scholarly journals Forecast of China’s Carbon Emissions Based on ARIMA Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Longqi Ning ◽  
Lijun Pei ◽  
Feng Li
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Model Identification ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Identification Parameter ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Reduce Emissions

Global warming caused by carbon emissions has become increasingly prominent. As the world’s second-largest economy, China is under enormous pressure to cut down its carbon dioxide emissions. It is urgent to seek effective methods to forecast carbon emissions and put forward the pointed and effective measures to reduce emissions. In this paper, we first use the software Eviews to make an analysis of randomness on data of carbon emissions in the four representative provinces and city, Beijing, Henan, Guangdong, and Zhejiang, in terms of their carbon emissions data from 1997 to 2017. Then, according to their distinct characteristics, the methods of stationary processing of the difference, moving average, and substituting strong impact points, respectively, are adopted to perform the data preprocessing. Then, model identification, parameter estimation, and model test are carried out to establish the model of ARIMA( p , d, q) for the prediction of the carbon emissions of the four regions, respectively. Finally, the model is used to forecast the data and analyze their tendency for their carbon emissions in the next three years. The results can provide guidance for decision-makers to set reasonable carbon emission reduction targets and take appropriate energy conservation and emission reduction measures.

scholarly journals Incentivizing a Carbon-Free Economy: A Method to Identify Free-Riders

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-85
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Complementary Approach ◽  
Hypothetical Scenario ◽  
Trade Sanctions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Reduce Emissions

Top-down approaches to reducing global carbon dioxide emissions have so far met with limited success, even though most countries accept the urgency of mitigating climate change and have en­tered into various agreements that should help reduce emissions. This article does not dismiss the importance of such “top-down” agreements for developing rational strategies to achieve declining total emissions, but it suggests a complementary approach to encourage immediate “bottom-up” progress on climate goals that do not need to wait for global cooperation. This paper develops a framework to identify free-riding behavior among countries that use three readily measured pa­rameters of the country’s economy: carbon intensity, rate of change of the carbon intensity, and per capita GDP. It then goes on to propose a simple formula to calculate trade sanctions against a free-riding country that could be used in bilateral actions to incentivize carbon emissions reduc­tions. The paper argues that the value of the goods, the difference in carbon intensity between the importer and exporter, and the cost of carbon removal can be used to calculate the unfair trade ad­vantage of a free-riding country. The dynamics of the proposed framework are tested through three case studies, highlighting current free-rider behavior—based on historic emissions for the period 1991–2012; an alternate, hypothetical scenario whereby a subset of countries follow aggressive carbon emission reductions; and a 450 ppm stabilization scenario.

Analyses of Logistics Network Design With the Consideration of Carbon Emission Reduction Preference

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-112
Author(s):  
ZhongMing Tang ◽  
Xingxing Liu ◽  
Yuanrong Hu
Keyword(s):  
Network Design ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Carbon Emission Reduction ◽  
Logistics Network ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Operation Costs ◽  
Considerable Concern

As a major cause of global warming, carbon emissions have become a considerable concern in society. In this paper, the authors examine logistics network design considering the carbon emission reduction preferences of decision-makers. To investigate the effects of carbon reduction preferences on carbon emissions, the authors first develop two optimization models with the objectives of optimizing carbon emissions and operation costs, respectively. Subsequently, the authors analyze the effects of the emission reduction preferences of decision-makers on logistics network design at both the strategic and tactical levels. Moreover, the authors propose coordination mechanisms for carbon emissions and operation costs in logistics network design. The results indicate that emission reduction preferences significantly affect carbon emissions and operation costs in logistics network design, especially at the strategic level.

scholarly journals Dynamic relationship between urban carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Granger Causality ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Dynamic Relationship

<p>Urban economic development cannot be separated from energy consumption, and energy consumption directly leads to a large number of carbon emissions. It is of great significance to study the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth for the implementation of energy conservation, emission reduction and the development of low-carbon economy in cities. A new method of dynamic relationship between urban carbon dioxide emission and economic growth is put forward. The carbon dioxide emission data in cities are calculated by using urban carbon dioxide emission measurement method. The data of economic attributes are obtained by using classification algorithm under uncertain data flow environment. Based on this data, a decoupling model of carbon emission and economic growth is constructed to measure economic growth elasticity of urban carbon emissions; Granger causality test model is established to analyze the Granger causality between urban carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth. The experimental results show that the growth rate of urban economy is obviously faster than that of carbon emissions. Economic growth is the Granger causality of carbon dioxide emissions. On the contrary, the implementation of carbon emission reduction measures will not hinder economic growth.</p>

scholarly journals The impact of socio-economic institutional change on agricultural carbon dioxide emission reduction in China

