scholarly journals The Influence of LED Lighting on Attention and Long-Term Memory

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chung Won Lee ◽  
Jin Ho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Retention Volume ◽  
Word Fragment ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Led Lighting ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Led Lights

The fact that the illuminance of LED lights affects human attention and long-term memory has been verified through various studies, but there are no consistent research results about what level of illuminance is effective. The aims of this study were to systematically verify the effects of LED lighting on attention and long-term memory. The experiment was designed with four illuminance levels—300 lx, 400 lx, 500 lx, and 1,000 lx—as experimental conditions to determine the effects of LED lights on attention and long-term memory. Participants in the experiment were 18 college students. The attention task was performed using a handmade attention measuring instrument. Long-term memory was measured by the word fragment completion (hereinafter, referred to as “WFC”) task on the memory retention volume of the learning task that was learned exactly 24 hours before. Of the total 20 tasks, the ratio of correctly retrieval tasks was used as a dependent variable. As a result, attention showed the highest performance with a mean performance of 19.39 (SD = 3.78) at 1,000 lx. A statistically significant difference was also found between the 1,000 lx and 300  lx conditions (p=0.01). On the contrary, long-term memory showed the highest retrieval rate at an average of 58.06% (SD = 22.57) at 400 lx, and long-term memory performance was better in the order of 500 lx (mean = 48.89, SD = 20.33), 1,000 lx (mean = 45.83, SD = 23.53), and 300 lx (Mean = 43.33, SD = 19.10). Statistically, there was a significant difference between 300 lx and 400 lx (p=0.01), 400 lx and 1,000 lx (p=0.01). Through this study, it was verified that the effects of attention and long-term memory are different according to the illuminance of LED lighting, and these results can be important data to clarify the influence of light on human memory in the future.

The effects of continuous versus partial reinforcement schedules on associative learning, memory and extinction in Lymnaea stagnalis

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (8) ◽  
pp. 1171-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Sangha ◽  
Chloe McComb ◽  
Andi Scheibenstock ◽  
Christine Johannes ◽  
Ken Lukowiak
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Reinforcement Schedules ◽  
Conditioning Procedure ◽  
Term Memory

SUMMARY A continuous schedule of reinforcement (CR) in an operant conditioning procedure results in the acquisition of associative learning and the formation of long-term memory. A 50 % partial reinforcement (PR) schedule does not result in learning. The sequence of PR—CR training has different and significant effects on memory retention and resistance to extinction. A CR/PR schedule results in a longer-lasting memory than a PR/CR schedule. Moreover,the memory produced by the CR/PR schedule is resistant to extinction training. In contrast, extinction occurs following the PR/CR schedule.

Separate chemical inhibitors of long-term and short-term memory: contrasting effects of cycloheximide, ouabain and ethacrynic acid on various learning tasks in chickens

1977 ◽  
Vol 196 (1123) ◽  
pp. 171-195 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Ethacrynic Acid ◽  
Fixed Number ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Training Procedure ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

Cycloheximide injected into the brains of chickens 10 min before training does not effect their learning of a visual discrimination task, or memory of that task for at least 1 h after training. When tested 24 h later no memory of the training procedure is detectable. In contrast, ouabain injected 10 min before training prevents the expression of learning during training. The block lasts for up to 1 h, but from that time on memory begins to appear. Ouabain does not affect performance when injected just before testing for memory retention 24 h after training. It therefore affects neither the readout of long-term memory nor motivation nor perceptual abilities necessary for performance of the learning task. In birds treated with ouabain, after training on an operant task for heat reward by a procedure requiring a fixed number of reinforcements, memory is absent 20 min later but is well established at 24 h. Cycloheximide blocks long-term memory of this task. Like ouabain, ethacrynic acid, injected into the brain of chickens 10 min before training prevents the expression of learning of visual discrimination. Ethacrynic acid hastens the decline of memory after one-trial passive avoidance learning. It also blocks observational learning. We conclude that ouabain and ethacrynic acid block access to short-term memory, whereas cycloheximide interferes with the registration of long-term memory. Comparing the pharmacology of ethacrynic acid and ouabain their common known actions are on the Na/K fluxes across cell membranes. We suggest that long lasting changes in distribution of these ions in recently active nerve cells may be at the basis of access to memory during and shortly after learning.

