scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Norovirus Strains Isolated from Older Children and Adults in Impoverished Communities of Vhembe District, South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
G. Mulondo ◽  
R. Khumela ◽  
J. P. Kabue ◽  
A. N. Traore ◽  
N. Potgieter
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Vhembe District

Background. Human norovirus (NoV) is an etiological agent associated with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in both children and adults worldwide. However, very few studies have been reported on the prevalence and genetic diversity of NoV strains in children older than 5 years of age and adults with little or inadequate water and sanitation conditions. Objectives. The aim of this study was assessing the prevalence of the human norovirus in older children and adults suffering with diarrhoea from rural communities in the Vhembe district, Limpopo province. Methods. Between August 2017 and October 2018, stool samples were collected from outpatients suffering from AGE and screened for NoV strains using the RIDA©GENE norovirus I and II real-time one-step RT-PCR. RNA extracts of NoV-positive samples were subjected to RT-PCR amplification and nucleotide sequencing to genotype the positive NoV strains. Results. Out of 80 collected stool samples, 13 (16%) were tested positive for norovirus. Genogroup GII was identified in 6/13 (46%) samples and genogroup GI in 7/13 (54%) samples. The sequence analyses showed multiple genotypes including GII.Pg, GII.1, GII.2, GII.4, and GI.3. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the relatedness of NoV genotypes identified with other strains reported globally. Conclusion. Continued systematic surveillance to evaluate norovirus association with diarrhoea is needed to assist with epidemiological surveillance and disease burden in people of all the age groups.

scholarly journals Human norovirus GII.4 Hong Kong variant shares common ancestry with GII.4 Osaka and emerged in Thailand in 2016

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0256572
Author(s):  
Watchaporn Chuchaona ◽  
Jira Chansaenroj ◽  
Jiratchaya Puenpa ◽  
Sarawut Khongwichit ◽  
Sumeth Korkong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Common Ancestry ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Norovirus Gii

Human norovirus is a leading cause of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis, which affects all age groups and are found globally. Infections are highly contagious and often occur as outbreaks. Periodic emergence of new strains are not uncommon and novel variants are named after the place of first reported nucleotide sequence. Here, we identified human norovirus GII.4 Hong Kong variant in stool samples from Thai patients presented with acute gastroenteritis. Comparison of amino acid residues deduced from the viral nucleotide sequence with those of historical and contemporary norovirus GII.4 strains revealed notable differences, which mapped to the defined antigenic sites of the viral major capsid protein. Time-scaled phylogenetic analysis suggests that GII.4 Hong Kong shared common ancestry with GII.4 Osaka first reported in 2007, and more importantly, did not evolve from the now-prevalent GII.4 Sydney lineage. As circulation of norovirus minor variants can lead to eventual widespread transmission in susceptible population, this study underscores the potential emergence of the GII.4 Hong Kong variant, which warrants vigilant molecular epidemiological surveillance.

scholarly journals Rotavirus A in Brazil: Molecular Epidemiology and Surveillance during 2018–2019

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meylin Bautista Gutierrez ◽  
Alexandre Madi Fialho ◽  
Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão ◽  
Fábio Correia Malta ◽  
Juliana da Silva Ribeiro de Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Emergency Department Visits ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Rotavirus A ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
The Impact

Rotavirus A (RVA) vaccines succeeded in lowering the burden of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide, especially preventing severe disease and mortality. In 2019, Brazil completed 13 years of RVA vaccine implementation (Rotarix™) within the National Immunization Program (NIP), and as reported elsewhere, the use of Rotarix™ in the country has reduced childhood mortality and morbidity due to AGE. Even though both marketed vaccines are widely distributed, the surveillance of RVA causing AGE and the monitoring of circulating genotypes are important tools to keep tracking the epidemiological scenario and vaccines impact. Thus, our study investigated RVA epidemiological features, viral load and G and P genotypes circulation in children and adults presenting AGE symptoms in eleven states from three out of five regions in Brazil. By using TaqMan®-based one-step RT-qPCR, we investigated a total of 1536 stool samples collected from symptomatic inpatients, emergency department visits and outpatients from January 2018 to December 2019. G and P genotypes of RVA-positive samples were genetically characterized by multiplex RT-PCR or by nearly complete fragment sequencing. We detected RVA in 12% of samples, 10.5% in 2018 and 13.7% in 2019. A marked winter/spring seasonality was observed, especially in Southern Brazil. The most affected age group was children aged >24–60 months, with a positivity rate of 18.8% (p < 0.05). Evaluating shedding, we found a statistically lower RVA viral load in stool samples collected from children aged up to six months compared to the other age groups (p < 0.05). The genotype G3P[8] was the most prevalent during the two years (83.7% in 2018 and 65.5% in 2019), and nucleotide sequencing of some strains demonstrated that they belonged to the emergent equine-like G3P[8] genotype. The dominance of an emergent genotype causing AGE reinforces the need for continuous epidemiological surveillance to assess the impact of mass RVA immunization as well as to monitor the emergence of novel genotypes.

