scholarly journals Efforts Made to Eliminate Drug-Resistant Malaria and Its Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Wote Amelo ◽  
Eyasu Makonnen
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Antimalarial Drugs ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Antimalarial Drug Resistance ◽  
Effective Utilization ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Made In

Since 2000, a good deal of progress has been made in malaria control. However, there is still an unacceptably high burden of the disease and numerous challenges limiting advancement towards its elimination and ultimate eradication. Among the challenges is the antimalarial drug resistance, which has been documented for almost all antimalarial drugs in current use. As a result, the malaria research community is working on the modification of existing treatments as well as the discovery and development of new drugs to counter the resistance challenges. To this effect, many products are in the pipeline and expected to be marketed soon. In addition to drug and vaccine development, mass drug administration (MDA) is under scientific scrutiny as an important strategy for effective utilization of the developed products. This review discusses the challenges related to malaria elimination, ongoing approaches to tackle the impact of drug-resistant malaria, and upcoming antimalarial drugs.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS IMPLEMENTATION PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMS AS EVALUATION MATERIALS FOR EQUATING EDUCATION QUALITY IN INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-101
Author(s):  
Widowati Pusporini ◽  
Zamroni ◽  
Mansur Arsyad ◽  
Qomariyatus Sholihah
Keyword(s):  
School Principals ◽  
School Principal ◽  
Education Quality ◽  
Curriculum Management ◽  
School Programs ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Partnership Program ◽  
Made In

Purpose of the study: This research was compiled to analyze the improvement of the quality of education in Indonesia. The purpose of program evaluation is to know for sure whether the achievement of the results, progress, and obstacles encountered in the implementation of the program. Recognizing the low competency of school principals of the principal's partnership programs. Methodology: The type of this research is development, research which aims to produce instruments to evaluate a school principal partnership program. The development design in this study using the Plomp model. The data was analyzed qualitatively as input for improvement of activities in 2018. The following data was collected using questionnaires, interviews, and observations. Main Findings: The data and analysis show that the partnership program has recorded various advances made in the impact schools — both those related to curriculum management and implementation of supervision of learning and strengthening of school ecosystems. The effectiveness of school programs is very dependent on the carrying capacity of each school. However, it is the real result of this program is the change in mindset not only for principals but for almost all stakeholders. Applications of this study: This Study is analyzed based on the school principal partnership program report to become recommendation and references for another partnership programs, improving the competency of school principals, and developing remote area (3T regions/frontier, outermost, and disadvantaged in Indonesia national scale) of Indonesia. Novelty/Originality of this study: The findings imply that the partnership program has a significant impact on the equity growth in remote areas.

The Survival of the Traditional Tswana Courts in the National Legal System of Botswana

1972 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Colonial Power ◽  
Legislative History ◽  
National Legal System ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Made In

In almost all the former British African territories the colonial power tried to make use of the traditional dispute settlement agencies which it found on arrival. The history of these efforts is familiar, following a generally similar course in most territories. The arrangements made in the early years were haphazard; a good deal of formalization took place around 1930; more profound changes were initiated in the early 1960's and have continued since. But the familiar legislative history yields little information about what has been happening on the ground. We know very little of the way in which the traditional agencies drawn into the official system actually reacted towards this process of incorporation. Leaving aside what the statute may have said, have they remained the agencies to which Africans actually resorted for the settlement of their disputes? Has the type of business coming before them changed? Similarly we know little about those agencies, typically at the lower levels, which did not undergo incorporation. Have they continued to function, or have they simply died away?

Non-linear optimized fibre reinforced plates in bending

1978 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-544
Author(s):  
P. G. Lowe ◽  
S. F. Yasseri
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Series Expansion ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Linear Expression ◽  
Fibre Reinforced Composites ◽  
Made In

1. Introduction. In recent years a good deal of progress has been made in obtaining solutions to practical problems concerned with reinforcement optimization of what, in practice, might be reinforced concrete or other fibre reinforced composites in bending (1). Almost all the solutions have been obtained using a linear expression relating bending moment to the amount of fibre required. In what follows a non-linear expression will be adopted; the expression is obtained by including the next term in a parameter series expansion.

scholarly journals The rise and rise of antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Adam Stewart ◽  
Hugh Wright ◽  
Krispin Hajkowicz
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
The Impact

Antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to the delivery of effective care and already causes 700000 excess deaths per year worldwide. International consensus on action to combat antimicrobial resistance was reached in 2015. Australia is implementing a national strategy. The clinical consequences of antimicrobial resistance are seen most acutely in multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections, where they cause increased mortality and morbidity and threaten the delivery of once routine medical care. The solution to antimicrobial resistance is complex and multifaceted. Antimicrobial stewardship, that is optimising the use of the antibiotics we currently have, is the most rapidly deployable mitigation. Several novel antibiotics with activity against a range of drug-resistant bacteria are now available clinically, leading to hope that innovative solutions will reduce the impact of resistance. It is critical that these new drugs are protected from inappropriate use.