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251816
Author(s):  
Deng Jie Long ◽  
Li Tang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
The Impact

With the change of social economic system and the rapid growth of agricultural economy in China, the amount of agricultural energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions has increased dramatically. Based on the estimation of agricultural carbon dioxide emissions from 1991 to 2018 in China, this paper uses EKC model to analyze economic growth and agricultural carbon dioxide emissions. The Kaya method is used to decompose the factors affecting agricultural carbon dioxide emissions. The experimental results show that there is a co-integration relationship between economic growth and the total intensity of agricultural carbon emissions, and between economic growth and the intensity of carbon emissions caused by five types of carbon sources: fertilizer, pesticide, agricultural film, agricultural diesel oil and tillage. Economic growth is the main driving factor of agricultural carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, technological progress has a strong role in promoting carbon emission reduction, but it has a certain randomness. However, the impact of energy consumption structure and population size on carbon emissions is not obvious.

scholarly journals Aeromobilities in Transition, From quick and dirty to slow and sexy

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rob Bongaerts ◽  
Jeroen Nawijn ◽  
Eke Eijgelaar ◽  
Paul Peeters
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Air Travel ◽  
Rail Transport ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Carbon Cost ◽  
Regional Tourism ◽  
Sharp Growth

In this chapter we discuss the current impacts of aviation on the environment and climate change. The sharp growth of this industry will lead to an even greater future impact. Therefore, we come with some suggestions to reduce the carbon emissions of the industry. We conclude that a combination of economical, behavioural and technological measures is the only way to go if a decrease of carbon in a growing industry is to be achieved. Price mechanisms like increasing taxes and introducing real carbon cost should lead to less demand for air travel. Furthermore, promoting regional tourism and de-marketing long haul destinations contributes to a sharp emission reduction. Short haul and regional travel should be combined with promoting low carbon travel modes, like rail transport. If decision makers can combine these measures and force their airlines to adopt the latest technological standards on aircraft, we believe that the industry can transform from a ‘quick and dirty’ way of transport to a ‘slow and sexy’ one.

scholarly journals Carbon Emission Estimation of Assembled Composite Concrete Beams during Construction

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1810
Author(s):  
Kaitong Xu ◽  
Haibo Kang ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Ping Jiang ◽  
Na Li
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Composite Beams ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Carbon Emission Reduction ◽  
The Government

At present, the issue of carbon emissions from buildings has become a hot topic, and carbon emission reduction is also becoming a political and economic contest for countries. As a result, the government and researchers have gradually begun to attach great importance to the industrialization of low-carbon and energy-saving buildings. The rise of prefabricated buildings has promoted a major transformation of the construction methods in the construction industry, which is conducive to reducing the consumption of resources and energy, and of great significance in promoting the low-carbon emission reduction of industrial buildings. This article mainly studies the calculation model for carbon emissions of the three-stage life cycle of component production, logistics transportation, and on-site installation in the whole construction process of composite beams for prefabricated buildings. The construction of CG-2 composite beams in Fujian province, China, was taken as the example. Based on the life cycle assessment method, carbon emissions from the actual construction process of composite beams were evaluated, and that generated by the composite beam components during the transportation stage by using diesel, gasoline, and electric energy consumption methods were compared in detail. The results show that (1) the carbon emissions generated by composite beams during the production stage were relatively high, accounting for 80.8% of the total carbon emissions, while during the transport stage and installation stage, they only accounted for 7.6% and 11.6%, respectively; and (2) during the transportation stage with three different energy-consuming trucks, the carbon emissions from diesel fuel trucks were higher, reaching 186.05 kg, followed by gasoline trucks, which generated about 115.68 kg; electric trucks produced the lowest, only 12.24 kg.

scholarly journals Potential Pitfalls in Membrane Fouling Evaluation: Merits of Data Representation as Resistance Instead of Flux Decline in Membrane Filtration

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 460
Author(s):  
Bastiaan Blankert ◽  
Bart Van der Bruggen ◽  
Amy E. Childress ◽  
Noreddine Ghaffour ◽  
Johannes S. Vrouwenvelder
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Data Representation ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Permeable Membrane ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Flux Decline ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Filtration Flux

