scholarly journals Regulator-Based Risk Statistics with Scenario Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Xiaochuan Deng ◽  
Fei Sun
Keyword(s):  
Scenario Analysis ◽  
Engineering Project ◽  
New Class ◽  
Dual Representations ◽  
Potential Risks

When there are potential risks in the progress of the engineering project, regulators pay more attentions to losses rather than gains. In this paper, we design a new class of risk statistics for engineering, named regulator-based risk statistics. Considering the properties of regulator-based risk statistics, we are able to derive the dual representations for them. At last, the regulator-based version is investigated.

scholarly journals Therapeutic antimicrobial peptides may compromise natural immunity

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle G. J. L. Habets ◽  
Michael A. Brockhurst
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Therapeutic Use ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Drug Candidate ◽  
Natural Immunity ◽  
New Class ◽  
Compensatory Adaptation ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
Potential Risks

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been proposed as a promising new class of antimicrobials despite warnings that therapeutic use could drive the evolution of pathogens resistant to our own immunity peptides. Using experimental evolution, we demonstrate that Staphylococcus aureus rapidly evolved resistance to pexiganan, a drug-candidate for diabetic leg ulcer infections. Evolved resistance was costly in terms of impaired growth rate, but costs-of-resistance were completely ameliorated by compensatory adaptation. Crucially, we show that, in some populations, experimentally evolved resistance to pexiganan provided S. aureus with cross-resistance to human-neutrophil-defensin-1, a key component of the innate immune response to infection. This unintended consequence of therapeutic use could drastically undermine our innate immune system's ability to control and clear microbial infections. Our results therefore highlight grave potential risks of AMP therapies, with implications for their development.

scholarly journals Registration of Novel Parasiticides under the New 2022 EU Regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Sabine Richter ◽  
Julia Hunte ◽  
Klaus Hellmann
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Novel Therapies ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Biological Products ◽  
Eu Regulation ◽  
New Class ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Veterinary Medicinal Products

Twenty-one years after Directive 2001/82/EC regulating veterinary medicinal products (VMPs) came into force, a new veterinary regulation will apply from 28 January 2022. Future applicants will have to follow the requirements of Regulation (EU) 2019/6. This regulation defines different products, non-biologicals (equivalent to formerly defined pharmaceuticals), and biological products. Biological VMPs belong either to the new class, non-immunological VMPs or immunologicals, including those known as vaccines. This new regulation also defines novel therapies covering innovative medicinal therapeutic approaches. Antiparasitic products will always be VMPs, and additional requirements for environmental safety and potential risks for the development of resistance are enforced.

scholarly journals Complex Risk Statistics with Scenario Analysis

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Fei Sun ◽  
Yichuan Dong
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Scenario Analysis ◽  
Special Class ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Dual Representations

Complex risk is a critical factor for both intelligent systems and risk management. In this paper, we consider a special class of risk statistics, named complex risk statistics. Our result provides a new approach for addressing complex risk, especially in deep neural networks. By further developing the properties related to complex risk statistics, we are able to derive dual representations for such risk.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Michael M. Miller ◽  
John F. Peppin
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Physical Dependence ◽  
Benzodiazepine Receptor ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Onset Of Action ◽  
New Class ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Overdose Mortality

At the same time that it became apparent that overdose toxicity and adverse effects limited the utility of barbiturates to treat anxiety and insomnia, a new class of drugs emerged in the 1950s and 1960s: benzodiazepines. With a rapid onset of action, these new drugs were highly effective in reducing anxiety and promoting sleep when used short term. Rapidly becoming some of the most prescribed drugs in the world, benzodiazepines brought with them a Pandora’s box of potential risks that weren’t at first fully appreciated. Although rarely fatal when taken alone, benzodiazepines have been shown to be correlated with polydrug overdose mortality. With prolonged exposure these drugs can lead to tolerance, physical dependence, and addiction. They can also launch a vicious cycle of rebound after initially relieving anxiety, they can lead to a state of tolerance with the need for increasing doses to achieve the same effect, resulting in more subjectively experienced anxiety. Rebound insomnia is a well-known feature of the long-term use of these agents. Despite these risks, these drugs were extremely popular upon their introduction into the medical marketplace and they became among the most frequently prescribed pharmaceuticals in America, with a variety of agents in this class of drugs being introduced. There then emerged the so-called Z-drugs (e.g., zolpidem and zaleplon), which were marketed as effective sleep aids and “not a benzodiazepine,” with the implication from sales representatives that, without having the molecular structure of benzodiazepines, they would not present the same rebound or adverse effects as benzodiazepines. However, the “Z-drug” agents are indeed benzodiazepine receptor agonists and are associated with the same downsides as agents in the true benzodiazepine drug class.

In Situ microscopy of the anodic etching of silicon

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 232-233
Author(s):  
Frances M. Ross ◽  
Peter C. Searson
Keyword(s):  
Composite Structures ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Selective Etching ◽  
Silicon On Insulator ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Porous Layers ◽  
New Class ◽  
Porous Semiconductors

Porous semiconductors represent a relatively new class of materials formed by the selective etching of a single or polycrystalline substrate. Although porous silicon has received considerable attention due to its novel optical properties1, porous layers can be formed in other semiconductors such as GaAs and GaP. These materials are characterised by very high surface area and by electrical, optical and chemical properties that may differ considerably from bulk. The properties depend on the pore morphology, which can be controlled by adjusting the processing conditions and the dopant concentration. A number of novel structures can be fabricated using selective etching. For example, self-supporting membranes can be made by growing pores through a wafer, films with modulated pore structure can be fabricated by varying the applied potential during growth, composite structures can be prepared by depositing a second phase into the pores and silicon-on-insulator structures can be formed by oxidising a buried porous layer. In all these applications the ability to grow nanostructures controllably is critical.