Development of New Therapeutics to Meet the Current Challenge of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bashir A Sheikh ◽  
Basharat A Bhat ◽  
Umar Mehraj ◽  
Wajahat Mir ◽  
Suhail Hamadani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Drug Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Extensively Drug Resistant ◽  
Current Challenge

: Tuberculosis (TB) is a prominent infective disease and a major reason of mortality/morbidity globally. Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes a long-lasting latent infection in a significant proportion of human population. The increasing burden of tuberculosis is mainly caused due to drug and multi drug-resistant. The failure of conventional treatment has been observed in large number of cases. Drugs that are used to treat extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis are expensive, have limited efficacy and with more side effects for longer duration of time and is often associated with poor prognosis. To regulate the emergence of multidrug resistant tuberculosis, extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis and totally drug resistant” tuberculosis, efforts are being made to understand the genetic/molecular basis of target drug delivery and mechanisms of drug resistance. Understanding the molecular approaches and pathology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis through whole genome sequencing may further help for the improvement of new therapeutics to meet the current challenge of global health. Understanding cellular mechanisms that trigger resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection may expose immune associates of protection which could be an important way for vaccine development, diagnostics and novel host-directed therapeutic strategies. Recent development of new drugs and combinational therapies for drugresistant tuberculosis through major collaboration between industry, donors and academia gives an improved hope to overcome the challenges in tuberculosis treatment. In this review article, we will try to high-light the new developments of drug resistance to the conventional drugs and the recent progress in the development of new therapeutics for the treatment of drug resistant and non-resistant cases.

scholarly journals Absence of Association between Methylene Blue Reduced Susceptibility and Polymorphisms in 12 Genes Involved in Antimalarial Drug Resistance in African Plasmodium falciparum

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 351
Author(s):  
Mathieu Gendrot ◽  
Océane Delandre ◽  
Marie Robert ◽  
Francis Foguim ◽  
Nicolas Benoit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Antimalarial Drug ◽  
Antimalarial Drugs ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Antimalarial Drug Resistance ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility

Half the human population is exposed to malaria. Plasmodium falciparum antimalarial drug resistance monitoring and development of new drugs are major issues related to the control of malaria. Methylene blue (MB), the oldest synthetic antimalarial, is again a promising drug after the break of its use as an antimalarial drug for more than 80 years and a potential partner for triple combination. Very few data are available on the involvement of polymorphisms on genes known to be associated with standard antimalarial drugs and parasite in vitro susceptibility to MB (cross-resistance). In this context, MB susceptibility was evaluated against 482 isolates of imported malaria from Africa by HRP2-based ELISA chemosusceptibility assay. A total of 12 genes involved in antimalarial drug resistance (Pfcrt, Pfdhfr, Pfmdr1, Pfmdr5, Pfmdr6, PfK13, Pfubq, Pfcarl, Pfugt, Pfact, Pfcoronin, and copy number of Pfpm2) were sequenced by Sanger method and quantitative PCR. On the Pfmdr1 gene, the mutation 86Y combined with 184F led to more susceptible isolates to MB (8.0 nM vs. 11.6 nM, p = 0.03). Concerning Pfmdr6, the isolates bearing 12 Asn repetitions were more susceptible to MB (4.6 nM vs. 11.6 nM, p = 0.005). None of the polymorphisms previously described as involved in antimalarial drug resistance was shown to be associated with reduced susceptibility to MB. Some genes (particularly PfK13, Pfugt, Pfact, Pfpm2) did not present enough genetic variability to draw conclusions about their involvement in reduced susceptibility to MB. None of the polymorphisms analyzed by multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) had an impact on the MB susceptibility of the samples successfully included in the analysis. It seems that there is no in vitro cross-resistance between MB and commonly used antimalarial drugs.