Movement Retrieval from Long-Term Memory: Physical versus Mental Rehearsal

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 603-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Puretz
Keyword(s):  
Original Learning ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Mental Rehearsal ◽  
Dance Movement ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Covert Rehearsal ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rehearsal Strategies ◽  
Dance Movements

Despite references in the psychomotor literature regarding the use of rehearsal strategies in recovering movements from longer term memory, no significant difference between physical (overt) and mental (covert) rehearsal strategies for retrieving a complex dance movement over 30 min., 2 days, and 1 wk. were observed for 72 college women in beginning dance classes. Further, no rehearsal was as effective as either physical or mental rehearsal for retrieving dance movements for up to 1 wk. after original learning by these inexperienced dancers. The findings raise the possibility that other forms of retrieval than those already proposed are used to recover complex dance movements from longer term memory.

scholarly journals Enhancement of long-term memory retention and short-term synaptic plasticity in cbl-b null mice

2006 ◽  
Vol 103 (13) ◽  
pp. 5125-5130 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Tan ◽  
Q.-Y. Liu ◽  
N. Koshiya ◽  
H. Gu ◽  
D. Alkon
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

scholarly journals Comparison of the Effect of Major- Versus Minor-Keyed Music on Long-Term Declarative Memory in High School Students

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106
Author(s):  
Anita Sayar
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Experimental Test ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
School Students ◽  
Term Memory

This pilot study compared the effect of music played in major and minor keys on long-term declarative memory in high school students. Major and minor keys are pivotal theoretical distinctions in music known to trigger different emotional responses. While the influence of specific genres of music on memory have been studied, possible effects of the tonality of music have not been explored. It was hypothesized that music would improve LT-DM, and music played in the minor key would illicit a greater improvement than the major. A total of 21 volunteer high school students were equally randomized between two groups. Each group completed a control and an experimental long-term memory test. Tests comprised of a reading phase where students studied a standardized passage, and a multiple-choice question phase 7 days later, where their memory of the studied text was examined. The reading phase of the control test was conducted in a quiet environment. During the reading phase of the experimental test, a piece of piano music was played. The same music was played in the major key for one group and in the minor key for the other. Both groups demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in the experimental test compared to their own control (p = 0.0078, p = 0.0107). A trend towards better memory retention with the minor-keyed music was observed compared with the major key. The difference between the two groups of improvement with music, however, did not meet statistical significance (p = 0.31). A larger complementary study may provide more definitive information regarding comparative effects of major and minor musical keys on long-term memory.

scholarly journals The Effect of Chronic Treatment with Lacosamide and Topiramate on Cognitive Functions and Impaired Emotional Responses in a Pilocarpine-induced Post-status Epilepticus Rat Model

Folia Medica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-729
Author(s):  
Michaela Shishmanova-Doseva ◽  
Jana Tchekalarova ◽  
Zlatina Nenchovska ◽  
Natasha Ivanova ◽  
Katerina Georgieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Status Epilepticus ◽  
Antiepileptic Drugs ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Anxiolytic Effect ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Learning Session ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Early Retention

Introduction: Epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs can affect negatively the cognitive abilities of patients. Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of topiramate (TPM) and lacosamide (LCM) on the emotional and cognitive re-sponses in naive animals and in animals with pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus.  Materials and methods: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups and status epilepticus was evoked in half of them by a single i.p. administration of pilocarpine (Pilo) (320 mg/kg): Pilo-veh, Pilo-TPM (80 mg/kg) and Pilo-LCM (30 mg/kg). Matched naive rats were treated with the same doses as follows: C-veh, C-TPM, and C-LCM. In a step-down passive avoidance test, the learning session was held for one day, the early retention test was conducted on day 2, and the long-term memory test - on day 7. Motor activity and anxiety were evaluated in an open field test.  Results: The Pilo-TPM and Pilo-LCM groups increased the time spent on the platform compared to Pilo-veh animals while the C-LCM animals decreased the time compared to C-veh animals during short- and long-term memory retention tests. TPM and LCM exerted an anxiolytic effect in naive rats. The two antiepileptic drugs were unable to alleviate the hyperactivity, but they alleviated the impulsivity associated with decreased anxiety level in epileptic rats. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that LCM and TPM have a beneficial effect on cognition both in naive and epileptic rats. While the two antiepileptic drugs can produce an anxiolytic effect in naive rats, they alleviate the impulsivity after pilocarpine treatment.