scholarly journals Norovirus Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity in Leipzig, Germany during 2013–2017

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1961
Author(s):  
Nora Ennuschat ◽  
Sabine Härtel ◽  
Corinna Pietsch ◽  
Uwe G. Liebert
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Viral Capsids ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Gastrointestinal Complaints

Globally and in all age groups, noroviruses are a main cause of gastroenteritis. To assess their local epidemiology and genetic diversity, stool samples of 7509 inpatients with gastrointestinal complaints from all age groups were analyzed. After detection of norovirus genogroup I and II RNA by real-time RT-PCR, viral capsids were genotyped by partial nucleic acid sequencing. In the case of GII.2 strains, polymerase genotypes were also assessed. Between October 2013 and September 2017, presence of norovirus RNA was shown in 611 samples (8.1%), of which 610 (99.8%) were typed successfully. Norovirus positivity rate was higher in patients aged below five years (14.8%) than in older patients (5.7%). Among the 611 norovirus positive samples, GII.4 (56.6%) strains prevailed, followed by GII.6 (11.3%), GII.3 (11.0%) and GII.2 (9.5%). The most common genogroup I (GGI) genotype was GI.3 (3.6%). In addition, rare genotypes such as GII.13, GII.14 and GII.26 were detected. Interestingly, GII.3 infections were most common in children under the age of five years. Assessment of polymerase genotypes in GII.2 viruses showed a shift from P2 to P16, with higher diversity in P2 sequences. The varying distribution of norovirus genotypes depending on season, age and setting of infection highlights the importance of frequent genotyping as a basis for vaccine development and needful adjustments.

scholarly journals Genetic recombination and diversity of sapovirus in pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis in Thailand, 2010–2018

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kattareeya Kumthip ◽  
Pattara Khamrin ◽  
Hiroshi Ushijima ◽  
Limin Chen ◽  
Shilin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Genetic Recombination ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chiang Mai ◽  
Predominant Genotype ◽  
Recombinant Strains ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
First Time

Background Human sapovirus (SaV) is an etiologic agent of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in all age groups worldwide. Genetic recombination of SaV has been reported from many countries. So far, none of SaV recombinant strain has been reported from Thailand. This study examined the genetic recombination and genotype diversity of SaV in children hospitalized with AGE in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Methods Stool samples were collected from children suffering from diarrhea who admitted to the hospitals in Chiang Mai, Thailand between 2010 and 2018. SaV was detected by RT-PCR and the polymerase and capsid gene sequences were analysed. Results From a total of 3,057 samples tested, 50 (1.6%) were positive for SaV. Among positive samples, SaV genotype GI.1 was the most predominant genotype (40%; 20/50), followed by GII.1 and GII.5 (each of 16%; 8/50), GI.2 (14%; 7/50), GIV.1 (4%; 2/50), and GI.5 (2%; 1/50). In addition, 4 SaV recombinant strains of GII.1/GII.4 were identified in this study (8%; 4/50). Conclusions The data revealed the genetic diversity of SaV circulating in children with AGE in Chiang Mai, Thailand during 2010 to 2018 and the intragenogroup SaV recombinant strains were reported for the first time in Thailand.

scholarly journals Indigenous neonatal feeding and bathing practices of caregivers in Vhembe District, Limpopo province

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patience M. Tulelo ◽  
Fhumulani M. Mulaudzi
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Neonatal Care ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
World Health ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Community Midwives ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Vhembe District

