scholarly journals Role of Caveolin-1 in Diabetes and Its Complications

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dania Haddad ◽  
Ashraf Al Madhoun ◽  
Rasheeba Nizam ◽  
Fahd Al-Mulla
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Integral Membrane Protein ◽  
Cholesterol Homeostasis ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Caveolin 1

It is estimated that in 2017 there were 451 million people with diabetes worldwide. These figures are expected to increase to 693 million by 2045; thus, innovative preventative programs and treatments are a necessity to fight this escalating pandemic disorder. Caveolin-1 (CAV1), an integral membrane protein, is the principal component of caveolae in membranes and is involved in multiple cellular functions such as endocytosis, cholesterol homeostasis, signal transduction, and mechanoprotection. Previous studies demonstrated that CAV1 is critical for insulin receptor-mediated signaling, insulin secretion, and potentially the development of insulin resistance. Here, we summarize the recent progress on the role of CAV1 in diabetes and diabetic complications.

Cavin-1: caveolae-dependent signalling and cardiovascular disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie J.L. Williams ◽  
Timothy M. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Vascular Endothelial Cells ◽  
Integral Membrane Protein ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Caveolin 1 ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Endothelial Nitric Oxide

Caveolae are curved lipid raft regions rich in cholesterol and sphingolipids found abundantly in vascular endothelial cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. They are multifunctional organelles with roles in clathrin-independent endocytosis, cholesterol transport, mechanosensing and signal transduction. Caveolae provide an environment where multiple receptor signalling components are sequestered, clustered and compartmentalized for efficient signal transduction. Many of these receptors, including cytokine signal transducer gp130 (glycoprotein 130), are mediators of chronic inflammation during atherogenesis. Subsequently, disruption of these organelles is associated with a broad range of disease states including cardiovascular disease and cancer. Cavin-1 is an essential peripheral component of caveolae that stabilizes caveolin-1, the main structural/integral membrane protein of caveolae. Caveolin-1 is an essential regulator of eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) and its disruption leads to endothelial dysfunction which initiates a range of cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders. Although dysfunctional cytokine signalling is also a hallmark of cardiovascular disease, knowledge of caveolae-dependent cytokine signalling is lacking as is the role of cavin-1 independent of caveolae. The present review introduces caveolae, their structural components, the caveolins and cavins, their regulation by cAMP, and their potential role in cardiovascular disease.

scholarly journals MiR-146a in Immunity and Disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Rusca ◽  
Silvia Monticelli
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Different Types ◽  
A Cell ◽  
And Function

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulatory molecules able to influence all aspects of the biology of a cell. They have been associated with diseases such as cancer, viral infections, and autoimmune diseases, and in recent years, they also emerged as important regulators of immune responses. MiR-146a in particular is rapidly gaining importance as a modulator of differentiation and function of cells of the innate as well as adaptive immunity. Given its importance in regulating key cellular functions, it is not surprising that miR-146a expression was also found dysregulated in different types of tumors. In this paper, we summarize recent progress in understanding the role of miR-146a in innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as in disease.

scholarly journals Adapting to insulin resistance in obesity: role of insulin secretion and clearance

Diabetologia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 681-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Hee Jung ◽  
Chan-Hee Jung ◽  
Gerald M. Reaven ◽  
Sun H. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Secretion

scholarly journals Targeting cholesterol homeostasis in hematopoietic malignancies

Blood ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Brendolan ◽  
Vincenzo Russo
Keyword(s):  
Cholesterol Homeostasis ◽  
Cell Integrity ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Hematopoietic Malignancies ◽  
Cell Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
X Receptors

Cholesterol is a vital lipid for cellular functions. It is necessary for membrane biogenesis, cell proliferation and differentiation. In addition to maintaining cell integrity and permeability, increasing evidence indicates a strict link between cholesterol homeostasis, inflammation and haematological tumors. This makes cholesterol homeostasis an optimal therapeutic target for hematopoietic malignancies. Manipulating cholesterol homeostasis either interfering with its synthesis or activating the reverse cholesterol transport via the engagement of liver X receptors (LXRs), affects the integrity of tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. Cholesterol homeostasis has also been manipulated to restore antitumor immune responses in preclinical models. These observations have prompted clinical trials in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) to test the combination of chemotherapy with drugs interfering with cholesterol synthesis, i.e. statins. We review the role of cholesterol homeostasis in hematopoietic malignancies, as well as in cells of the tumor microenvironment, and discuss the potential use of lipid modulators for therapeutic purposes.

scholarly journals An approach to the etiology of metabolic syndrome

2013 ◽  
pp. 57-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angélica M Muñoz ◽  
Gabriel Bedoya ◽  
Claudia Velásquez
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Biochemical Responses ◽  
The World ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms

Increased prevalence of obesity in the world, especially accumulation of abnormal amounts of visceral fat predisposes to insulina resistance, which is the central role of metabolic syndrome (MS). Obesity can deregulate the intracellular signaling of insulina due to the production of inflammatory substances, chemo attractant proteins, adipokines and molecules that trigger hormonal mediator potentials for destabilization of signal transduction, leading to metabolic disorders such as hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. The complexity of the MS and of the genetic mechanisms involved in its etiology derives from the combination of variants on genes involved and environmental factors that predispose it. The purpose of this paper is to review the effects of obesity in molecular and biochemical responses that trigger insulin resistance and its relation to some candidate genes and the ancestral component of the population.

Caveolae: Structure, Function, and Relationship to Disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Parton
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Structure Function ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Interacting Proteins ◽  
Endocytic Vesicle ◽  
Cellular Functions

The plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells is not a simple sheet of lipids and proteins but is differentiated into subdomains with crucial functions. Caveolae, small pits in the plasma membrane, are the most abundant surface subdomains of many mammalian cells. The cellular functions of caveolae have long remained obscure, but a new molecular understanding of caveola formation has led to insights into their workings. Caveolae are formed by the coordinated action of a number of lipid-interacting proteins to produce a microdomain with a specific structure and lipid composition. Caveolae can bud from the plasma membrane to form an endocytic vesicle or can flatten into the membrane to help cells withstand mechanical stress. The role of caveolae as mechanoprotective and signal transduction elements is reviewed in the context of disease conditions associated with caveola dysfunction.

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