scholarly journals Kochiae Fructus, the Fruit of Common Potherb Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad: A Review on Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology, Quality Control, and Pharmacokinetics

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Wei Zou ◽  
Zhong Tang ◽  
Yao Long ◽  
Zuoqi Xiao ◽  
Bo Ouyang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Kochia Scoparia ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
Linear Pharmacokinetic ◽  
Hepatoprotective Effects ◽  
Further Development

Kochiae Fructus (KF) is the fruit of an annual potherb Kochia scoparia (Linn.) Schrad and has been traditionally used for the treatment of diseases in the skin, eyes, and urinary tract for thousands of years in China. Recent studies have showed its anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiallergic, and antipruritogenic effects to clarify the mechanisms of these actions. Meanwhile, its other effects, such as anticancer, hypoglycemic, and hepatoprotective effects, also have been reported. The achievement of these therapeutic effects is contributed by its chemical constituents. A total of 153 compounds have been identified in KF, mainly including triterpenoids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, and essential oils. Momordin Ic is the representative triterpene glycoside compound, which is used as a phytochemical marker for the quality control of Kochiae Fructus. The research on toxicity is insufficient, and only one article reported that the LD50 was 7.15 ± 0.03 g/kg for water extract of KF after oral administration in KM mice. In addition, the pharmacokinetic study was carried out on momordin Ic with linear pharmacokinetic characteristics. Above all, this review provides comprehensive information about Kochiae Fructus and may provide the theoretic foundation of its clinical application and further development.

Chrysanthemum indicum L.: A Comprehensive Review of its Botany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (04) ◽  
pp. 871-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanhao Shao ◽  
Yunda Sun ◽  
Ding Li ◽  
Yiping Chen
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Perennial Plant ◽  
Chrysanthemum Indicum ◽  
Hepatoprotective Effects

Chrysanthemum indicum L. (C. indicum L.), a member of the Compositae family, is a perennial plant that has been used as a traditional medicine for more than 2000 years in China and is widely used for the treatment of Pemphigus, swelling, pain, and scrofula. To date, more than 190 chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from this plant, including flavonoids, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and phenolic acids. Numerous modern studies have shown that extracts or monomeric compounds from C. indicum L. have several pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory anti-oxidation, antipathogenic microorganism, anticancer, immune regulation, and hepatoprotective effects. However, resource availability, the research on the mechanism, and quality control are still insufficient, which deserves further efforts. In this paper, the advances in botany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of C. indicum L were reviewed. We hope that this review can provide important information for traditional Chinese medicine, phytochemistry, synthetic and medicinal chemistry researchers for making full use of C. indicum L. resource.

scholarly journals Classification of Andrographis paniculata extracts according to solvent extraction by HPLC fingerprint analysis and chemometrics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Rafi ◽  
Anggun Fenika Devi ◽  
Utami Dyah Syafitri ◽  
Rudi Heryanto ◽  
Irma Herawati Suparto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Andrographis Paniculata ◽  
Antidiabetic Activity ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Inhibition Activity ◽  
Fingerprint Analysis ◽  
Therapeutic Application ◽  
Hplc Fingerprint

Abstract Objective: Andrographis paniculata, widely used as an antidiabetic in Indonesian traditional medicines (jamu), contains chemical compounds whose concentration is related to its therapeutic effects. The concentration of solvents used for extraction will also affect the number of compounds extracted. Therefore, a quality control method is needed to ensure consistency in quantifying these compounds in A. paniculata to improve its therapeutic application. High-performance liquid chromatography fingerprint analysis combined with chemometrics was used to evaluate extracts from different solvent extraction treatments. The content of andrographolide, the main bioactive compound in A. paniculata, and the level of α-glucosidase inhibition activity, an indicator of its antidiabetic activity, were also determined. Results: Fingerprint chromatograms of A. paniculata extracts from different treatments exhibited a similar pattern with several peaks in common, only differing in area and intensity value. The A. paniculata extracts were classified using HPLC fingerprint and principal component analysis to allow grouping according to their respective solvent extraction treatments. The highest andrographolide content and α-glucosidase inhibition activity occurred in the 50% ethanol extract and the lowest in the water extract. HPLC fingerprint analysis could be used for identifying A. paniculata extracts based on solvent extraction, thus improving quality control for their therapeutic application.

scholarly journals Classification of Andrographis paniculata extracts by solvent extraction using HPLC fingerprint and chemometric analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Rafi ◽  
Anggun Fenika Devi ◽  
Utami Dyah Syafitri ◽  
Rudi Heryanto ◽  
Irma Herawati Suparto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Andrographis Paniculata ◽  
Antidiabetic Activity ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Inhibition Activity ◽  
Fingerprint Analysis ◽  
Therapeutic Application ◽  
Hplc Fingerprint

