scholarly journals Construction of a Novel Doxorubicin Nanomedicine Using Bindarit as a Carrier: A Multiscale Computer Simulation-Assisted Design-Based Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Anjie Shi ◽  
Ling Long ◽  
Zhibin Liu ◽  
Yao Liu ◽  
Qingjia Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Computational Simulation ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Intermolecular Forces ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Particle Dynamic ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Polymer Carriers ◽  
High Production

Nanomedicines typically use polymeric materials or liposomes as carriers. This provides targeting advantages but may lead to a series of defects, such as low drug loading, high risk in terms of safety, and high production costs. Herein, we report a computer simulation-assisted designing method for the construction of a novel doxorubicin (DOX) nanomedicine without any polymer carriers. We used a small molecular drug, bindarit (BIN), as a carrier of DOX to provide synergistic antitumor effects. First, the intermolecular forces between DOX and BIN were calculated for evaluating the interaction and potential conformation of the DOX/BIN complex. Then, the potential assembly ability of the DOX/BIN complex was predicated here by using dissipative particle dynamic stimulation. These computational simulation results suggested that BIN could form an amphiphilic complex with DOX through π–π stacking, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interaction and then self-assemble to nanoaggregates at the mesoscopic scale. Under the computational guidance, doxorubicin/bindarit nanoparticles (DOX/BIN NPs) in a spherical morphology were successfully prepared, and these NPs possess the original cytotoxic activity of DOX. Thus, this multiscale computer simulation-assisted design strategy can serve as an effective approach to develop nanomedicines using small molecules as a carrier.

scholarly journals Advances in Polyhydroxyalkanoate Nanocarriers for Effective Drug Delivery: An Overview and Challenges

Nanomaterials ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Priyanka Prakash ◽  
Wing-Hin Lee ◽  
Ching-Yee Loo ◽  
Hau Seung Jeremy Wong ◽  
Thaigarajan Parumasivam
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
In Situ Polymerization ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Controlled Drug Release ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
High Production ◽  
The Many

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are natural polymers produced under specific conditions by certain organisms, primarily bacteria, as a source of energy. These up-and-coming bioplastics are an undeniable asset in enhancing the effectiveness of drug delivery systems, which demand characteristics like non-immunogenicity, a sustained and controlled drug release, targeted delivery, as well as a high drug loading capacity. Given their biocompatibility, biodegradability, modifiability, and compatibility with hydrophobic drugs, PHAs often provide a superior alternative to free drug therapy or treatments using other polymeric nanocarriers. The many formulation methods of existing PHA nanocarriers, such as emulsion solvent evaporation, nanoprecipitation, dialysis, and in situ polymerization, are explained in this review. Due to their flexibility that allows for a vessel tailormade to its intended application, PHA nanocarriers have found their place in diverse therapy options like anticancer and anti-infective treatments, which are among the applications of PHA nanocarriers discussed in this article. Despite their many positive attributes, the advancement of PHA nanocarriers to clinical trials of drug delivery applications has been stunted due to the polymers’ natural hydrophobicity, controversial production materials, and high production costs, among others. These challenges are explored in this review, alongside their existing solutions and alternatives.

AN ECONOMICAL STUDY TO MEASUREMENT OF MARKETING EFFICIENCY IN CALF FATTENING FIELDS IN NINEVEH GOVERNORATE(2018)

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah & Al-Taye
Keyword(s):  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Marketing Efficiency ◽  
Basic Source ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
High Production ◽  
Marketing Costs ◽  
Marketing Margins

