scholarly journals Repellent Effects of Selected Organic Leaf Extracts of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray and Vernonia lasiopus (O. Hoffman) against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Stephen Maina Gitahi ◽  
Mathew Ngugi Piero ◽  
David Nganga Mburu ◽  
Alex Kingori Machocho
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Tithonia Diversifolia ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Nontarget Organisms ◽  
Synthetic Pesticides ◽  
Set Up

Introduction. Sitophilus zeamais infestation is among the major setbacks to sustainable maize farming and availability. It causes an estimated annual loss of 5–10% and 20–30% of the total maize grains loss in the temperate and tropical zones, respectively. Although synthetic pesticides are quick and effective in managing crop pests, their overuse and misuse is discouraged due to their detrimental effects on human and environment. Natural pesticidal products that are extracted from plants are particularly gaining importance as an alternative to synthetic pesticides. They are available, easily biodegraded and have low toxicity to nontarget organisms. Most botanical pesticides act on insects by repelling them away from the crops in the field or in the stores. Therefore, this study aimed to determine repellency potential of organic leaf extracts of Tithonia diversifolia and Vernonia lasiopus on S. zeamais. Materials and methods. The phytochemical profile of T. diversifolia and V. lasiopus was determined using GC-MS. Laboratory-based experiments were carried out using area preference method to assess the efficacy of the extracts against weevils for a test period of 5 h. Six groups of experiments were set up with ten S. zeamais in each test: positive control (Actellic), negative control (solvent only), and four different experimental extract concentrations (25, 50, 75, and 100%). Results. The results indicated that T. diversifolia and V. lasiopus leaf extracts possess potent repellency effect on weevils. All the extracts simply discouraged S. zeamais from the treated areas recording significantly good levels of repellent activities between 26 and 96%. Furthermore, the GC-MS analysis manifested the presence of bioactive compound in the extracts which are associated with the repellency effects. Conclusion. The study scientifically confirms the traditional use of the T. diversifolia and V. lasiopus and provides important platform for further study on the extracts as bioresource of botanical repellent.

scholarly journals Application of Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb. Reduce Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Interleukin-1β in Sprague Dawley Mice Suffering from Mastitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (A) ◽  
pp. 423-427
Author(s):  
Prihantono Prihantono ◽  
Salman Ardi Syamsu ◽  
Nilam Smaradhania ◽  
Mardiana Ahmad ◽  
Nurul Aini Siagian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Interleukin 1Β ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Mean

BACKGROUND: Mastitis is an inflammation of the breast tissue, usually caused by bacteria. Mastitis stimulates pro-inflammatory cytokines. The cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a crucial mediator of the inflammatory response. This cytokine has adverse effects of hosting immunity that mediates resistance to pathogens and also exacerbates damage during chronic disease and acute tissue injury. Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb. has been used as an ethnomedicine for healing sores in several provinces in Indonesia. AIM: This study aimed to assess the profile of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β through the treatment effect of leaf extracts of S. taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb. as adjuvant for healing mastitis. METHODS: This study was a true control group experiment using the pre-test-post-test control design aimed to measure the effect of hydroalcoholic compounds in leaf extracts of S. taccada on the systemic pro-inflammatory activity of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). The treated animals were 18 mice of Sprague Dawley strain induced by Staphylococcus aureus. These treated mice were divided into three groups in which each group consisted of six mice. The mice in the Group I (negative control) were given 1 ml aquabides/250 g body weight, those in the Group II (positive control) were delivered with 9.6 mg/ml amoxicillin/250 g body weight, and those in the Group III (experimental) were given 9.6 mg amoxicillin/250 g body weight + 400 mg/ml leaf extracts of S. taccada/g body weight for 5 days, respectively. Pathological examinations were carried out from the inflamed tissues to prove the healing process of the treated mice. IL-1Β levels were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and post hoc tests. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences of IL-1β levels after the administration of leaf extracts of S. taccada among all the treated mice groups at p < 0.05. The Group III had the lowest IL-1β level with the mean value ± 1.45 pg/ml compared to the IL-1β level in the Group II (positive control) with the mean value ± 3.82 pg/ml and the IL-1β level in the Group I (negative control) with the with mean value ± 5.22 pg/ml. The pathological analysis of breast tissues of the treated mice proved that leaf extracts of S. taccada (Gaertn Roxb.) could reduce damaged tissues, cellular infiltration, and subcutaneous edema induced by this pathogenic microorganism. CONCLUSION: Leaf extracts of S. taccada had a significant function as adjuvant for healing mastitis by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β.

scholarly journals Trace Element Supplementation and Enzyme Addition to Enhance Biogas Production by Anaerobic Digestion of Chicken Litter