First-Letter Clues in the Retrieval of Proper Names from Long-Term Memory

1968 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 851-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Hopkins ◽  
R. C. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Proper Names ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
High Association ◽  
Discrete Trials ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Degree Of Association ◽  
Stimulus Materials ◽  
Proportion Correct

Each of four experiments required retrieval of proper names from long-term memory. In Exps. I and II a picture of a well-known person was presented on each of a series of discrete trials and S was to say, as rapidly as possible, the surname of the person pictured. on each trial of Exps. III and IV S was given a book title, or titles, and asked to say the surname of the author. In some of the conditions the first letter of the target name was provided, and in some it was not. The results of each experiment indicated a small, but reliable, facilitation of name recall by a first-letter clue; the magnitude of the effect was independent of the class of stimulus materials and of other experimental conditions. In Exp. III, three titles corresponding to each author were rank-ordered by S according to their degree of association with the author. Exp. IV indicated that the proportion correct was higher and that the latency of correct responses was shorter, when a single-title stimulus was of high association with the author than when that association was of low strength. The clue effect in the latter experiment did not interact with the degree of association between the title and the author. It was suggested that the clue effect was not larger because, for those names he was likely to recall, S had considerable first-letter information available before presentation of the clue.

scholarly journals Propofol and Midazolam Inhibit Conscious Memory Processes Very Soon after Encoding: An Event-related Potential Study of Familiarity and Recollection in Volunteers

2009 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Veselis ◽  
Kane O. Pryor ◽  
Ruth A. Reinsel ◽  
Yuelin Li ◽  
Meghana Mehta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Memory Function ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Drug Infusion ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Related Potentials

Background Intravenous drugs active via gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors to produce memory impairment during conscious sedation. Memory function was assessed using event-related potentials (ERPs) while drug was present. Methods The continuous recognition task measured recognition of photographs from working (6 s) and long-term (27 s) memory while ERPs were recorded from Cz (familiarity recognition) and Pz electrodes (recollection recognition). Volunteer participants received sequential doses of one of placebo (n = 11), 0.45 and 0.9 microg/ml propofol (n = 10), 20 and 40 ng/ml midazolam (n = 12), 1.5 and 3 microg/ml thiopental (n = 11), or 0.25 and 0.4 ng/ml dexmedetomidine (n = 11). End-of-day yes/no recognition 225 min after the end of drug infusion tested memory retention of pictures encoded on the continuous recognition tasks. Results Active drugs increased reaction times and impaired memory on the continuous recognition task equally, except for a greater effect of midazolam (P < 0.04). Forgetting from continuous recognition tasks to end of day was similar for all drugs (P = 0.40), greater than placebo (P < 0.001). Propofol and midazolam decreased the area between first presentation (new) and recognized (old, 27 s later) ERP waveforms from long-term memory for familiarity (P = 0.03) and possibly for recollection processes (P = 0.12). Propofol shifted ERP amplitudes to smaller voltages (P < 0.002). Dexmedetomidine may have impaired familiarity more than recollection processes (P = 0.10). Thiopental had no effect on ERPs. Conclusion Propofol and midazolam impaired recognition ERPs from long-term memory but not working memory. ERP measures of memory revealed different pathways to end-of-day memory loss as early as 27 s after encoding.

How the Efficiency of Mutual Funds in India Have Evolved over Time: A Study on Selected Mutual Funds in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-26
Author(s):  
Radhika Prosad Datta ◽  
Jayanta Kumar Seal ◽  
Jayanta Kumar Seal
Keyword(s):  
Market Efficiency ◽  
Mutual Funds ◽  
Hurst Exponent ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Over Time

This paper studies the long term memory of the returns from selected mutual funds from the large, mid & small cap and hybrid categories in India, over 10 years starting from 2008-09. The Hurst exponent is used to study the persistence and anti-persistent or mean-reverting trends and hence the market efficiency of the returns of the funds across various categories and periods are analyzed. The findings indicate, that there seems to be no significant difference in the market efficiency of various mutual funds across the categories studied over our period of interest. Although for certain periods all the categories do show persistent or anti-persistent behavior, there does not seem to be any particular pattern in such behaviour.

Working memory: Unemployed but still doing day labor

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 760-769
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Ruchkin ◽  
Jordan Grafman ◽  
Katherine Cameron ◽  
Rita S. Berndt
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Target Article

The goal of our target article is to establish that electrophysiological data constrain models of short-term memory retention operations to schemes in which activated long-term memory is its representational basis. The temporary stores correspond to neural circuits involved in the perception and subsequent processing of the relevant information, and do not involve specialized neural circuits dedicated to the temporary holding of information outside of those embedded in long-term memory. The commentaries ranged from general agreement with the view that short-term memory stores correspond to activated long-term memory (e.g., Abry, Sato, Schwartz, Loevenbruck & Cathiard [Abry etal.], Cowan, Fuster, Grote, Hickok & Buchsbaum, Keenan, Hyönä & Kaakinen [Keenan et al.], Martin, Morra), to taking a definite exception to this view (e.g., Baddeley, Düzel, Logie & Della Sala, Kroger, Majerus, Van der Linden, Colette & Salmon [Majerus et al.], Vallar).

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