scholarly journals 4D Trajectory Planning of Aircraft Taxiing considering Time and Fuel

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Ningning Zhao ◽  
Nan Li ◽  
Yu Sun ◽  
Zheng Gao
Keyword(s):  
Path Planning ◽  
Velocity Profile ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Shortest Path ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Optimal Velocity ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
The Impact

Most of the traditional taxi path planning studies assume that the aircraft is in uniform speed, and the model is optimized based on the shortest taxi time. Although it is easy to solve, it does not consider the change of the speed profile when the aircraft turns, and the optimal taxiing time of the aircraft does not necessarily bring the optimal taxiing fuel consumption. In this paper, the aircraft’s taxi distance and the number of turns in the taxi are considered. The aircraft path planning model with the shortest total distance of the airport surface is established. The improved A ∗ algorithm is used to obtain the shortest path P. Based on this, the shortest path P is established. Considering the multitarget velocity profile model of time and fuel consumption, a heuristic search is used to generate an accurate velocity profile for each path to obtain a 4D trajectory of the aircraft and then quantitative analysis of the impact of aircraft pollutant emissions on the airport environment based on 4D trajectory taxi time. The experimental results show that, compared with the traditional optimization method without considering the turning times, the total taxiing distance and turning times of the aircraft are greatly reduced. By balancing the taxiing time and fuel consumption, a set of Pareto-optimal velocity profiles is generated for the aircraft taxiing path; at the same time, it will help the airport save energy and reduce emissions and improve the quality of the airport environment. It has a high practical application value and is expected to be applied in the real-time air traffic control decision of aircraft surface in the future.

scholarly journals Dynamic Optimization Method for Broadband ADCP Waveform with Environment Constraints

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3768
Author(s):  
Yongshou Yang ◽  
Shiliang Fang
Keyword(s):  
Distance Estimation ◽  
Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Measurement Range ◽  
Velocity Estimation ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Dynamic Configuration ◽  
Optimal Velocity ◽  
Flood Warning ◽  
The Impact

Broadband acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) is widely used in agricultural water resource explorations, such as river discharge monitoring and flood warning. Improving the velocity estimation accuracy of broadband ADCP by adjusting the waveform parameters of a phase-encoded signal will reduce the velocity measurement range and water stratification accuracy, while the promotion of stratification accuracy will degrade the velocity estimation accuracy. In order to minimize the impact of these two problems on the measurement results, the ADCP waveform optimization problem that satisfies the environment constraints while keeping high velocity estimation accuracy or stratification accuracy is studied. Firstly, the relationship between velocity or distance estimation accuracy and signal waveform parameters is studied by using an ambiguity function. Secondly, the constraints of current velocity range, velocity distribution and other environmental characteristics on the waveform parameters are studied. For two common measurement applications, two dynamic configuration methods of waveform parameters with environmental adaptability and optimal velocity estimation accuracy or stratification accuracy are proposed based on the nonlinear programming principle. Experimental results show that compared with the existing methods, the velocity estimation accuracy of the proposed method is improved by more than 50%, and the stratification accuracy is improved by more than 22%.

Numerical and Experimental Study on the Impact of Mild Cold EGR on Exhaust Emissions in a Biodiesel Fueled Diesel Engine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Oliveira ◽  
Junfeng Yang ◽  
Jose Sodre
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Nox Formation ◽  
Ratio Distribution ◽  
Engine Model ◽  
Gas Recirculation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This work evaluated the effect of cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on fuel consumption and pollutant emissions from a diesel engine fueled with B8 (a blend of biodiesel and Diesel 8:92%% by volume), experimentally and numerically. Experiments were carried out on a Diesel power generator with varying loads from 5 kW to 35 kW and 10% of cold EGR ratio. Exhaust emissions (e.g. THC, NOX, CO etc.) were measured and evaluated. The results showed mild EGR and low biodiesel content have minor impact of engine specific fuel consumption, fuel conversion efficiency and in-cylinder pressure. Meanwhile, the combination of EGR and biodiesel reduced THC and NOX up to 52% and 59%, which shows promising effect on overcoming the PM-NOX trade-off from diesel engine. A 3D CFD engine model incorporated with detailed biodiesel combustion kinetics and NOx formation kinetics was validated against measured in-cylinder pressure, temperature and engine-out NO emission from diesel engine. This valid model was then employed to investigate the in-cylinder temperature and equivalence ratio distribution that predominate NOx formation. The results showed that the reduction of NOx emission by EGR and biodiesel is obtained by a little reduction of the local in-cylinder temperature and, mainly, by creating comparatively rich combusting mixture.