The manner in which membrane-fouling experiments are conducted and how fouling performance data are represented have a strong impact on both how the data are interpreted and on the conclusions that may be drawn. We provide a couple of examples to prove that it is possible to obtain misleading conclusions from commonly used representations of fouling data. Although the illustrative example revolves around dead-end ultrafiltration, the underlying principles are applicable to a wider range of membrane processes. When choosing the experimental conditions and how to represent fouling data, there are three main factors that should be considered: (I) the foulant mass is principally related to the filtered volume; (II) the filtration flux can exacerbate fouling effects (e.g., concentration polarization and cake compression); and (III) the practice of normalization, as in dividing by an initial value, disregards the difference in driving force and divides the fouling effect by different numbers. Thus, a bias may occur that favors the experimental condition with the lower filtration flux and the less-permeable membrane. It is recommended to: (I) avoid relative fouling performance indicators, such as relative flux decline (J/J0); (II) use resistance vs. specific volume; and (III) use flux-controlled experiments for fouling performance evaluation.

scholarly journals An Examination of Green Credit Promoting Carbon Dioxide Emissions Reduction: A Provincial Panel Analysis of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7148
Author(s):  
Wenjie Zhang ◽  
Mingyong Hong ◽  
Juan Li ◽  
Fuhong Li
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Green Finance ◽  
Carbon Emissions Reduction ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Emissions Intensity ◽  
The Impact

The implementation of green finance is a powerful measure to promote global carbon emissions reduction that has been highly valued by academic circles in recent years. However, the role of green credit in carbon emissions reduction in China is still lacking testing. Using a set of panel data including 30 provinces and cities, this study focused on the impact of green credit on carbon dioxide emissions in China from 2006 to 2016. The empirical results indicated that green credit has a significantly negative effect on carbon dioxide emissions intensity. Furthermore, after the mechanism examination, we found that the promotion impacts of green credit on industrial structure upgrading and technological innovation are two effective channels to help reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Heterogeneity analysis found that there are regional differences in the effect of green credit. In the western and northeastern regions, the effect of green credit is invalid. Quantile regression results implied that the greater the carbon emissions intensity, the better the effect of green credit. Finally, a further discussion revealed there exists a nonlinear correlation between green credit and carbon dioxide emissions intensity. These findings suggest that the core measures to promote carbon emission reduction in China are to continue to expand the scale of green credit, increase the technology R&D investment of enterprises, and to vigorously develop the tertiary industry.

scholarly journals On the Juridical Relevance of the Phenomenological Notion of Person in Max Scheler and Edith Stein

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Galofaro
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Edmund Husserl ◽  
Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Edith Stein ◽  
Max Scheler ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Social Units

AbstractThe paper presents a semiotic interpretation of the phenomenological debate on the notion of person, focusing in particular on Edmund Husserl, Max Scheler, and Edith Stein. The semiotic interpretation lets us identify the categories that orient the debate: collective/individual and subject/object. As we will see, the phenomenological analysis of the relation between person and social units such as the community, the association, and the mass shows similarities to contemporary socio-semiotic models. The difference between community, association, and mass provides an explanation for the establishment of legal systems. The notion of person we inherit from phenomenology can also be useful in facing juridical problems raised by the use of non-human decision-makers such as machine learning algorithms and artificial intelligence applications.

scholarly journals Embodied Energy Optimization of Buttressed Earth-Retaining Walls with Hybrid Simulated Annealing

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1800
Author(s):  
David Martínez-Muñoz ◽  
José V. Martí ◽  
José García ◽  
Víctor Yepes
Keyword(s):  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Cost Optimization ◽  
Energy Optimization ◽  
Optimization Criterion ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Economic Optimization ◽  
Hybrid Simulated Annealing ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Geometric Variables

The importance of construction in the consumption of natural resources is leading structural design professionals to create more efficient structure designs that reduce emissions as well as the energy consumed. This paper presents an automated process to obtain low embodied energy buttressed earth-retaining wall optimum designs. Two objective functions were considered to compare the difference between a cost optimization and an embodied energy optimization. To reach the best design for every optimization criterion, a tuning of the algorithm parameters was carried out. This study used a hybrid simulated optimization algorithm to obtain the values of the geometry, the concrete resistances, and the amounts of concrete and materials to obtain an optimum buttressed earth-retaining wall low embodied energy design. The relation between all the geometric variables and the wall height was obtained by adjusting the linear and parabolic functions. A relationship was found between the two optimization criteria, and it can be concluded that cost and energy optimization are linked. This allows us to state that a cost reduction of €1 has an associated energy consumption reduction of 4.54 kWh. To achieve a low embodied energy design, it is recommended to reduce the distance between buttresses with respect to economic optimization. This decrease allows a reduction in the reinforcing steel needed to resist stem bending. The difference between the results of the geometric variables of the foundation for the two-optimization objectives reveals hardly any variation between them. This work gives technicians some rules to get optimum cost and embodied energy design. Furthermore, it compares designs obtained through these two optimization objectives with traditional design recommendations.

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