole GRACE and GRACE-FO time series. In November 2018 the deficit reached -138 Gt and in June 2020 -147 Gt. Comparing these deficits to the mean annual water storage variation of 162 Gt shows the severity of the ongoing drought. With such a water mass deficit, a fast recovery within one year cannot be expected. In comparison to this, the droughts of 2003 with a deficit of -55 Gt and of 2015 with a deficit of -111 Gt were less severe.</p> <p class="western">The GRACE and GRACE-FO total water storage data set also allows for analysing spatio-temporal drought patterns. In 2018 the drought was centred in in the South-West of Germany and neighbouring countries while parts of Poland were hardly affected by the drought. In 2018 the drought reached its largest extent only in late autumn. However, the exact onset of drought is not determinable due to missing data between July and October. Both in 2019 and 2020 the centre of the drought is located further East and the months with the largest deficit were July and June, respectively. Also in the later years, the drought was more evenly spread out over the whole of Central Europe.</p> <p class="western">Additionally, we compared the GRACE and GRACE-FO data to an external soil moisture index and to surface water drought indices for Lake Constance and Lake Müritz. To this end, we derive a drought index from the GRACE and GRACE-FO mass anomalies. For the whole time series, the GRACE drought index shows a high congruency to the soil moisture drought index. Overall, the surface water drought index also fits well together with the GRACE drought index. However, the comparison reveals the influence of regional effects on surface waters not observable with GRACE and GRACE-FO.</p>

scholarly journals Linking Drought Intensity with Rice Yield in Nagaland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baiarbor Nongbri ◽  
S.M. Feroze ◽  
Ram Singh ◽  
L.I.P. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Normal Condition ◽  
Drought Index ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Drought Intensity ◽  
Rice Yields ◽  
Linear Trends

Background: Rainfall being one of the most important factors of production for rainfed kharif rice, occurrence of drought may have serious implication on rice yield. Hence, this study is an attempt to understand the linkage between drought and yield of rice in Phek and Dimapur district of Nagaland where rice is the primary crop. Methods: Reconnaissance Drought Index was calculated using gridded daily rainfall (0.25o X 0.25o) and temperature (1o X 1o) (o=degree) data for the year of 1975-2013.Result: The annual mean temperature has increased by 0.03oC in Phek and Dimapur district during the study period. The increasing linear trends for annual temperatures are significant whereas, the linear trend for annual rainfall shows decreasing but insignificant trend. About 38.46% and 41.02% of the 39 years under study were ‘Normal condition-dry’ in Phek in Dimapur district, respectively. Moderate and severe drought occurred more frequently in Dimapur than Phek. After 1994, majority of the years were drought years and the frequency of occurrence was higher in Dimapur. The drought occurrences negatively impacted the rice yields and the rice yield may reduce by 13.85% in normal condition dry to 18.45% in extreme drought condition.

scholarly journals 'The drought is my teacher’: Adult learning and education in times of climate crisis

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 146
Author(s):  
Shirley Walters
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Adult Learning ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
The United States ◽  
Extreme Drought ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Climate Crisis ◽  
Key Questions

In Cape Town we have been experiencing the most severe drought in our history. We are not alone.Other cities – for example, in the United States, Brazil, Spain, Belgium, Australia, Morocco andPakistan – are also learning to live under new, more extreme, drought conditions. In this article Iuse the local drought as an aperture through which to identify key insights into how adult learningand education (ALE) can and should respond in times of climate crisis. The article is exploratory, asthe ambitious topic opens up a raft of complex economic, socio-ecological and political issueswhich can only be touched upon. It aims to prompt deeper conversations about ALE and climatecrises and to identify key questions for future ALE research.

scholarly journals Drought Monitoring over Yellow River Basin from 2003–2019 Using Reconstructed MODIS Land Surface Temperature in Google Earth Engine

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 3748
Author(s):  
Xiaoyang Zhao ◽  
Haoming Xia ◽  
Li Pan ◽  
Hongquan Song ◽  
Wenhui Niu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Drought Index ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Yellow River Basin ◽  
Condition Index ◽  
Drought Indices ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
The Yellow River Basin

Drought is one of the most complex and least-understood environmental disasters that can trigger environmental, societal, and economic problems. To accurately assess the drought conditions in the Yellow River Basin, this study reconstructed the Land Surface Temperature (LST) using the Annual Temperature Cycle (ATC) model and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The Temperature Condition Index (TCI), Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), Vegetation Health Index (VHI), and Temperature-Vegetation Drought Index (TVDI), which are four typical remote sensing drought indices, were calculated. Then, the air temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture data were used to evaluate the applicability of each drought index to different land types. Finally, this study characterized the spatial and temporal patterns of drought in the Yellow River Basin from 2003 to 2019. The results show that: (1) Using the LST reconstructed by the ATC model to calculate the drought index can effectively improve the accuracy of drought monitoring. In most areas, the reconstructed TCI, VHI, and TVDI are more reliable for monitoring drought conditions than the unreconstructed VCI. (2) The four drought indices (TCI, VCI, VH, TVDI) represent the same temporal and spatial patterns throughout the study area. However, in some small areas, the temporal and spatial patterns represented by different drought indices are different. (3) In the Yellow River Basin, the drought level is highest in the northwest and lowest in the southwest and southeast. The dry conditions in the Yellow River Basin were stable from 2003 to 2019. The results in this paper provide a basis for better understanding and evaluating the drought conditions in the Yellow River Basin and can guide water resources management, agricultural production, and ecological protection of this area.

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