scholarly journals Optimization of Aircraft Climb Trajectory considering Environmental Impact under RTA Constraints

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Junqiang Wan ◽  
Honghai Zhang ◽  
Fangzi Liu ◽  
Wenying Lv ◽  
Yifei Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Greenhouse Effect ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Warming Trend ◽  
Weighting Factor ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Sustainable Operation ◽  
Aircraft Performance ◽  
The Impact

In order to realize the concept of air traffic sustainable operation, taking the aircraft climbing stage as an example, firstly, we establish the vertical trajectory model of aircraft climbing, analyze the change rule of aircraft performance parameters under different indicated airspeed, and establish the RTA and RHA constraint models according to the waypoint constraints. Then, considering the fuel economy and the greenhouse effect of pollutant emission, we establish a multiobjective model of aircraft flight parameter optimization, and, based on the multiobjective genetic algorithm, we establish an optimization model. Finally, we use B737-800 aircraft to carry out simulation experiments and find that, with the change of speed, fuel consumption and warming trend are different, and “objective weight, aircraft mass, flight distance, RTA time window, and wind” have different effects on the optimization results. The results show that this optimization method has a good compromise between fuel consumption and greenhouse effect by changing the weighting factor. By optimizing the flight parameters of the aircraft, it can effectively reduce the impact on the environment and provide theoretical support for the green flight of the aircraft.

scholarly journals Environmental Strategies for Selecting Eco-Routing in a Small City

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Francisco Coloma ◽  
Marta García ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Andrés Monzón
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Small City ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Balanced Distribution ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Fuel Consumption And Emissions ◽  
The City

This research aims to find the most ecological itineraries for urban mobility in a small city (eco-routes), where distances are rather short, but car dependence is really high. A real life citywide survey was carried out in the city of Caceres (Spain) with almost 100,000 inhabitants. Research was done on alternating routes, traffic, times of day, and weather conditions. The output of the study was to assess fuel consumption, CO2, and regulated pollutant emissions for different type of vehicles, routes, and drivers. The results show that in the case studied, urban roads had fewer emissions (CO2 and pollutants) but there was an increase in the population affected by pollutants. On the contrary, bypasses reduced travel time and congestion but increased fuel consumption and emissions. Traffic conditions had a greater influence on fuel consumption in petrol vehicles than diesel ones. Therefore, there must be a balanced distribution of traffic in order to minimize congestion, and at the same time to reduce emissions and the number of people affected by harmful pollution levels. There should be a combination of regulatory measures in traffic policies in order to achieve that balance by controlling access to city centres, limiting parking spaces, pedestrianization, and lowering traffic speeds in sensitive areas.

scholarly journals Multi-Objective Optimization of Aircraft Taxiing on the Airport Surface with Consideration to Taxiing Conflicts and the Airport Environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang ◽  
Huang ◽  
Liu ◽  
Li
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Multi Objective Optimization ◽  
Optimization Scheme ◽  
Nsga Ii ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
International Airport ◽  
And Control

