scholarly journals Androgen Effects on the Adrenergic System of the Vascular, Airway, and Cardiac Myocytes and Their Relevance in Pathological Processes

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Abril Carbajal-García ◽  
Jorge Reyes-García ◽  
Luis M. Montaño
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Cardiac Myocytes ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Adrenergic System ◽  
Bronchodilator Effect ◽  
Asthma Symptoms ◽  
Genomic Effects ◽  
Androgen Effects ◽  
Relaxing Response

Introduction. Androgen signaling comprises nongenomic and genomic pathways. Nongenomic actions are not related to the binding of the androgen receptor (AR) and occur rapidly. The genomic effects implicate the binding to a cytosolic AR, leading to protein synthesis. Both events are independent of each other. Genomic effects have been associated with different pathologies such as vascular ischemia, hypertension, asthma, and cardiovascular diseases. Catecholamines play a crucial role in regulating vascular smooth muscle (VSM), airway smooth muscle (ASM), and cardiac muscle (CM) function and tone. Objective. The aim of this review is an updated analysis of the role of androgens in the adrenergic system of vascular, airway, and cardiac myocytes. Body. Testosterone (T) favors vasoconstriction, and its concentration fluctuation during life stages can affect the vascular tone and might contribute to the development of hypertension. In the VSM, T increases α1-adrenergic receptors (α1-ARs) and decreases adenylyl cyclase expression, favoring high blood pressure and hypertension. Androgens have also been associated with asthma. During puberty, girls are more susceptible to present asthma symptoms than boys because of the increment in the plasmatic concentrations of T in young men. In the ASM, β2-ARs are responsible for the bronchodilator effect, and T augments the expression of β2-ARs evoking an increase in the relaxing response to salbutamol. The levels of T are also associated with an increment in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk. In the CM, activation of α1A-ARs and β2-ARs increases the ionotropic activity, leading to the development of contraction, and T upregulates the expression of both receptors and improves the myocardial performance. Conclusions. Androgens play an essential role in the adrenergic system of vascular, airway, and cardiac myocytes, favoring either a state of health or disease. While the use of androgens as a therapeutic tool for treating asthma symptoms or heart disease is proposed, the vascular system is warmly affected.

scholarly journals The Role of Uridine Adenosine Tetraphosphate in the Vascular System

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayuki Matsumoto ◽  
Rita C. Tostes ◽  
R. Clinton Webb
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Purinergic Receptors ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Vascular System

The endothelium plays a pivotal role in vascular homeostasis, and endothelial dysfunction is a major feature of cardiovascular diseases, such as arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. Recently, uridine adenosine tetraphosphate (Up4A) has been identified as a novel and potent endothelium-derived contracting factor (EDCF). Up4A structurally contains both purine and pyrimidine moieties, which activate purinergic receptors. There is an accumulating body of evidence to show that Up4A modulates vascular function by actions on endothelial and smooth muscle cells. In this paper, we discuss the effects of Up4A on vascular function and a potential role for Up4A in cardiovascular diseases.

Role of PDGF-B and PDGFR-beta in recruitment of vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes during embryonic blood vessel formation in the mouse

Development ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (14) ◽  
pp. 3047-3055 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hellstrom ◽  
M. Kal n ◽  
P. Lindahl ◽  
A. Abramsson ◽  
C. Betsholtz
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Vascular Smooth Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Brdu Labeling ◽  
Pdgfr Beta

Development of a vascular system involves the assembly of two principal cell types - endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells/pericytes (vSMC/PC) - into many different types of blood vessels. Most, if not all, vessels begin as endothelial tubes that subsequently acquire a vSMC/PC coating. We have previously shown that PDGF-B is critically involved in the recruitment of pericytes to brain capillaries and to the kidney glomerular capillary tuft. Here, we used desmin and alpha-smooth muscle actin (ASMA) as markers to analyze vSMC/PC development in PDGF-B−/− and PDGFR-beta−/− embryos. Both mutants showed a site-specific reduction of desmin-positive pericytes and ASMA-positive vSMC. We found that endothelial expression of PDGF-B was restricted to immature capillary endothelial cells and to the endothelium of growing arteries. BrdU labeling showed that PDGFR-beta-positive vSMC/PC progenitors normally proliferate at sites of endothelial PDGF-B expression. In PDGF-B−/− embryos, limb arterial vSMC showed a reduced BrdU-labeling index. This suggests a role of PDGF-B in vSMC/PC cell proliferation during vascular growth. Two modes of vSMC recruitment to newly formed vessels have previously been suggested: (1) de novo formation of vSMC by induction of undifferentiated perivascular mesenchymal cells, and (2) co-migration of vSMC from a preexisting pool of vSMC. Our data support both modes of vSMC/PC development and lead to a model in which PDGFR-beta-positive vSMC/PC progenitors initially form around certain vessels by PDGF-B-independent induction. Subsequent angiogenic sprouting and vessel enlargement involves PDGF-B-dependent vSMC/PC progenitor co-migration and proliferation, and/or PDGF-B-independent new induction of vSMC/PC, depending on tissue context.