The microtubule associated protein (MAP) tau forms a new class of triple-stranded left-hand helical fibrous protein polymer

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 540-541
Author(s):  
G. C. Ruben ◽  
K. Iqbal ◽  
I. Grundke-Iqbal ◽  
H. Wisniewski ◽  
T. L. Ciardelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Axial Ratio ◽  
Normal Structure ◽  
Paired Helical Filaments ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
New Class ◽  
Protein Polymer ◽  
Fibrous Protein ◽  
Protein Map ◽  
Neurotransmitter Transport ◽  
Alzheimer Neurofibrillary Tangles

In neurons, the microtubule associated protein, tau, is found in the axons. Tau stabilizes the microtubules required for neurotransmitter transport to the axonal terminal. Since tau has been found in both Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and in paired helical filaments (PHF), the study of tau's normal structure had to preceed TEM studies of NFT and PHF. The structure of tau was first studied by ultracentrifugation. This work suggested that it was a rod shaped molecule with an axial ratio of 20:1. More recently, paraciystals of phosphorylated and nonphosphoiylated tau have been reported. Phosphorylated tau was 90-95 nm in length and 3-6 nm in diameter where as nonphosphorylated tau was 69-75 nm in length. A shorter length of 30 nm was reported for undamaged tau indicating that it is an extremely flexible molecule. Tau was also studied in relation to microtubules, and its length was found to be 56.1±14.1 nm.

Study of segregation in La1.8Sr0.2CuO4 superconductor by STEM-EDS microanalysis

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 54-55
Author(s):  
T. F. Kelly ◽  
P. J. Lee ◽  
E. E. Hellstrom ◽  
D. C. Larbalestier
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
High Field ◽  
Transport Current ◽  
Total Thickness ◽  
New Class ◽  
Ceramic Superconductors ◽  
Current Densities ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Eds Microanalysis

Recently there has been much excitement over a new class of high Tc (>30 K) ceramic superconductors of the form A1-xBxCuO4-x, where A is a rare earth and B is from Group II. Unfortunately these materials have only been able to support small transport current densities 1-10 A/cm2. It is very desirable to increase these values by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude for useful high field applications. The reason for these small transport currents is as yet unknown. Evidence has, however, been presented for superconducting clusters on a 50-100 nm scale and on a 1-3 μm scale. We therefore planned a detailed TEM and STEM microanalysis study in order to see whether any evidence for the clusters could be seen.A La1.8Sr0.2Cu04 pellet was cut into 1 mm thick slices from which 3 mm discs were cut. The discs were subsequently mechanically ground to 100 μm total thickness and dimpled to 20 μm thickness at the center.

Electronic structure studies of conducting polymers by electron energy-loss spectroscopy

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 160-161
Author(s):  
J. Fink
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Structure ◽  
Conducting Polymers ◽  
Conjugated Polymers ◽  
Electron Acceptors ◽  
Electron Donors ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
New Class ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Electron Energy Loss

Conducting polymers comprises a new class of materials achieving electrical conductivities which rival those of the best metals. The parent compounds (conjugated polymers) are quasi-one-dimensional semiconductors. These polymers can be doped by electron acceptors or electron donors. The prototype of these materials is polyacetylene (PA). There are various other conjugated polymers such as polyparaphenylene, polyphenylenevinylene, polypoyrrole or polythiophene. The doped systems, i.e. the conducting polymers, have intersting potential technological applications such as replacement of conventional metals in electronic shielding and antistatic equipment, rechargable batteries, and flexible light emitting diodes.Although these systems have been investigated almost 20 years, the electronic structure of the doped metallic systems is not clear and even the reason for the gap in undoped semiconducting systems is under discussion.

Mechanochemical changes on cyclometalated Ir(iii) acyclic carbene complexes – design and tuning of luminescent mechanochromic transition metal complexes

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 786-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingqi Han ◽  
Kin-Man Tang ◽  
Shun-Cheung Cheng ◽  
Chi-On Ng ◽  
Yuen-Kiu Chun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transition Metal ◽  
Metal Complexes ◽  
Transition Metal Complexes ◽  
Carbene Complexes ◽  
New Class

A new class of luminescent cyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes with readily tunable mechanochromic properties derived from the mechanically induced trans-to-cis isomerization have been developed.

Amino-functional polyethers: versatile, stimuli-responsive polymers

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 3940-3950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Verkoyen ◽  
Holger Frey
Keyword(s):  
Ring Opening ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Stimuli Responsive ◽  
New Class ◽  
Stimuli Responsive Polymers ◽  
Responsive Polymers

Amino-functional polyethers have emerged as a new class of “smart”, i.e. pH- and thermoresponsive materials. This review article summarizes the synthesis and applications of these materials, obtained from ring-opening of suitable epoxide monomers.

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