Abstract Objective: Andrographis paniculata, widely used as an antidiabetic in Indonesian traditional medicines (jamu), contains chemical compounds whose concentration is related to its therapeutic effects. The concentration of solvents used for extraction will also affect the number of compounds extracted. Therefore, a quality control method is needed to ensure consistency in quantifying these compounds in A. paniculata to improve its therapeutic application. High-performance liquid chromatography fingerprint analysis combined with chemometrics was used to evaluate extracts from different solvent extraction treatments. The content of andrographolide, the main bioactive compound in A. paniculata, and the level of α-glucosidase inhibition activity, an indicator of its antidiabetic activity, were also determined. Results: Fingerprint chromatograms of A. paniculata extracts from different treatments exhibited a similar pattern with several peaks in common, only differing in area and intensity value. The A. paniculata extracts were classified using HPLC fingerprint and principal component analysis to allow grouping according to their respective solvent extraction treatments. The highest andrographolide content and α-glucosidase inhibition activity occurred in the 50% ethanol extract and the lowest in the water extract. HPLC fingerprint analysis could be used for identifying A. paniculata extracts based on solvent extraction, thus improving quality control for their therapeutic application.

scholarly journals MEDICINAL VALUE OF LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIOSA: AN UPDATED REVIEW

2019 ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
ALI ESMAIL AL-SNAFI
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
Lagerstroemia Speciosa ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Medicinal Value ◽  
Phytochemical Investigation

Lagerstroemia speciosa (Family: Lythraceae) is native to Asia-tropical and subtropical regions. The phytochemical investigation of Lagerstroemia speciosa leaf and fruit revealed that it contained steroids, terpenoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, α-amino acids, saponins, starch, alkaloids, carbohydrates, organic acids, flavonoids, reducing sugars, tannins and many other active metabolites. Lagerstroemia speciosa possessed many Pharmacological effects included antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, antiobesity, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, gastrointestinal, diuretic, thrombolytic, cardiovascular, central nervous, inhibition of TNFα production, xanthine oxidase inhibitition, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects. The current review discussed the chemical constituents, pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Lagerstroemia speciosa.

scholarly journals PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND DEVELOPMENT OF VARIOUS THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS FOR DIFFERENT CEDRELA TOONA ROXB. FRUIT EXTRACTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shah Kinjal H ◽  
Patel Piyush M.
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Powdered Material ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Isolation Method

Air dried powdered material of the fruits of cedrela toona Roxb. was successively extracted with petroleum ether, hexane, acetone, methanol and water extract by soxhlet extraction and subjected to various qualitative chemical tests to determine presence of various phytoconstituents like alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, phenolics and tannins, phtosterols, fixed oils and fats, proteins, amino acids, flavonoids, saponins etc. The various extracts of fruits of cedrela toona Roxb. were than subjected to thin layer chromatographic studies to identify the number and nature of the chemical constituents present. This study helps researchers for developmentof isolation method of active ingredient having vast pharmacological effects. Keywords: Cedrela toona, Extracts, Phytoconstituents, TLC

scholarly journals Traditional Uses, Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Quality Control of Alhagi sparsifolia Shap.: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Wei ◽  
Xinzhou Yang ◽  
Kejian Pang ◽  
Hui Tang
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Local Source ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Alhagi Sparsifolia ◽  
Traditional Uses ◽  
Pharmacological Studies ◽  
Hepatoprotective Effects

Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. (Kokyantak) is a ethnic medicine used in the Uyghur traditional medicine system for the treatment of colds, rheumatic pains, diarrhea, stomach pains, headaches, and toothaches, in addition to being an important local source of nectar and high-quality forage grass, and playing a crucial role in improving the ecological environment. Currently, approximately 178 chemical constituents have been identified from A. sparsifolia, including flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids, and 19 polysaccharides. Pharmacological studies have already confirmed that A. sparsifolia has antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-neuroinflammatory effects, hepatoprotective effects, renoprotective effects and immune regulation. Toxicological tests and quality control studies reveal the safety and nontoxicity of A. sparsifolia. Therefore, this paper systematically summarizes the traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, quality control and toxicology of A. sparsifolia, in order to provide a beneficial reference of its further research.

Synthesis, Analytical Characterization and Spectroscopic Investigation of Chloramphenicol Impurity A for the Quality Control of Chloramphenicol and its Formulation as Per International Compendium

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 382-388
Author(s):  
Aparna Wadhwa ◽  
Faraat Ali ◽  
Sana Parveen ◽  
Robin Kumar ◽  
Gyanendra N. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Reference Standard ◽  
Working Standard ◽  
Prior Art ◽  
New Synthesis ◽  
Synthetic Procedure

Objective: The main aim of the present work is to synthesize chloramphenicol impurity A (CLRMIMP- A) in the purest form and its subsequent characterization by using a panel of sophisticated analytical techniques (LC-MS, DSC, TGA, NMR, FTIR, HPLC, and CHNS) to provide as a reference standard mentioned in most of the international compendiums, including IP, BP, USP, and EP. The present synthetic procedure has not been disclosed anywhere in the prior art. Methods: A simple, cheaper, and new synthesis method was described for the preparation of CLRM-IMP-A. It was synthesized and characterized by FTIR, DSC, TGA, NMR (1H and 13C), LC-MS, CHNS, and HPLC. Results: CLRM-IMP-A present in drugs and dosage form can alter the therapeutic effects and adverse reaction of a drug considerably, it is mandatory to have a precise method for the estimation of impurities to safeguard the public health. Under these circumstances, the presence of CLRM-IMP-A in chloramphenicol (CLRM) requires strict quality control to satisfy the specified regulatory limit. The synthetic impurity obtained was in the pure form to provide a certified reference standard or working standard to stakeholders with defined potency. Conclusion: The present research describes a novel technique for the synthesis of pharmacopoeial impurity, which can help in checking/controlling the quality of the CLRM in the international markets.