This study was aimed at assessing marketing efficiency in the main sites of meat production of calf fattening fields in the private sector due to the importance of meat, especially red meat, which has essential nutrient for human body growth and high commodity prices depending on the measurement indicators used to suit the nature of the research conducted in calves fattening production fields in Gogjali region- Nineveh  (2018). The basic source data of the study is obtained from sources on the ongoing ground- marketing questionnaire of three levels, the producer, the wholesaler, the retailer and two fields groups of caste random sample. The first group included (100) fields with imported calves class. The second included (51) fields with local calves class. Whereas, according to the production and marketing costs indicator, the average of marketing efficiency (ME1 ) of marketed meat in both groups of claves fattening fields amounted (92.47, 93.39%) respectively for a kilogram which is a sign of high production costs and, according to the marketing margins indicator, the average of marketing efficiency (ME2 ) of marketed meat in both groups of claves fattening fields amounted (86.89,79.13 %) for per kg which is a sign of high marketing margins. Thus the study concluded a high value of marketing efficiency using the first scale with the fattening period time for both groups while marketing efficiency by using the second scale was characterized by the gradual decline in the imported fattening fields and a gradual rise in the local fattening fields.  The study recommends supporting production inputs (fodder, treatment), unifying markets and limiting the    importation of red meat importation  in order to obtain a good production and currency policy by which the production costs could be reduced to the minimum .

scholarly journals Economic and Sustainability of Biodiesel Production—A Systematic Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-36
Author(s):  
Tamás Mizik ◽  
Gábor Gyarmati
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Important Research Topic ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Production

As Earth’s fossil energy resources are limited, there is a growing need for renewable resources such as biodiesel. That is the reason why the social, economic and environmental impacts of biofuels became an important research topic in the last decade. Depleted stocks of crude oil and the significant level of environmental pollution encourage researchers and professionals to seek and find solutions. The study aims to analyze the economic and sustainability issues of biodiesel production by a systematic literature review. During this process, 53 relevant studies were analyzed out of 13,069 identified articles. Every study agrees that there are several concerns about the first-generation technology; however, further generations cannot be price-competitive at this moment due to the immature technology and high production costs. However, there are promising alternatives, such as wastewater-based microalgae with up to 70% oil content, fat, oils and grease (FOG), when production cost is below 799 USD/gallon, and municipal solid waste-volatile fatty acids technology, where the raw material is free. Proper management of the co-products (mainly glycerol) is essential, especially at the currently low petroleum prices (0.29 USD/L), which can only be handled by the biorefineries. Sustainability is sometimes translated as cost efficiency, but the complex interpretation is becoming more common. Common elements of sustainability are environmental and social, as well as economic, issues.

scholarly journals Bioreactor Operating Strategies for Improved Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Productivity

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren Blunt ◽  
David Levin ◽  
Nazim Cicek
Keyword(s):  
Production Costs ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Fed Batch ◽  
Continuous Bioreactor ◽  
Carbon Substrates ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
High Production ◽  
Operating Strategies ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Industrial Scale Production

Microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are promising biodegradable polymers that may alleviate some of the environmental burden of petroleum-derived polymers. The requirements for carbon substrates and energy for bioreactor operations are major factors contributing to the high production costs and environmental impact of PHAs. Improving the process productivity is an important aspect of cost reduction, which has been attempted using a variety of fed-batch, continuous, and semi-continuous bioreactor systems, with variable results. The purpose of this review is to summarize the bioreactor operations targeting high PHA productivity using pure cultures. The highest volumetric PHA productivity was reported more than 20 years ago for poly(3-hydroxybutryate) (PHB) production from sucrose (5.1 g L−1 h−1). In the time since, similar results have not been achieved on a scale of more than 100 L. More recently, a number fed-batch and semi-continuous (cyclic) bioreactor operation strategies have reported reasonably high productivities (1 g L−1 h−1 to 2 g L−1 h−1) under more realistic conditions for pilot or industrial-scale production, including the utilization of lower-cost waste carbon substrates and atmospheric air as the aeration medium, as well as cultivation under non-sterile conditions. Little development has occurred in the area of fully continuously fed bioreactor systems over the last eight years.

