scholarly journals Microbial Biosensors as Pesticide Detector: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Birhan Aynalem ◽  
Diriba Muleta
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Strain Improvement ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Chemical Contaminants ◽  
Chemical Residues ◽  
Optical Transducers ◽  
Engineering Cost

Farmers are highly dependent upon agrochemicals to boost crop production through soil fertilization and and insect pests, pathogens, parasites, and weeds management . However, contentious application of agrochemicals on the farm has aggravated residual accumulation and has become problematic for environmental safety besides causing disease to humans and other animals. Thus, the analysis of chemical residues from the environment is vital for policymakers and communities. Mostly, chemists were devoted to analyzing the existing contaminants from different sources by using highly sophisticated chromatographic equipment, although it is time taking, laborious, costly, and that required well-trained professionals. However, biosensors are more important to analyze chemical contaminants from different samples using various bioreporters integrated with electrochemical and optical transducers. Microbes are metabolically diverse, amenable for genetic engineering, cost effective in culturing, and tolerant to diverse conditions. Thus, microbial biosensor is capturing attention and becoming more effective for environmental monitoring. Therefore, this review assessed the implication of microbial biosensors for pesticide detection and the role of genetic engineering for strain improvement.

scholarly journals Gene stacking: Approach of genetic engineering

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (AAEBSSD) ◽  
pp. 326-330
Author(s):  
Omprakash ◽  
Aparna ◽  
Bapsila Loitongbam ◽  
S. K. Bairwa ◽  
Kailash Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Gene Pyramiding ◽  
Gene Stacking ◽  
Single Plant ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
The Many ◽  
Or Genes

Gene stacking is the process of addition of two or more gene of interest into a single plant. The combination or stacking of different traits or genes in plants is rapidly gaining popularity in biotech crop production. The new evolved trait is known as stacked trait and the crop is known as biotech stacked or simply stacked. This can be accomplished in many ways, one of which is gene pyramiding. Biotech stacks give crops a larger genetic and agronomic boost, allowing them to perform better in challenging farming situations. Biotech stacks are designed to increase productivity by overcoming biotic and abiotic challenges like as insect pests, diseases, weeds, and environmental stress. This review will explain about the gene stacking principle, the need for biotech stacking, and the many gene stacking methods.

scholarly journals Current and Future Pathotyping Platforms for Plasmodiophora brassicae in Canada

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1446
Author(s):  
Heather H. Tso ◽  
Leonardo Galindo-González ◽  
Stephen E. Strelkov
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Differential Set ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Phenotypic Methods ◽  
Important Disease

Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most detrimental threats to crucifers worldwide and has emerged as an important disease of canola (Brassica napus) in Canada. At present, pathotypes are distinguished phenotypically by their virulence patterns on host differential sets, including the systems of Williams, Somé et al., the European Clubroot Differential set, and most recently the Canadian Clubroot Differential set and the Sinitic Clubroot Differential set. Although these are frequently used because of their simplicity of application, they are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and can lack sensitivity. Early, preventative pathotype detection is imperative to maximize productivity and promote sustainable crop production. The decreased turnaround time and increased sensitivity and specificity of genotypic pathotyping will be valuable for the development of integrated clubroot management plans, and interest in molecular techniques to complement phenotypic methods is increasing. This review provides a synopsis of current and future molecular pathotyping platforms for P. brassicae and aims to provide information on techniques that may be most suitable for the development of rapid, reliable, and cost-effective pathotyping assays.

An Old Pest, a New Solution

2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Cork ◽  
Malcolm J. Iles ◽  
Nazira Q. Kamal ◽  
J.C. Saha Choudhury ◽  
M. Mahbub Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Mass Trapping ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Collaborative Project ◽  
Field School ◽  
High Yielding Varieties

Bangladesh is essentially self-sufficient in rice as a result of the successful adoption of new high-yielding varieties and irrigated summer production over traditional deep-water cultivation practices. The sustainability of the cropping system depends on farmers adopting integrated pest management (IPM) practices in preference to relying solely on insecticides for pest and disease control. Yet insecticide consumption in rice is increasing, in common with other crop-production systems in Bangladesh. It is probably only the poor economic returns from rice cultivation that prevent more widespread use of pesticides. Enlightened agrochemical companies such as Syngenta Bangladesh Limited have recognized that insecticide use in rice should be discouraged, and promote IPM options through their farmer field school (FFS) programme. This paper describes the results of a collaborative project to assist Syngenta to develop and incorporate mass trapping with sex pheromones into their FFS programme as an environmentally benign method of controlling the predominant insect pests of rice, stem borers.