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3477
Author(s):  
Navodita Bhatnagar ◽  
David Ryan ◽  
Richard Murphy ◽  
Anne-Marie Enright
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Volatile Solids ◽  
Chicken Litter ◽  
Set Up

Anaerobic digestion (AD) of chicken litter (CL) is a viable alternative to disposal. However, methane yields from this primarily organic waste are quite low when mono-digested. This paper discusses the effect of an enzyme cocktail, trace element (TE) supplementation and selenium (Se) addition in small-scale batch biomethane potential (BMP) assays to enhance the AD of CL. Eleven different assays were set up in triplicate including assays containing only inoculum (blank), only CL (negative control) and cellulose and inoculum (positive control). The results indicate that both enzyme treatment and trace element supplementation enhanced the biogas and methane yield. The highest specific biogas and methane yields were noted for 1% enzyme-treated CL of 835.2 L/kg volatile solids (VS) and 460.8 L/kg VS, respectively. Usually, mono-digestion of CL is low due to high nitrogen content and the presence of recalcitrant lignocellulosic material from the bedding material. Enzyme treatment performed better than the addition of the TE mix and Se.

scholarly journals Anti-bacterial Effect of Chrysophyllum albidum Phyto Extract

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
I. A. Hassan ◽  
I. Abdulraheem ◽  
H. O. Emun ◽  
O. M. Omole
Keyword(s):  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Vibrio Cholera ◽  
Diffusion Technique ◽  
Bacterial Effect

Aims: This study was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Chrysophyllum albidum leaves extract on selected Gastro-instestinal bacteria such as Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysentariae, Vibrio cholera, Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens. Methodology: The leaves were extracted using ethanol, methanol and distilled water; the concentration of the extracts employed were 100 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 400 mg/ml and 500 mg/ml respectively; however the   leaf extracts of Chrysophyllum albidum were screened for anti-microbial activity using the in vitro cup-plate method of agar diffusion technique with concentration of 10-5cells/ml of the selected bacteria. Simultaneously, 30 µg tetracycline and 30 µg metronidazole were used as positive control. Results: The result showed that the most active among them is Tetracycline; followed by ethanolic extract, aqueous extract, methanolic extract and metronidazole extract respectively on the tested bacteria. Conclusion: This research justifies the traditional use of the leaves of Chrysophyllum albidum for the therapeutic purposes; hence can be commercialized by pharmaceutical outfit; if not for anything but its availability and readily for human consumption.

scholarly journals Effectiveness Comparison Between Young Leaf Extracts Acacia nilotica with Desmanthus virgatus Against Vermicidal Potency of Haemonchus contortus In-vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
I Gusti Komang Oka Wirawan ◽  
Aholiab Aoetpah ◽  
Jois Moriani Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Immersion Time ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Acacia Nilotica ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Tropical Countries ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Mortality Percentage

Acacia nillotica and Desmanthus virgatus are two entopharmacologycal plants that thrives throughout the season in East Nusa Tenggara Province, other Provinces in Indonesia or tropical countries. Extraction of young leaves of Acacia nillotica (EDMAN) and Desmanthus virgatus (EDMDV) contains tannin compound. By pharmacodynamic viewpoint, this extraction has potency as an anthelmintic. Objective: to compare the in-vitro effectivity of young leaves extraction of the two plants as a vermicidal power to combat Haemonchus contortus. Materials: young leaves of Acacia nillotica and Desmanthus virgatus and Haemonchus contortus. Method: The study was grouped into four treatments: EDMAN, EDMDV, Positive control (Albendazole 0,055%) and negative control (aquades).  The concentration of the young leaves extracts are 2.5%, 3.5%, 4.5% out of 0.01 g/mL of extraction. Each treatment was applied to 6 female Haemonchus contortus with four replicates allowing immersion time for 1, 3, 5 or 7 hours. Variable measured and tested was mortality of the H. contortus. The vermicidal effectively was descriptively analysed. The results showed that mortality percentage (vermicidal) treatment of 2.5%, 3.5%, 4.5% EDMAN for 7-hour immersion was 16.7%, 45.8%, 12.5%, respectively. That values for EDMDV for similar concentrations and immersion time was 50%, 33.3%, 12.5%, respectively. Conclusion: EDMDV has a more effective vermicidal power between the two etnopharmacological treatments at 2.5% concentration.

scholarly journals Aktivitas Ekstrak Daun Bangle (zingiber purpureum roxb.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Fajrin Noviyanto ◽  
Siti Hodijah ◽  
Yusransyah Yusransyah
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Control Solution