Chemical Fingerprint Analysis and Simultaneous Determination of Nucleosides and Amino Acids in Kang Fu Xin Liquid by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detector

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 831-843
Author(s):  
Yuwen Wang ◽  
Shuping Li ◽  
Liuhong Zhang ◽  
Shenglan Qi ◽  
Huida Guan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Gradient Elution ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Array Detector ◽  
Fingerprint Analysis ◽  
Wavelength Switching

Background and Objective: Kang Fu Xin liquid (KFX) is an official preparation made from the ethanol extract product from P. Americana. The present quality control method cannot control the quality of the preparation well. The aim of the present study is to establish a convenient HPLC method for multicomponents determination combined with fingerprint analysis for quality control of KFX. Methods: An HPLC-DAD method with gradient elution and detective wavelength switching program was developed to establish HPLC fingerprints of KFX, and 38 batches of KFX were compared and evaluated by similarity analysis (SA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), and principal component analysis (PCA). Meanwhile, six nucleosides and three amino acids, including uracil, hypoxanthine, uric acid, adenosine, xanthine, inosine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan in KFX were determined based on the HPLC fingerprints. Results: An HPLC method assisted with gradient elution and wavelength switching program was established and validated for multicomponents determination combined with fingerprint analysis of KFX. The results demonstrated that the similarity values of the KFX samples were more than 0.845. PCA indicated that peaks 4 (hypoxanthine), 7 (xanthine), 9 (tyrosine), 11, 13 and 17 might be the characteristic contributed components. The nine constituents in KFX, uracil, hypoxanthine, uric acid, adenosine, xanthine, inosine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan, showed good regression (R2 > 0.9997) within test ranges and the recoveries of the method for all analytes were in the range from 96.74 to 104.24%. The limits of detections and quantifications for nine constituents in DAD were less than 0.22 and 0.43 μg•mL-1, respectively. Conclusion: The qualitative analysis of chemical fingerprints and the quantitative analysis of multiple indicators provide a powerful and rational way to control the KFX quality for pharmaceutical companies.

scholarly journals High-Throughput Identification of Organic Compounds from Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata (Zhiheshouwu) by UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 3977
Author(s):  
Shaoyun Wang ◽  
Xiaozhu Sun ◽  
Shuo An ◽  
Fang Sang ◽  
Yunli Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Polygonum Multiflorum ◽  
Q Exactive ◽  
Orbitrap Ms

Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata (PMRP), as the processed product of tuberous roots of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., is one of the most famous traditional Chinese medicines, with a long history. However, in recent years, liver adverse reactions linked to PMRP have been frequently reported. Our work attempted to investigate the chemical constituents of PMRP for clinical research and safe medication. In this study, an effective and rapid method was established to separate and characterize the constituents in PMRP by combining ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS). Based on the accurate mass measurements for molecular and characteristic fragment ions, a total of 103 compounds, including 24 anthraquinones, 21 stilbenes, 15 phenolic acids, 14 flavones, and 29 other compounds were identified or tentatively characterized. Forty-eight compounds were tentatively characterized from PMRP for the first time, and their fragmentation behaviors were summarized. There were 101 components in PMRP ethanol extract (PMRPE) and 91 components in PMRP water extract (PMRPW). Simultaneously, the peak areas of several potential xenobiotic components were compared in the detection, which showed that PMRPE has a higher content of anthraquinones and stilbenes. The obtained results can be used in pharmacological and toxicological research and provided useful information for further in vitro and in vivo studies.

scholarly journals Chemical Constituents of Cordyceps cicadae

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1501001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Bo Chu ◽  
Jun Chang ◽  
Ying Zhu ◽  
Xun Sun
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Spectroscopic Analysis ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Cordyceps Cicadae ◽  
Nmr Techniques ◽  
Dopamine Analogues

One new bifuran derivative (1), together with fourteen known compounds, were isolated from Cordyceps cicadae X. Q. Shing. The known compounds included nine nucleosides, uracil (2), uridine (3), 2′-deoxyuridine (4), 2′-deoxyinosine (5), guanosine (6), 2′-deoxyguanosine (7), thymidine (8), adenosine (9), and 2′-deoxyadenosine (10); three amino acids tryptophan (11), phenylalanine (12), and tyrosine (13); and two dopamine analogues N-acetylnoradrenaline (14) and its dimer, trans–2-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-acetylamino-7-( N-acetyl-2″-amino-ethylene)-1,4-benzodioxane (15). Their structures were decisively elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR techniques.

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