STRAIN IMPROVEMENT OF A FUNGUS PRODUCING CHITINASE BY A CHEMICAL MUTAGEN

INDIAN DRUGS ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 25-28
Author(s):  
K Narayanan ◽  
◽  
N.D. Chopade ◽  
V.M Subrahmanyam ◽  
J. Venkata Rao
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Ethidium Bromide ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Wild Strain ◽  
Strain Improvement ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Chemical Mutagen ◽  
Yeast Extract Medium ◽  
Extract Medium

Microbial chitinases are commercially exploited for their biocontrol properties and generation of useful products from chitinous waste. Availability of highly active chitinolytic enzymes is a major problem. The present study was carried out to improve chitinase production by Aspergillus terreus using a chemical mutagen, ethidium bromide. The organism was cultivated on lactose- yeast extract medium. The production medium consisting of chitin- yeast extract medium was seeded at 10% level. The wild strains were exposed to ethidium bromide in the concentration range 1.5- 6.0 µg/mL. Generally, all the mutated strains showed an improved chitinase yield compared to the control. Highest yield was observed with the strain exposed to 6 µg/mL of ethidium bromide. The yield was 25.03 % higher compared to the wild strain. The mutated strain was slimy in nature. Protein content of the mutated strain decreased by 11%. Ethidium bromide at a concentration of 1.5 µg/mL was considered optional, at which the strain was stable with increase of 21.80 % in enzyme activity and 4.41% increase in protein content. Increased enzyme yield with decreased non-specific protein could be useful in producing cost effective enzyme.

scholarly journals Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Emerging as an Effective Bioinoculant to Improve the Growth, Production and Stress Tolerance of Vegetable Crops

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 12245
Author(s):  
Manoj Kumar ◽  
Ved Prakash Giri ◽  
Shipra Pandey ◽  
Anmol Gupta ◽  
Manish Kumar Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Vegetable Consumption ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Vegetable Crop ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting

Vegetable cultivation is a promising economic activity, and vegetable consumption is important for human health due to the high nutritional content of vegetables. Vegetables are rich in vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and several phytochemical compounds. However, the production of vegetables is insufficient to meet the demand of the ever-increasing population. Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) facilitate the growth and production of vegetable crops by acquiring nutrients, producing phytohormones, and protecting them from various detrimental effects. In this review, we highlight well-developed and cutting-edge findings focusing on the role of a PGPR-based bioinoculant formulation in enhancing vegetable crop production. We also discuss the role of PGPR in promoting vegetable crop growth and resisting the adverse effects arising from various abiotic (drought, salinity, heat, heavy metals) and biotic (fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and insect pests) stresses.

scholarly journals Mosca-Branca, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) em feijoeiro: Características gerais, bioecologia e métodos de controle

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-08
Author(s):  
Anderson Gonçalves da Silva ◽  
Arlindo Leal Boiça Junior ◽  
Bruno Henrique Sardinha de Souza ◽  
Eduardo Neves Costa ◽  
James da Silva Hoelhert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Common Beans ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
De Se ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Common

Resumo. A cultura do feijoeiro pode ser infestada por insetos que afetam a produção antes e após a colheita, tendo como estimativa de perdas causadas nos rendimentos pelas pragas variando de 33 a 86%. Dentre essas pragas a mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) Autor merece destaque. Esta ocasiona danos diretos decorrentes de sua alimentação e indiretos que ocorrem por meio da excreção açucarada de honeydew ou “mela” e simbiose com a fumagina. No entanto, o dano mais sério causado pela B. tabaci é a transmissão de viroses como o mosaico-dourado-do-feijoeiro, provocando perdas econômicas que podem variar de 30% a 100%. Desse modo, o objetivo do presente estudo é disponibilizar informações a respeito de aspectos importantes de B. tabaci, como: histórico e distribuição geográfica, bioecologia e dinâmica populacional, plantas hospedeiras, métodos de controle adotados, dentre outros, a fim de se fornecer subsídios para futuras pesquisas sobre a mosca-branca em feijão.Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in common beans: General characteristics, bioecology, and methods of controlAbstract. Common bean plants are infested by insects, which can ultimately affect the crop production before and after harvest, with estimated losses ranging from 33 to 86%. Among the insect pests infesting the common beans the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) stands out. This species cause direct injury by feeding on the plants and indirect injury by excreting sugary honeydew that is after colonized by the sooty mold. In addition, the most serious damage caused by B. tabaci is the transmission of virus diseases, especially the common bean golden mosaic, responsible for economic losses varying from 30 to 100%. This review aims at providing information on important aspects of B. tabaci including its geographical distribution, bioecology, population dynamics, host plants, and methods of pest control. We expect that this review can provide valuable subsidies for future studies on the whitefly in common beans.

scholarly journals Optimizing Rotavator Design Towards Enhancing Agricultural Crop Productivity

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-52
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Seedbed Preparation