The bacteria that cause infections that can lead to high morbidity and mortality, the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bangle has a pharmacological activity as antibacterial, laxative, pancreatic lipase inhibitor, and protect cells from damage caused by oxidative stress. The purpose of this study are: to know the chemical constituents present in the extract of leaves bangle (Zingiber purpureum Roxb.) Can be efficacious as an antibacterial and knowing Minimal Inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts of leaves bangle against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Tests on the leaf extracts for antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa bangle made by the method of Kirby Bauer and solvents used are DMSO. Test solution with a concentration of leaf extract bangle 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1,000 ppm, the positive control solution (ciprofoxacin) and the solution negative control (DMSO). The results showed that the chemical constituents present in the extract of leaves bangle (Zingiber purpureum Roxb.) Are flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and steroids. Value Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ethanol extract of the leaf bangle S bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a concentration of 40 % with an average diameter of 5.44 mm inhibitory. MIC extract ethanol extract of leaf bangle belonging to the bacterial activity that is strong enough..

scholarly journals Elaboration of a Phytomedicine for Intestinal Comfort Based on the European Union Regulation on Traditional Use: Mixture Design Optimization

Foundations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-183
Author(s):  
Imane Es-safi ◽  
Hamza Mechchate ◽  
Amal Amaghnouje ◽  
Fatima Zahra Jawhari ◽  
Dalila Bousta
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Mixture Design ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Medicinal Use ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Test Result ◽  
The Eu

Nowadays, knowledge about the uses of medicinal plants is growing exponentially, and in order to conserve and valorize this knowledge, the European Union has set up multiple regulations to control their usage by the population. In this framework, this work is based on EU regulations to elaborate a new phytomedicine for intestinal comfort. The phytomedicine subject of elaboration is under the category of Traditional Use Herbal Medicine Products (TUHMPs), containing plants of approved medicinal use of at least 30 years, including 15 years in the European Union (Myrtus communis L. leaves (MC), Pimpinella anisum L. seeds (PA) and Carum carvi L. (CC) fruit). The EU pharmacopeia and monographs recognize the individual effect of each plant selected, and this work aims to study their combined effect using a mixture design. Acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice is used to study the efficacy of the mixture as pain relief and for intestinal comfort. According to the test result, the individual, binary and ternary combination were very effective compared to negative and positive control approving by that the synergy between the plants. Following the mixture design analysis, the best formulation was a ternary combination with different ratios (MC: 45%, PA: 52% and CC with 3%). The predicted formulation was studied after that and approved by the test result. This work provided a practical way to establish new phytomedicines within the EU and could be a model for new outcoming phytomedicine in the market.

scholarly journals Antimalarial Activity of Meriandra dianthera Leaf Extracts in Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalay Hagazy ◽  
Gereziher G. Sibhat ◽  
Aman Karim ◽  
Gebretsadkan H. Tekulu ◽  
Gomathi Periasamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Antimalarial Activity ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Crude Leaf Extract

Objective. To evaluate the antimalarial effect of aqueous methanolic extract and solvent fractions of Meriandra dianthera leaves against Plasmodium berghei in mice model. Method. M. dianthera leaves were extracted with 80% methanol and dried. The dried crude extract was then defatted and further fractionated with chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol. Acute oral toxicity test was performed as per the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guideline 425. Peter’s 4-day suppressive test was used to determine the in vivo antimalarial activity of the extract and fractions. Result. The crude leaf extract of Meriandra dianthera showed parasite inhibition of 42.28% and 45.52% at doses of 400 and 600 mg/kg, respectively, as compared to the negative control. Moreover, the mice which received chloroform and aqueous fractions at the dose of 400 mg/kg/day showed significant (P<0.001) chemosuppression compared to the negative control. Both the extract and fractions were able to prevent P. berghei induced body weight loss and body temperature reduction and also increased the survival time of the mice as compared to the negative control. The aqueous methanolic leaf extract of M. dianthera showed no gross signs of toxicity or mortality in mice until a single oral dose of 2000 mg/kg. Conclusion. The extracts of M. dianthera leaves showed promising antimalarial activity, with no sign of toxicity and therefore may support its traditional use for the treatment of malaria.

scholarly journals Dietary supplementation of Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extracts improved growth performance and reduced production cost in broilers

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1050-1055
Author(s):  
Torun Kumar Paul ◽  
Md. Mehedi Hasan ◽  
Md. Anowarul Haque ◽  
Sudipta Talukder ◽  
Yousuf Ali Sarker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Neem Leaves