scholarly journals Effect of Micelle-Incorporated Cisplatin With Sizes Ranging From 8 to 40 nm for the Therapy of Lewis Lung Carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhicheng Wang ◽  
Yumin Li ◽  
Tong Zhang ◽  
Hongxia Li ◽  
Zhao Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Copolymers ◽  
Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Lewis Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Complexation Reaction ◽  
Lewis Lung ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Lung Carcinoma Cells

Insufficient transport of therapeutic cargo into tumor bed is a bottleneck in cancer nanomedicine. Block copolymers are promising carriers with smaller particle size by ratio modification. Here, we constructed cisplatin nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 8 to 40 nm to study the permeability and therapy of Lewis lung carcinoma. We synthesized methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)2000-block poly(L-glutamic acid sodium salt)1979 loading cisplatin through complexation reaction. The cisplatin nanomedicine has high drug loading and encapsulation efficiency. In vitro data demonstrated that cisplatin nanoparticles had equivalent growth-inhibiting effects on Lewis lung carcinoma cells compared to free cisplatin. In vivo evidences showed cisplatin nanoparticles had superior antitumor effects on the Lewis lung carcinoma mouse model with no obvious side effects. All results indicated that optimizing the ratio of block copolymers to obtain smaller sized nanomedicine could act as a promising strategy for overcoming the inadequate accumulation in poorly vascularized tumors.

scholarly journals Generation of a double-crowned involute helical gear with twist-free tooth flanks by a CNC hobbing machine with three synchronous axes

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-108
Author(s):  
Van-The Tran
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Rotation Angle ◽  
Computer Numerical Control ◽  
Helical Gear ◽  
Numerical Control ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Parabolic Curve ◽  
Transmission Errors ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Center Distance

In the conventional hobbing process, a double-crowned involute helical gear is generated by the hob cutter with parabolic-curve tooth profiles for the cross-profile crowning and varied the center distance between the hob and work gear for the longitudinal crowning. Therefore, to cut a double-crowned helical gear not only requires at least four synchronous axes and hob cutter regrinding (which increases production costs) but also induces twisted tooth flanks on the generated work gear. In this paper, I propose a hobbing method by applying a modified work gear rotation angle that enables double-crowning of involute helical gear's tooth flanks using a standard hob cutter and a computer numerical control (CNC) hobbing machine with only three synchronous axes. The proposed method has also verified by using two computer simulation examples to compare the meshing-conditions, contact ellipses, and transmission errors of the double-crowned gear pairs with that produced by applying the conventional hobbing method. Computer simulation results reveal the advantages of the proposed novel hobbing method.

scholarly journals USE OF ZEOLITE IS ACTIVATED AS SUBSTITUTION OF CEMENT FOR PRICE AND COST

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Nurfiki Alwi ◽  
Arif Rahman Setiaji ◽  
Abdurrohim Kurnia Agung ◽  
Abdul Halim
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Residential Community ◽  
High Production ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cement Compounds

The number of economic needs is one of the fundamental aspects to support the survival of every individual in an area.  If seen in general, the cost of building the building and residential community still use building materials and installation costs are relatively higher.  With the advancement of technology has found a lightweight brick that has better strength, lighter, faster installation and environmentally friendly, so many people began to switch to using lightweight bricks.  For now the price of lightweight brick is still expensive, but this deficiency is covered with the speed of mounting and light weight so overall lightweight brick usage on certain patterns is very profitable.  The use of cement on lightweight bricks leads to high production costs.  With the above problems we have a breakthrough to replace the cement by using zeozolites containing silica compounds that resemble one of the cement compounds.  In this research, cement replacement with Zeolite is 20%, 40% and 60%.  Before use Zeolite was first activated using Fly Ash ratio of 65% Zeolite: 35% Fly Ash and 50% Zeolite: 50% Fly Ash, also activated using Ca (OH) 2 ratio 65% Zeolite: 35% Ca (OH) 2  And 50% Zeolite: 50% Ca (OH) 2.  Thus, there are 15 compositions including the control composition, each composition will be made up of 10 specimens.  Hypothesis testing using two way anova, tested is the effect of cement change treatment with Zeolite and comparison of Zeolite composition with Fly Ash and Ca (OH) 2 to compressive strength, absorption and cost. Keywords: Zeolite, Cement, compressive strength, Cost

scholarly journals Developing Ceramic Textured Matt Glazes Using Omani Plant Ash: The Contributions of Art Education Teachers

