scholarly journals Pricing and Ordering Strategies for Fresh Food Based on Quality Grading

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Yong He ◽  
Yongmei Xie ◽  
Xiaoli Zhou ◽  
Henry Xu ◽  
Yanan Yu
Keyword(s):  
Unit Cost ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Quality Level ◽  
Profit Model ◽  
Fresh Food ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Quality Grading ◽  
The One ◽  
Optimal Quality ◽  
Minimum Quality

Fresh food quality grading is the basis of fresh food marketization. On the one hand, it can effectively improve the market efficiency of fresh food and improve the earnings of retailers. On the other hand, it can alleviate the incompleteness of market information and help consumers better identify the quality characteristics of fresh food. To address the issue of quality grading for fresh food, this study constructs a retailer profit model for selling fresh food with two quality grades. Considering the quality level distribution of fresh food and based on the quality selection model, the retailer’s optimal grading, pricing, and ordering of fresh food are studied. Through numerical simulation and sensitivity analysis, some conclusions with managerial implications are drawn. We find that the retailer has the optimal quality grading strategy for fresh food, which is influenced by the minimum quality level and the unit cost of fresh food. Raising the quality standard at the lowest level or reducing the unit cost can help the retailer increase the profits.

Solving a hybrid batch production problem with unreliable equipment and quality reassurance

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Singa Wang Chiu ◽  
Hua-Yao Wu ◽  
Tsu-Ming Yeh ◽  
Yunsen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Unit Cost ◽  
Quality Level ◽  
Economic Production Quantity ◽  
Economic Production ◽  
Batch Fabrication ◽  
Production Problem ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Production Quantity ◽  
Optimization Methodology ◽  
Required Quality

A hybrid batch fabrication plan involving an outsourcing option is often established to deal with the in-house capacity constraint and/or meet timely demand with a reduced cycle time. Besides, the occurrences of unpredictable equipment malfunction and imperfect product quality should also be effectively managed during in-house fabrication to meet the production schedule and the required quality level. To address these concerns, we examine a hybrid economic production quantity (EPQ) problem with an unreliable machine and quality reassurance; wherein, an outside provider helps supply a portion of the batch at a requested timing and desirable quality, but at the price of a higher than in-house unit cost. Corrective action is performed immediately when a Poisson-distributed breakdown occurs. Once the equipment repairing task completes, the interrupted lot’s fabrication resumes. Random nonconforming products are identified, and the re-workable items among them are separated from the scraps. A rework task follows the regular process in each cycle at an extra cost. A portion of reworked items fails and are scrapped. A model portraying the problem’s characteristics is built, and an optimization methodology is utilized to find the optimal runtime solution to the problem. A numerical example reveals our result’s applicability, and specific managerial implications are suggested.

scholarly journals The Moderate Operation Scales of Apples Based on Output, Profit, and Unit Production Costs in the Shaanxi Province of China

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Congying Zhang ◽  
Qian Chang ◽  
Liqun Shao ◽  
Xuexi Huo
Keyword(s):  
Production Cost ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Profit Model ◽  
Unit Production Cost ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Moderate Scale

In the Shaanxi province, small and scattered plots impede an increase in the efficiency of apple production. Developing a moderate operation scale is a proper tool to solve inefficiencies in apple production, as it enables improving the factor allocation efficiency, resulting in higher yields, higher profit, or lower production costs. However, the moderate operation scales, based on output, profit, and production costs, may be different. This paper aimed to evaluate the moderate operation scale of apples from three perspectives of increasing yields and profits and reducing unit production cost. The study was based on survey data collected from 661 randomly selected apple farmers in eight counties of the Shaanxi province, China. The collected data were analyzed quantitatively by the input-output model, the net profit model, and unit production cost model. The findings show that: (1) The moderate operation scale oriented to increasing apple yields in the Shaanxi province should be 0.87–1.53 ha. (2) The moderate operation scale oriented to increasing the net profit of farmers in the Shaanxi province should be over 1.53 ha. (3) The moderate operation scale oriented to reducing the unit cost of apple production in the Shaanxi province should be 0.20–0.53 ha. The study provides evidence that policymakers should grasp the balance point and find the intersection of the operation scale based on output, profit, and unit production cost when guiding apple growers to carry out the moderate scale. We propose that 0.87–1.53 ha may be a suitable operation scale for apple production in the Shaanxi province at the current stage.