High-efficiency taxiing for safe operations is needed by all types of aircraft in busy airports to reduce congestion and lessen fuel consumption and carbon emissions. This task is a challenge in the operation and control of the airport’s surface. Previous studies on the optimization of aircraft taxiing on airport surfaces have rarely integrated waiting constraints on the taxiway into the multi-objective optimization of taxiing time and fuel emissions. Such studies also rarely combine changes to the airport’s environment (such as airport elevation, field pressure, temperature, etc.) with the multi-objective optimization of aircraft surface taxiing. In this study, a multi-objective optimization method for aircraft taxiing on an airport surface based on the airport’s environment and traffic conflicts is proposed. This study aims to achieve a Pareto optimized taxiing scheme in terms of taxiing time, fuel consumption, and pollutant emissions. This research has the following contents: (1) Previous calculations of aircraft taxiing pathways on the airport’s surface have been based on unimpeded aircraft taxiing. Waiting on the taxiway is excluded from the multi-objective optimization of taxiing time and fuel emissions. In this study, the waiting points were selected, and the speed curve was optimized. A multi-objective optimization scheme under aircraft taxiing obstacles was thus established. (2) On this basis, the fuel flow of different aircraft engines was modified with consideration to the aforementioned environmental airport differences, and a multi-objective optimization scheme for aircraft taxiing under different operating environments was also established. (3) A multi-objective optimization of the taxiing time and fuel consumption of different aircraft types was realized by acquiring their parameters and fuel consumption indexes. A case study based on the Shanghai Pudong International Airport was also performed in the present study. The taxiway from the 35R runway to the 551# stand in the Shanghai Pudong International Airport was optimized by the non-dominant sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). The taxiing time, fuel consumption, and pollutant emissions at this airport were compared with those of the Kunming Changshui International Airport and Lhasa Gonggar International Airport, which have different airport environments. Our research conclusions will provide the operations and control departments of airports a reference to determine optimal taxiing schemes.

scholarly journals The impact of single engine taxiing on aircraft fuel consumption and pollutant emissions

2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (1258) ◽  
pp. 1967-1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. J. Stettler ◽  
G. S. Koudis ◽  
S. J. Hu ◽  
A. Majumdar ◽  
W. Y. Ochieng
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Reduce Fuel Consumption ◽  
Flight Data ◽  
Set Operations ◽  
Aircraft Fuel ◽  
Fuel Consumption And Emissions ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTOptimisation of aircraft ground operations to reduce airport emissions can reduce resultant local air quality impacts. Single engine taxiing (SET), where only half of the installed number of engines are used for the majority of the taxi duration, offers the opportunity to reduce fuel consumption, and emissions of NOX, CO and HC. Using 3510 flight data records, this paper develops a model for SET operations and presents a case study of London Heathrow, where we show that SET is regularly implemented during taxi-in. The model predicts fuel consumption and pollutant emissions with greater accuracy than previous studies that used simplistic assumptions. Without SET during taxi-in, fuel consumption and pollutant emissions would increase by up to 50%. Reducing the time before SET is initiated to the 25th percentile of recorded values would reduce fuel consumption and pollutant emissions by 7–14%, respectively, relative to current operations. Future research should investigate the practicalities of reducing the time before SET initialisation so that additional benefits of reduced fuel loadings, which would decrease fuel consumption across the whole flight, can be achieved.

Optimal control of a turbocharged direct injection diesel engine by direct method optimization

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 640-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Manuel Luján ◽  
Carlos Guardiola ◽  
Benjamín Pla ◽  
Alberto Reig
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Optimal Control Strategy

This work studies the effect and performance of an optimal control strategy on engine fuel efficiency and pollutant emissions. An accurate mean value control-oriented engine model has been developed and experimental validation on a wide range of operating conditions was carried out. A direct optimization method based on Euler’s collocation scheme is used in combination with the above model in order to address the optimal control of the engine. This optimization method provides the optimal trajectories of engine controls (fueling rate, exhaust gas recirculation valve position, variable turbine geometry position and start of injection) to reproduce a predefined route (speed trajectory including variable road grade), minimizing fuel consumption with limited [Formula: see text] emissions and a low soot stamp. This optimization procedure is performed for a set of different [Formula: see text] emission limits in order to analyze the trade-off between optimal fuel consumption and minimum emissions. Optimal control strategies are validated in an engine test bench and compared against engine factory calibration. Experimental results show that significant improvements in both fuel efficiency and emissions reduction can be achieved with optimal control strategy. Fuel savings at about 4% and less than half of the factory [Formula: see text] emissions were measured in the actual engine, while soot generation was still low. Experimental results and optimal control trajectories are thoroughly analyzed, identifying the different strategies that allowed those performance improvements.