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
BADAR ALMAMARI
Keyword(s):  
Production Costs ◽  
Sultan Qaboos University ◽  
Ceramic Art ◽  
Plant Waste ◽  
Widespread Availability ◽  
High Production ◽  
Foreign Materials ◽  
Crop Waste ◽  
Local Materials ◽  
Plant Ash

<p>It is widely known that ready-made glazes are hugely expensive, in spite of their widespread availability in Oman. Most students of ceramic art, at various levels of education, depend on foreign materials rather than local materials, which has resulted in high production costs. As an environmentally diverse country, Oman has great potential to take advantage of local crop waste plant waste by using it to make attractive ceramic glazes. Ann experimental study conducted at the ceramic studio in Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) led to the development of some excellent recipes for ceramic glazes using 20% to 30% ash. This study has helped to convert Omani plant waste into textured matt ceramic glazes, which are otherwise expensive to procure for educational and commercial purposes.</p>

Textile Based Electrodes for Flexible Lithium-Ion Batteries: New updates

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Alahmed ◽  
Emel Ceyhun Sabır
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Performance ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Electrode Structure ◽  
Flexible Electrodes ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
High Production

: The electrodes are the basis for building flexible lithium-ion batteries (FLIBs), and many attempts have been made to develop flexible electrodes with high efficiency in terms of electrical conductivity, chemical and mechanical properties. Most studies showed relatively satisfactory results when testing the electrochemical properties of laboratory-produced electrodes, but most of these electrodes could not meet the expected requirements of flexible electrodes in practical applications. Quantitative production faces many problems that must be overcome, such as the gradual decline in electrochemical performance, deformation of the electrode structure, high production costs, and difficulties in the production process itself. In this research, developments in the production of flexible electrodes, especially those that depend on carbon materials and metal nanoparticles, will be discussed and summarized in this research. The electrochemical performance and stability of the produced flexible electrodes will be compared. The factors contributing to the progress in the production of flexible lithium-ion batteries will also be discussed.

scholarly journals Preparation of Biphenyl-Conjugated Bromotyrosine for Inhibition of PD-1/PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Interactions

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun-Hye Kim ◽  
Masuki Kawamoto ◽  
Roopa Dharmatti ◽  
Eiry Kobatake ◽  
Yoshihiro Ito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecule ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Small Molecule Drugs ◽  
Programmed Cell Death 1 ◽  
Ic50 Value ◽  
In Silico Simulation ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
High Production

Cancer immunotherapy has been revolutionized by the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that inhibit interactions between immune checkpoint molecules, such as programmed cell-death 1 (PD-1), and its ligand PD-L1. However, mAb-based drugs have some drawbacks, including poor tumor penetration and high production costs, which could potentially be overcome by small molecule drugs. BMS-8, one of the potent small molecule drugs, induces homodimerization of PD-L1, thereby inhibiting its binding to PD-1. Our assay system revealed that BMS-8 inhibited the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction with IC50 of 7.2 μM. To improve the IC50 value, we designed and synthesized a small molecule based on the molecular structure of BMS-8 by in silico simulation. As a result, we successfully prepared a biphenyl-conjugated bromotyrosine (X) with IC50 of 1.5 μM, which was about five times improved from BMS-8. We further prepared amino acid conjugates of X (amino-X), to elucidate a correlation between the docking modes of the amino-Xs and IC50 values. The results suggested that the displacement of amino-Xs from the BMS-8 in the pocket of PD-L1 homodimer correlated with IC50 values. This observation provides us a further insight how to derivatize X for better inhibitory effect.

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