Standard minimi di qualitŕ: un approccio teorico

2012 ◽  
pp. 29-41
Author(s):  
Grassi Iacopo
Keyword(s):  
High Standard ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Average Quality ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Positive Externality ◽  
Experience Good ◽  
The Government ◽  
Minimum Quality

At least since Akerlof (1970), asymmetric information in the case of experience goods has been a central issue in the economic literature. This paper studies regulation in markets where the quality of the experience good is never completely verifiable by consumers even after purchase. In the proposed model firms can decide the quality of the good: always producing a high quality good creates a positive externality in the market, but it causes an incentive to the firms to deviate and produce low quality goods. The main policy instrument for the government, in order to maximize Social Welfare, is to fix a minimum quality standard, but imposing a too high standard might, in some cases, lower the average quality of the good in the market.

Experimental Assessment of Strength Parameters of River Sand for Sandcrete Block Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
Babatunde Ogunbayo ◽  
Clinton Aigbavboa ◽  
Opeoluwa Akinradewo
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Sieve Analysis ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Strength Parameters ◽  
River Sand ◽  
Sieve Analyses ◽  
Aggregate Material ◽  
Average Compressive Strength ◽  
Minimum Quality

Sandcrete block is a vital building material used in the construction of building structures. The sandcrete blocks are produced by different manufacturers using river sand obtained from different locations as aggregate material without recourse to the minimum quality standard for the blocks produced. The study assessed the strength parameters of river sand used as an aggregate material in block production to determine its quality and suitability in relation to the strength of block produced. Three (3) block manufacturing sites in Nigeria were visited and 27 (twenty-seven) blocks of size 450 mm x 225 mm x 225 mm were selected randomly from the sites. The properties of the river sand was analyzed through sieve analyses, bulk density, silt content and water absorption while the compressive strength of the blocks was also tested. The result of sieve analysis of the river sand used in block production for this study all satisfied the particle size requirements of BS EN 933-1:1997 for general construction work including block production. The result of the study also shows that blocks produced with the river sand after 28days have an average compressive strength of 1.23 N/mm2 (SW), 1.54 N/mm2 (SE) and 1.95N/mm2 (NE). The study, therefore, concluded and recommended that regulatory and professional bodies in partnership with relevant associations should organize seminars for producers of sandcrete blocks on the best practices involved in producing quality sandcrete blocks.

scholarly journals Economic Assessment of Technology Adoption in Oil Palm Plantations from Colombia

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Mosquera-Montoya ◽  
Elizabeth Ruiz-Alvarez ◽  
Eloina Mesa-Fuquen
Keyword(s):  
Technology Adoption ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Adoption Of Technology ◽  
Land Use Efficiency ◽  
Fresh Fruit Bunches ◽  
The One

Adopting technology regarding agricultural crops has traditionally been associated with high costs. Producers have thus often abstained from adopting better agronomical practices and have consequently lost the benefits they could otherwise have obtained by implementing better criteria for managing their crops.This research builds on results by Ruiz et al., (2017) who found three typologies of oil palm lots, regarding adoption of technology and yields on oil palm crops from Colombia. This work was aimed at evaluating the typologies found by Ruiz et al. (2017) from an economic standpoint by using different economic assessment methods, in order to determine the benefits of technology adoption at the Colombian oil palm agroindustry. The methods used were aimed at estimating: unit cost, net present value (NPV), net income, land use efficiency, generation of income and competitiveness.Results indicate that the cost of producing a ton of fresh fruit bunches from oil palms (FFB) on lots having high adoption of technology was 2.5% to 8% lower when compared to lots having lower adoption of technology (Typologies 2 and 3. respectively). Technology adoption enables greater yearly net income to be obtained in mature oil palm crops in typology 1, than the one obtained at typology 2 and typology 3. The adoption of technology allows the grower to obtain net income equivalent to a legally-established yearly minimum wage (LEYMW), using less land. Finally, it was concluded that at average CPO prices for the period 2005-2015, the Colombian growers that participated in this study, may be competitive at the European market, which is the main destination of Colombian exports of crude palm oil (CPO).

scholarly journals Efektivitas Saringan Abu Sekam Padi untuk Menurunkan Kekeruhan pada Air Sungai Martapura

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 647
Author(s):  
Syarifudin A. ◽  
Imam Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rice Husk Ash ◽  
Preliminary Test ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
The One ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