Background and Aim: Global trend to remove the antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) from animals contributes to the exploration of successful measures to sustain production and reduces the intestinal diseases in the post-AGP era. Plant extracts, therefore, have been used to improve performance and intestinal health. Here, we conducted a study to evaluate the effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extracts (NLE) as alternatives to AGPs in broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: Sixty day-old broiler chicks were assigned to 12-floor pens, each stocked with five birds and divided into three treatment groups of four pens per treatment. The groups were: Negative control, basal diet without additives; positive control, basal diet with antibiotics and vitamins; and NLE treated group, basal diet supplemented with 0.1% aqua extract of neem leaves. Results: Overall feed intake was significantly (p≤0.05) highest in the positive control. Higher body weight, higher dressing percentage, and lower feed conversion ratio were observed in birds treated with NLE compared to the negative control group (p≤0.05) but not the positive control group (p>0.05). There was no significant variation in hematology between different groups. Furthermore, the economic evaluation indicated that the NLE treatment was found cheaper than control and antibiotic treatment in cost-benefit analysis. Conclusion: We suggest NLE might be a cheaper alternative to antibiotics in broiler production as indicated by improved body weight and feed efficiency.

scholarly journals Weed control in angelica (Angelica archangelica L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-139
Author(s):  
Jovan Lazarević ◽  
Ana Dragumilo ◽  
Tatjana Marković ◽  
Aleksandra Savić ◽  
Dragana Božić
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Physical Method ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Angelica Archangelica ◽  
Random Block ◽  
Medicinal Crops ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Production Areas

Plantation cultivation of medicinal plants is expanding, and since weed control is the biggest challenge in this production, the aim of the study was to examine the possibility of their control by mulching. In addition, herbicide metamitron was included in the study, the use of which in such crops is acceptable in some countries. Angelica archangelica L. was chosen as the experimental crop as its essential oil from the root is one of the most appreciated on the market, due to which an increase in its production areas can be expected. The experiment was set up in five treatments (completely random block system with four replications), as follows: agrotextile waterproof foil, sawdust, herbicide metamitron, control without weeds (positive) and control with weeds (negative). The highest weediness was recorded in the negative control, and in the treatment with herbicide metamitron. Sawdust mulch resulted in a reduction in weediness, compared to the previous two treatments. Agrotextile foil and positive control were free of weeds. Thus, the best efficiency in weed control was achieved by applying agrotextile mulch foil, which completely prevented weed germination (efficiency 100%), a much weaker effect was achieved by using sawdust (efficiency 51.28%), while metamitron reduced fresh weed biomass by only 26.71%. The obtained results show that mulching as a physical method of weed control in angelica crop is more suitable, in comparison with the application of the herbicide metamitron, if the crop is dominated by grass species, which are not in the spectrum of action of this herbicide. The significance of these results is even greater knowing that in our country metamitron, as well as other herbicides, is not registered for use in medicinal crops.

scholarly journals Effects of aqueous moringa oleifera leaf extracts on gut morphology and pH of hubbard broiler chickens

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-105
Author(s):  
S. J. Owolabi ◽  
O. J. Alabi ◽  
A. D. Malik ◽  
E. Z. Jiya ◽  
T. Z. Adama
Keyword(s):  
Large Intestine ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Gut Morphology

This study was conducted to determine the effect of varying aqueous Moringa oleifera leaf extracts (AMOLE) on the gut morphology and pH of Hubbard broiler chickens. Atotal of 240 Hubbard broiler chickens were randomly allocated into six treatments with four replicates in a completely randomized design. The treatments were positive control (AMOLE ), negative + control (AMOLE), AMOLE60 (60mL of the extracts per litre), AMOLE90 (90mL of the extracts per litre), AMOLE120 (120mL of the extracts per litre) and AMOLE150 (150mL of the extracts per litre). Data on gut morphology weight and length and their pH were measured and analysed by one way analysis of variance. The results showed that dressed, crop, large intestine, kidney and lung weights of birds were influenced (P<0.05) by the treatments. Birds in the control treatments (94.67 %, 94.93 %) had the higher (P<0.05) dressing percentage. Birds on the AMOLE60 had the higher (P<0.05) crop and large intestine weights (4.47 and0.23 %, respectively). The birds on the AMOLE90 treatment had the largest kidney weight of 0.33 %. Absolute crop and caecum length were influenced byaqueous Moringa oleifera leaf extracts while the relative caecum length was the only relative organ length that was influenced by aqueous Moringa oleifera leaf extracts treatment.The pH of the internal organs showed that the gizzards, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, kidney and lung were influenced (P<0.05) by the treatments. Birds on positive control treatment had higher pH values in most of the parameters measured. Birds on the AMOLE120 had the lowest (P<0.05) duodenum, jejunum and lung pH. This study revealed AMOLE had influence on the gut morphology and pH of broiler chickens. Therefore, it can be concluded that the substitution of antibiotics as a growth promoter with aqueous Moringa oleifera leaf extracts up to 120 ml improved the gut morphology and pH of the intestinal segmentsin broiler chickens. Thus, is recommended that farmers, poultry producers and nutritionists to administer between 60 and 120 mL/litre of AMOLE in the drinking water of broiler chickens to nourish them for good gut morphology and optimum pH of their internal organs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document