By continuous and rapid growth in industrialization as well as population, the agricultural lands are also becoming less and less continuously day by day which results in increase in the population of small land holders. In addition to this, because of continuous decreasing production the youth of the villages are also migrating in big cities for the employment, resulting decreasing manpower essential to perform various seedbed operations in the villages. Hence, it is the need of time for small farmers having small agricultural land and having less crop production to introduce the cost-effective farm mechanization so that they can improve production rate. Rotavator is the best option available to achieve this landmark as it is already proved that seedbed prepared by using rotavator gives highest benefit to cost ratio. For this experimental study the whole land of 9 acre area is divided into 18 plots of equal size in area. The combination of method of seedbed preparation and use of fertilizers were the preliminary criteria. The categories of fertilizer according to quantity are discussed earlier which are 50kg, 35kg and 65kg per acre respectively. The quantities of organic fertilizer used are 45kg and 60kg per acre of agricultural land for both seedbeds which are prepared manually and by using rotavator. The highest production of Pigeon Pea was obtained of 814kg was from the plot whose seedbed is prepared by using agricultural machine called rotavator and organic fertilizer; next highest production is obtained of 802 kg from the plot whose seedbed is prepared by using rotavator and the fertilizer used was chemical fertilizer. The minimum production of Pigeon Pea which is 690 kg was obtained in the plot whose seedbed was prepared manually and chemical fertilizer was used.

scholarly journals Elevated CO2 and Temperature Resetting the Expression of Resistance, Pest Incidence, Geographical Distribution and Physiology in Insect-pests of Grain Legumes: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.L. Jat ◽  
P. Pagaria ◽  
A.S. Jat ◽  
H.D. Choudhary ◽  
T. Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Nutritional Content ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Elevated Co2 And Temperature

The most important factor that affects the crop production in terms of nutritional content of foliar plants is the global climate change. Herbivore’s growth, development, survival and geographical distribution all are determined by elevated CO2 and temperature. The interactions between herbivores and plants have changed due to increasing level of CO2 and temperature. The effect of high CO2 and temperature on grain legume plant which change in to plant physiology (e.g., nutritional content, foliage biomass) and how it change in herbivory metabolism rate and food consumption rate. Plant injury is determined by two factors viz. resistance and tolerance and both are influenced by greater CO2 and temperature. Legumes are an important source of food and feed in the form of proteins and also improve the soil environment. The repercussions of the abiotic factors mentioned above needs discussion among the scientific community. We may able to limit the negative repercussions of stated factors in future breeding projects by harnessing the practical favourable impacts and by including such influences of elevated CO2 and temperature on pulses productivity. The extensive research is necessary to overcome the negative effects of high CO2 and temperature on insect-plant interaction.

Validation of a QuEChERS-Based Method for the Estimation of Afidopyropen in Brinjal (Solanum Melongena L.) and Soil

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-72
Author(s):  
Suchi Chawla ◽  
Hetal N Gor ◽  
Hemlatta K Patel ◽  
Payal P Upadhyay ◽  
Paresh G Shah
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Matrix Effects ◽  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Liquid Chromatograph ◽  
Acceptable Range

Abstract Background: Afidopyropen is a recently introduced insecticide that provides effective control of insect pests in vegetable crops, including brinjal. Field applications of this insecticide can often result in accumulation of residues in brinjal fruits, leaves, and soil at harvest, which might be a concern for food and environmental safety. This demands an appropriate method for analysis of the residues of this insecticide in these matrices to facilitate residue monitoring and safety compliance checks. Objective: The study aims to validate a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS)-based method for estimation of afidopyropen in/on brinjal leaf, fruit, and soil by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). Methods: The brinjal fruit, leaf, and soil samples were extracted by an optimized QuEChERS workflow–based sample preparation method and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Results: Linearity [with coefficient of determination (R2) >0.99] was obtained in calibration curves drawn from standards prepared in the matrix and neat solvent. Although negligible matrix effects were noted in fruit and soil, ion suppression was significant in the leaf matrix (71.6%). The recoveries were within the acceptable range of 70–120%, with relative SD ≤20%. In all cases, Horwitz ratio values were within the acceptable range of 0.3–1.3, indicating satisfactory repeatability. The LOQs were 0.004, 0.001, and 0.001 mg/kg for brinjal fruit, leaf, and soil, respectively. At the spiking concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/kg, the estimated measurement uncertainty was <50% for all matrices. Conclusions: Because of its satisfactory precision and accuracy, the proposed method can be extended for estimation of afidopyropen in other vegetables for evaluating maximum residue limit compliance. Highlights: The study reports an optimized method for high-throughput residue analysis of afidopyropen in/on brinjal leaf, fruit, and soil. The accuracy, precision, selectivity, and sensitivity of the method comply with the regulatory requirements.

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