scholarly journals Mural Cells: Potential Therapeutic Targets to Bridge Cardiovascular Disease and Neurodegeneration

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 593
Author(s):  
Alexander Lin ◽  
Niridu Jude Peiris ◽  
Harkirat Dhaliwal ◽  
Maria Hakim ◽  
Weizhen Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Vascular Wall ◽  
Cell Plasticity ◽  
Mural Cell ◽  
Mural Cells ◽  
Heterogenous Population

Mural cells collectively refer to the smooth muscle cells and pericytes of the vasculature. This heterogenous population of cells play a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure, distribution, and the structural integrity of the vascular wall. As such, dysfunction of mural cells can lead to the pathogenesis and progression of a number of diseases pertaining to the vascular system. Cardiovascular diseases, particularly atherosclerosis, are perhaps the most well-described mural cell-centric case. For instance, atherosclerotic plaques are most often described as being composed of a proliferative smooth muscle cap accompanied by a necrotic core. More recently, the role of dysfunctional mural cells in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, is being recognized. In this review, we begin with an exploration of the mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases, such as mural cell plasticity. Next, we highlight a selection of signaling pathways (PDGF, Notch and inflammatory signaling) that are conserved across both diseases. We propose that conserved mural cell signaling mechanisms can be exploited for the identification or development of dual-pronged therapeutics that impart both cardio- and neuroprotective qualities.

scholarly journals Contractile and endothelium-dependent dilatation aortic reactions in hyperthyroidism

2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 38-41
Author(s):  
L. S. Luksha ◽  
I. M. Bagel ◽  
L. M. Lobanok
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Adrenergic System ◽  
Isolated Aorta ◽  
Strong Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Low Sensitivity

То prove the hypothesis that onset of hyperthyroidism may be attributed not only to hyperactivity of beta-adrenergic system but also to enhanced endothelial impacts on the tone of smooth muscle cells, the authors studied the role of endothelium in regulation of functional activity of arterial vessels in hypothyroidism. The experiments were made on isolated aortic segments of euthyroid and hyperthyroid female rats. Contractile and endothelium-dependent dilatations of the aortic segments in response to noradrenaline and carbacholine, respectively, were studied. It was shown that in hyperthyroidism contractile reactions of the aorta to noradrenalin are less expressed as a result of low sensitivity of the smooth muscle cells to this agonist and strong inhibitory effect of endothelium on these reactions. Dilatatory endothelium-dependent reactions of the isolated aorta in hyperthyroidism are more expressed. Enhancement of carbacholine dilatotory effects may be due to endothelial hyperpolarising factor, whose eficiency grows with a thyroxin-stimulated rise in the number of units of the Na*K*A TPase pump. The findings indicate an essential role of endothelium in mechanisms of hyperthyroid circulatory disorders.

The role of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in opossum esophageal smooth muscle contractillty

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A57-A57 ◽  
Author(s):  
P ROY ◽  
Y ZHANG ◽  
S LORENSSEN ◽  
M BLENNERHASETT ◽  
W PATERSON
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle

Role of stat6 in hypercontractility of murine small intestinal smooth muscle induced by nematode infection

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A534-A534
Author(s):  
A ZHAO ◽  
D MULLOY ◽  
J URBANJR ◽  
W GAUSE ◽  
T SHEADONOHUE
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Nematode Infection ◽  
Intestinal Smooth Muscle ◽  
Small Intestinal

The role of WNT/b-catenin signaling in smooth muscle cells during lung development and repair

Pneumologie ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Moiseenko ◽  
E El Agha ◽  
B MacKenzie ◽  
S De Langhe ◽  
S Bellusci
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Lung Development ◽  
Muscle Cells
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