scholarly journals Characterization of Real-World Pollutant Emissions and Fuel Consumption of Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks with Latest Emissions Control

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos Keramydas ◽  
Leonidas Ntziachristos ◽  
Christos Tziourtzioumis ◽  
Georgios Papadopoulos ◽  
Ting-Shek Lo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Real World ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Emission Measurement ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel ◽  
Diesel Trucks ◽  
The Impact

Heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDTs) comprise a key source of road transport emissions and energy consumption worldwide mainly due to the growth of road freight traffic during the last two decades. Addressing their air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions is therefore required, while accurate emission factors are needed to logistically optimize their operation. This study characterizes real-world emissions and fuel consumption (FC) of HDDTs and investigates the factors that affect their performance. Twenty-two diesel-fueled, Euro IV to Euro VI, HDDTs of six different manufacturers were measured in the road network of the Hong Kong metropolitan area, using portable emission measurement systems (PEMS). The testing routes included urban, highway and mixed urban/highway driving. The data collected corresponds to a wide range of driving, operating, and ambient conditions. Real-world distance- and energy-based emission levels are presented in a comparative manner to capture the effect of after-treatment technologies and the role of the evolution of Euro standards on emissions performance. The emission factors’ uncertainty is analyzed. The impact of speed, road grade and vehicle weight loading on FC and emissions is investigated. An analysis of diesel particulate filter (DPF) regenerations and ammonia (NH3) slip events are presented along with the study of Nitrous oxide (N2O) formation. The results reveal deviations of real-world HDDTs emissions from emission limits, as well as the significant impact of different operating and driving factors on their performance. The occasional high levels of N2O emissions from selective catalytic reduction equipped HDDTs is also revealed, an issue that has not been thoroughly considered so far.

scholarly journals Effect Of Speeds and Under Inlet Pulsating Flow Conditions onthePerformance ofthe Twin-Entry Mixed Flow Turbine

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
Pulsating Flow ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Ansys Cfx ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Inlet Conditions ◽  
Design Speed ◽  
Turbine Design ◽  
The Impact

This study has highlighted how the needs of drastically reduces carbon, pollutant emissions andenergy recovery in vehicle propulsion systems. The object of this research is to reduce emissions of gaspollutants by investigating the impact of speed and frequency towards the automotive turbocharger. This willdefinitely lead to a reduction in fuel consumption leading to a reduction in the amount of CO2 gas emissions.The present work is conducted with the view to push one step closer towards the full incorporation of thepulsating flow efficiency in the turbine design. In addition, the pulse frequency and the pulsating flowfrequency effects the performances of the turbine are analyzed. The numerical results of the present study arecompared with the experimental data. ANSYS-CFX software is used to solve the equations of a viscous,compressible, highly unsteady and three dimensional turbine inflows. The simulations are conducted at 29,500rpm, 41,500 rpm and 59,740 rpm and respectively at 50%,70% and 100% design speed for both 40 Hz, 56,8 Hzand 80 Hz pulsating flow inlet conditions

scholarly journals The impact of roof box on fuel consumption

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-32
Author(s):  
František Synák ◽  
◽  
Vladimír Rievaj
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Passenger Vehicles ◽  
Financial Costs ◽  
Vehicle Operation ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Criteria Pollutant Emissions

Passenger vehicles are major petroleum consumers and contributors of greenhouse gas and criteria pollutant emissions in many countries around the world. The amount of fuel consumed affects the environment, status of health of human population as well as financial costs that are associated with vehicle operation. The roof box is one of the often used vehicle attachments. The aim of the paper is to measure the increase of fuel consumption affected by an installed roof box. The impact of roof box on the increase of fuel consumption is measured at the speeds of 50 km.h-1, 90 km.h-1 and 130 km.h-1. The introduction of the paper describes particular harmful constituents of exhaust gases and their effects. Another part of the article includes the methodology of measurement and its results. The last part of the article involves the evaluation of results and recommendations relating to reduction of the increase of fuel consumption affected by roof box.

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