Background: Caregivers are offered health information on neonatal care before they are discharged from the healthcare facilities after giving birth. However, they continue to feed and bath neonates in ways that are informed by indigenous traditions. Notably, these ways include the provision of supplementary feeds before 6 months and bathing the neonate as early as possible, which are practices that contradict the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations of neonatal care.Objectives: This study aimed to explore and describe the indigenous neonatal feeding and bathing practices of caregivers in Vhembe District, Limpopo province.Setting: This study was conducted in Limpopo province at Vhembe District, Makhado Municipality.Methodology: A qualitative, explorative and descriptive enquiry was used to conduct 18 semi-structured individual interviews to explore and describe their indigenous neonatal feeding and bathing practices. Purposive and snowball sampling methods were used to select participants. Creswell’s method of data analysis was used to analyse data. Ethical principles were maintained.Results: Two themes with sub-themes resulted from data analysis presenting indigenous neonatal feeding practices and indigenous neonatal bathing practices.Conclusion: This study revealed that caregivers use indigenous neonatal feeding and bathing practices across age groups and social standing. Younger mothers receive guidance from older women in their families or community. Midwives should know the indigenous neonatal feeding and bathing practices of the communities they serve to offer relevant culture-sensitive health education.Contributions: This study contributes to the creation of knowledge about indigenous neonatal care practices amongst mothers and caregivers.

scholarly journals Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of norovirus among hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis in Tianjin, China, 2018–2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulian Fang ◽  
Zhaoying Dong ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Mengzhu Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Predominant Genotype ◽  
Epidemiological Analysis ◽  
Version 2.0 ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract Background Norovirus (NoV) is a major cause of viral acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children worldwide. Epidemiological analysis with respect to the virus strains is limited in China. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, patterns, and molecular characteristics of NoV infection among children with AGE in China. Methods A total 4848 stool samples were collected from children who were admitted with AGE in Tianjin Children’s Hospital from August 2018 to July 2020. NoV was preliminarily detected using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Partial sequences of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and capsid genes of positive samples were amplified by conventional RT-PCR and then sequenced. The NoV genotype was determined by online Norovirus Typing Tool Version 2.0, and phylogenetic analysis was conducted using MEGA 6.0. Results The prevalence of NoV was 26.4% (1280/4848). NoV was detected in all age groups, with the 7–12 months group having the highest detection rate (655/2014, 32.5%). NoV was detected during most part of the year with higher frequency in winter than other seasons. Based on the genetic analysis of RdRp, GII. Pe was the most predominant genotype detected at 70.7% (381/539) followed by GII.P12 at 25.4% (137/539). GII.4 was the most predominant capsid genotype detected at 65.3% (338/518) followed by GII.3 at 26.8% (139/518). Based on the genetic analysis of RdRp and capsid sequences, the strains were clustered into 10 RdRp–capsid genotypes: GII.Pe-GII.4 Sydney 2012 (65.5%), GII.P12-GII.3 (27.2%), GII.P16-GII.2 (1.8%), GII.P12-GII.2 (0.2%), GII.P17-GII.17 (1.1%), GII.Pe-GII.3 (1.8%), GII.Pe-GII.2 (1.1%), GII.Pe-GII.1 (0.4%), GII.16-GII.4 Sydney 2012 (0.7%), and GII.P7-GII.6 (0.2%). The predominant NoV genotypes changed from GII.Pe-GII.4 Sydney 2012 and GII.P12-GII.3 between August 2018 and July 2019 to GII.Pe-GII.4 Sydney 2012 and GII.P16-GII.2 between August 2019 and July 2020. The patients with GII.Pe-GII.4 Sydney 2012 genotype were more likely to suffer from vomiting symptom than those with GII.P12-GII.3. Conclusions NoV is an important pathogen responsible for viral AGE among children in China. GII.Pe-GII.4 Sydney 2012 and GII.P12-GII.3 were major recombinant genotypes. Knowledge of circulating genotypes and seasonal trends is of great importance for disease prevention and surveillance.