Contemporary Qur'anic Studies in Iran and its Relationship with Qur'anic Studies in the West

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-72
Author(s):  
Morteza Karimi-Nia
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
The West ◽  
Communications Technologies ◽  
Religious Learning ◽  
The Status ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The status of tafsīr and Qur'anic studies in the Islamic Republic of Iran has changed significantly during recent decades. The essay provides an overview of the state of Qur'anic studies in Iran today, aiming to examine the extent of the impact of studies by Western scholars on Iranian academic circles during the last three decades and the relationship between them. As in most Islamic countries, the major bulk of academic activity in Iran in this field used to be undertaken by the traditional ʿulamāʾ; however, since the beginning of the twentieth century and the establishment of universities and other academic institutions in the Islamic world, there has been increasing diversity and development. After the Islamic Revolution, many gradual changes in the structure and approach of centres of religious learning and universities have occurred. Contemporary advancements in modern sciences and communications technologies have gradually brought the institutions engaged in the study of human sciences to confront the new context. As a result, the traditional Shīʿī centres of learning, which until 50 years ago devoted themselves exclusively to the study of Islamic law and jurisprudence, today pay attention to the teaching of foreign languages, Qur'anic sciences and exegesis, including Western studies about the Qur'an, to a certain extent, and recognise the importance of almost all of the human sciences of the West.

Auto Markets in the World and Strategy of Japan’s Companies

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1003-1008
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Matsuoka ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Auto Industry ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Automatic Driving ◽  
The World ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Made In

In the world auto market, top three companies are VW(Volkswagen), Runault-Nissan-Mistubishi, and Toyota. About some selected countries and areas, China, England, Italy, Australia, Germany, Turkey, Russia, Sweden, USA, Brazil, UAE, Japan, Vietnam and Thailand are more competitive. However, the situation is different. Seeing monopolistic market countries and areas, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Korea, Malaysia, France, India, and Pakistan, in particular, the influence of Japan to Taiwan, India, and Pakistan is very big. But in Korea and France, their own companies’ brands occupy the market. In Japan domestic market, the overall situation is competitive. Almost all vehicles made in Japan are Japanese brand. From now on, we have to note the development of electric vehicle (EV) and other new technologies such as automatic driving and connected car. That is because they will give a great impact on the auto industry and market of Japan. Now Japan’s auto industry is going to be consolidated into three groups, Honda, Toyota group, and Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi group for seeking the scale merit of economy. Therefore, I will pay attention to the worldwide development of EV and other new technologies and the reorganization of auto companies groups.

IFRS IMPLEMENTATION AS ONE OF THE FACTORS FOR IMPROVING THE INVESTMENT CLIMATE IN UKRAINE

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kateryna Sova ◽  
◽  
Natalia Yatsenko ◽  
Denys Zagirniak ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Investment Climate ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Financial Reporting Standards ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

The article is devoted to the study of the impact of the introduction of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) on changes in the investment climate in Ukraine. The relevance of the topic is that improving the practice of applying IFRS as a tool for exchanging financial information is one of the key conditions for improving the investment climate in Ukraine. The authors have created the generalized scheme that illustrates the chronological list of enterprises that are required by law to prepare financial statements in accordance with IFRS. It was noted that in 2018, in accordance with Part 2 of Article 12 of the law on accounting and financial reporting in Ukraine and resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 547 from 11.07.2018, the criteria of enterprises that are required to prepare financial statements in accordance with IFRS were updated. This step significantly increased the level of application of international standards due to the adoption of such a decision at the legislative level. The dynamics of the number of IFRS enterprises in Ukraine was analyzed. The analysis showed that over the past three years, the number of almost all enterprises that must apply international standards has been growing. The advantages of using IFRS for different users of financial statements were determined. It was determined that the priority users of IFRS financial statements are investors. At the same time, it was noted that the main advantage for other users of financial statements prepared in accordance with international standards is the improvement of the investment climate. The dynamics of the Investment Attractiveness Index of Ukraine based on the Likert scale in the period from 2016 to 2020 was analyzed. The direct investment receipts to Ukraine from the European Union countries were studied. The dynamics of direct investment in the Ukrainian economy was analyzed for two types of economic activities that should form financial statements in accordance with IFRS, namely, the extractive industry and quarrying, as well as financial and insurance activities.

A Note On Consumption Patterns in the Rural Areas of East Pakistan

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-413
Author(s):  
Mohammad Irshad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
Effective Utilization ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Limited Applicability ◽  
Made In

The main purpose of this paper is to present estimates of income elasticities for various commodity groups in East Pakistan. To date no such studies have been conducted in that province; and estimates made in other areas of the subcontinent have only limited applicability. Analysis of consumption patterns is essential for development planning because priorities and investment targets have to be based on demand forecasts for different commodities. Forecasting demand requires, among other variables, reliable estimates of income elasticities. In addition, knowledge about elasticities can be useful in deciding taxation policies and other controls over consumption. Further, in countries like Pakistan where large quantities of surplus foods are imported under the United States PL 480 programme, knowledge of income elasticities and regional patterns of consumption is important to permit effective utilization of these imports for economic development.

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