Abstract: The Effectiveness of Rice Husk Ash Filter to Reduce Turbidity of Martapura River Water. Martapura River water is used by people living on riverbanks for cooking, washing, bathing, and others. The main problem of Martapura river water is the turbidity which is relatively high so it needs to be processed first before use. The preliminary test conducted on August 15, 2016 shows the value of turbidity of Martapura river water at 38.9 NTU. This research was an experimental research with the one group pretest and posttest design which aimed to determine the effectiveness of the filter to reduce the turbidity of Martapura river water. The medium used was rice husk ash with variation of thickness were 13 cm, 26 cm, and 39 cm. The effectiveness of filtration was determined by comparing the turbidity of water filtered with standards. The turbidity of Martapura river water before filtered was 35.7 NTU. After filtered by 13 cm, 26 cm and 39 cm filter, the turbidity of water decreased consecutive to 2.97 NTU, 1.17 NTU, and 0.95 NTU, with decreasing percentages respectively of 91.7%, 96.7% and 97.3%. All filtered water showed turbidity fulfilled both the standar of clean water and drinking water so that rice husk ash filter was effective decreased turbidity of Martapura river water. Filtered water is recommended to be cooked first to boil when used for drinking water because the number of bacteria of Coli has not been studied. Further research needs to be conducted by adding other parameters according to water quality standard

scholarly journals A structural analysis in seismic archaeology: the walls of Noto and the 1693 earthquake

1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (5-6) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Guidoboni ◽  
P. Riva ◽  
V. Petrini ◽  
A. Madini Moretti ◽  
G. Lombardini
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Seismic Effects ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Second Development ◽  
High Quality Standard ◽  
The One

A crucial problenl for seismic archeology is how to recognize seismic effects and how to date them. On an experimental basis. we proposed that the problem be reversed, and that we begin at the other end: i.e. by analyzing already known seismic effects on ancient structures, testified by written sources. to be able to .calibrate>> the types or possible observations and any subsequent elaborations. The choice of the walls of Noto was suggested by the fact that Noto was abandoned following the earthquake of l693 (I,= XI MCS. Me 7.5) which had already been studied in depth as part of an ING research programme (1988-92). Moreover, just after recent research, this event proved to be reconstructed with a high quality standard. Photogrammetric measurements were made on several parts of the town walls to plot a numerical model aimed at ascertaining specific aspects of the earthquake damage. An estimate of the ground acceleration during the earthquake has been attempted via non-linear finite-element analyses of a building located by the main city gate. The analyses show that. in order to obtain the building vault collapse, a ground acceleration of 0.5 to 0.7 g had to be reached during the earthquake. This result, typical of a strong earthquake such as the one of 1693, proves that an approach based on finite element analysis and a sound engineering judgment Inay be systematically applied to historical earthquake sites to obtain some estimates of ground acceleration in historical earthquakes. On the whole, this work aimed at starting up the second development phase of the great event of 1693 of which the macroseismic erfects are known. In the meantime, some possibilities of tackling structural analyses in seismic archaeology are being explored.

scholarly journals Urban rent control: a decision support tool for the optimal resources allocation between urban forest projects

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 77-90
Author(s):  
Maria Rosaria Guarini ◽  
Antonio Nesticò ◽  
Pierluigi Morano ◽  
Francesco Sica
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Urban Forestry ◽  
Multicriteria Analysis ◽  
Decision Support Tool ◽  
Quality Level ◽  
Rent Control ◽  
City Development ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
The One

Green areas in urban agglomerations are strategic resource for the sustainable city development. The implementation of Urban Forestry Projects (UFP) allows on the one hand to raise the environmental quality level, improving the microclimate and preserving biodiversity, on the other hand to promote urban regeneration and promote socio-economic development by creating eco-systemic s er vices for the population. The result is a more rational land use and an increase in real estate values. Although the EU Directives show the need to promote the sustainable territory growth through the recover y and redevelopment of the built environment, the implementation of investments based on eco-system logic is rarely counted as a priority action for the city, often preferring a different allocation of available resources. The present work aims first to define an indicators set useful to express the value components – financial, social, cultural and ecological- environmental – for the UFP. These indicator s are the reference terms for the characterization of an innovative protocol of multicriteria analysis for the public operator who wants to establish the optimal distribution of funds between UFP units in limited areas of the urban fabric. The protocol uses the algorithms of mathematical programming and is tested on a case study about urban areas to be redeveloped.

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