Peripheral Blood Mesenchymal Stem Cells Isolated from Indonesia Long Tailed Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-69
Author(s):  
Agus Harsoyo ◽  
Dondin Sajuthi ◽  
Arief Boediono ◽  
Yoga Yuniadi ◽  
Irma H Suparto
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Messenger Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Incomplete Block Design ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cd Markers

An experiment to compare age of Macaca fascicularis (Mf) as pheripheral blood (PB) mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) isolate sources and the impact of its concentration on the pheriperal blood mononucleous cells (PBMC) development has been conducted. Twelve male Mf were used in this experiment. Three different age groups (infant (A1), juvenil (A2) and adult (A3)) of the Mfs were compared as treatments. Isolate of pheriperal blood MSC were created by taking 1 ml, 5 ml or 10 ml the Mfs pheriperal blood, processed them into PBMC, counted, isolated, cultured, subcultured, pelleted, extracted for their messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA). Reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were conducted to obtain complentary Deoxyribonucleic Acid (cDNA). PCR amplification were performed to look cluster differentiation (CD) of the MSC gene expression. Incomplete block design was used and the data were analysed using descriptive statistic and T-Test. The results showed that PBMC counted from infant, juvenil and adult were 6.78 – 7.28, 6.18 – 7.30, and 6.01 – 7.34 log cell, respectively. The subculture and pelleting cells were only obtained from A3 with positive 73, 90, 105 and negative 34, 45 CD markers. It is concluded that pheriperal blood of adult Mf can be utilized as MSC source.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of Sapoviruses among Inpatients in Germany, 2008−2018

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mann ◽  
Pietsch ◽  
Liebert
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Gastrointestinal Complaints ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Infants And Young Children ◽  
Selection Of

Sapovirus enteric disease affects people of all ages across the globe, in both sporadic cases and outbreak settings. Sapovirus is seldom assessed in Germany and its epidemiology in the country is essentially unknown. Thus, sapovirus occurrence and genetic diversity were studied by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and partial sequencing of major viral structural protein (VP1) gene in two different sets of stool samples: 1) a selection of 342 diarrheal stools collected from inpatient children during 2008−2009, and 2) 5555 stool samples collected during 2010–2018 from inpatients of all age groups with gastrointestinal complaints. Results showed year-round circulation of sapoviruses, with peaks during cooler months. In total, 30 samples (8.8%) of the first and 112 samples of the second set of samples (2.0%) were sapovirus positive. Capsid gene sequencing was successful in 134/142 samples (94.4%) and showed circulation of all known human pathogenic genogroups. Genotype GI.1 predominated (31.8%), followed by GII.1 (16.7%), GII.3 (14.5%), GI.2 (13.8%) and GV.1 (12.3%). Additionally, minor circulation of GI.3, GI.6, GII.2, GII.4, GII.6 and GIV.1 was shown. Consequently, sapovirus diagnostics need broadly reactive RT-PCR protocols and should particularly be considered in infants and young children. Further studies from other sampling sites are essential to extend our knowledge on sapovirus epidemiology in Germany.

scholarly journals Molecular epidemiology of recent outbreaks of swine vesicular disease: two genetically and antigenically distinct variants in Europe, 1987–94

1997 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. BROCCHI ◽  
G. ZHANG ◽  
N. J. KNOWLES ◽  
G. WILSDEN ◽  
J. W. McCAULEY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Antigenic Analysis ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Vesicular Disease ◽  
Virus Isolates

Viruses from the recent epidemic of swine vesicular disease (SVD) in Europe have been isolated and characterized by antigenic and genetic methods to examine the likely epidemiological origins of the disease. Antigenic analysis was performed on 77 SVD viruses (SVDV) isolated in Europe between 1966 and 1994 using two panels of monoclonal antibodies (MAb) in a trapping ELISA. Genetic analysis of 33 of the SVD viruses by reverse transcription-polymerase chain-reaction (RT-PCR) amplification and nucleotide sequencing of the 1D (VP1) coding region was also performed. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences with each other and with three other previously published SVDV sequences revealed four distinct groups which correlated exactly with the results of the pattern of reactivity with MAbs. The first group consisted solely of the earliest SVD virus isolated (ITL/1/66) while the second group comprised viruses present in Europe and Japan between 1972 and 1981. The third group consisted of viruses isolated from outbreaks of SVD in Italy between December 1988 and June 1992. Viruses isolated between 1987 and 1994 from Romania, the Netherlands, Italy and Spain formed a fourth group. The genetic and antigenic similarity of the most recent virus isolates from Western Europe to a virus isolated in Romania 5 years previously suggests that the possible origin of the recent epidemic of swine vesicular disease in Western Europe was in Eastern Europe.

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