scholarly journals Multiple Mechanisms of Flaxseed: Effectiveness in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Amber Hanif Palla ◽  
Anwar-ul-Hassan Gilani ◽  
Samra Bashir ◽  
Najeeb Ur Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Flaxseed Oil ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Ethnopharmacological Relevance. Natural products, like Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum), have traditionally been used in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is known to contain multiple constituents which may account for its effectiveness, as IBD is a multifaceted disease. Aim of the Study. In the current study, we aimed to assess pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of Flaxseed in IBD. Materials and Methods. Aqueous-methanolic crude extracts of Flaxseed (Fs.Cr) and Flaxseed oil were tested against 6% acetic acid- (AA-) induced colitis in BALB/c mice. Microscopic damage parameters of the hematoxylin and eosin-stained and periodic acid-Schiff-alcian blue-stained sections of the colon were scored to be assessed. Possible antispasmodic mechanism was studied on isolated rabbit jejunum, while antibacterial activity was assessed in vitro for microbes implicated in IBD. Results. In AA-induced colitis, Flaxseed oil was found to be more effective in reducing mortality and colonic ulcers than Fs.Cr at 500 mg/kg dose. Fs.Cr was more efficacious in increasing mucin content as compared to oil, exhibiting slightly greater anti-inflammatory effect (50% vs 35%) and reducing depth of lesion (55% vs 42.31%, respectively). Antispasmodic activity of Fs.Cr (0.03 and 0.1 mg/ml) was mediated by phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDEI, possibly PDE-4 subtype) with a resultant increase in cAMP levels. Flaxseed oil PDEI activity was mild (1 and 3 mg/ml). Fs.Cr (0.1 and 0.3 mg/ml) was potent in exhibiting anticholinergic activity, similar to dicyclomine, whereas Flaxseed oil showed anticholinergic effect at 1 and 3 mg/ml. Flaxseed oil (9 and 14 µg/ml) was bactericidal against enteropathogenic E.coli (EPEC), enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC), and enteroaggregative E.coli (EAEC), whereas Fs.Cr exhibited bactericidal effect against EPEC at 100 µg/ml. Conclusions. Results of this study, taken together with previous studies, suggest that Flaxseed possesses anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antispasmodic action through multiple pathways and thus offers promising potential to be developed for IBD.

scholarly journals Food and Food Groups in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): The Design of the Groningen Anti-Inflammatory Diet (GrAID)

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1067
Author(s):  
Marjo J. E. Campmans-Kuijpers ◽  
Gerard Dijkstra
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Diet plays a pivotal role in the onset and course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Patients are keen to know what to eat to reduce symptoms and flares, but dietary guidelines are lacking. To advice patients, an overview of the current evidence on food (group) level is needed. This narrative review studies the effects of food (groups) on the onset and course of IBD and if not available the effects in healthy subjects or animal and in vitro IBD models. Based on this evidence the Groningen anti-inflammatory diet (GrAID) was designed and compared on food (group) level to other existing IBD diets. Although on several foods conflicting results were found, this review provides patients a good overview. Based on this evidence, the GrAID consists of lean meat, eggs, fish, plain dairy (such as milk, yoghurt, kefir and hard cheeses), fruit, vegetables, legumes, wheat, coffee, tea and honey. Red meat, other dairy products and sugar should be limited. Canned and processed foods, alcohol and sweetened beverages should be avoided. This comprehensive review focuses on anti-inflammatory properties of foods providing IBD patients with the best evidence on which foods they should eat or avoid to reduce flares. This was used to design the GrAID.

scholarly journals DOP53 PTPN2 and TiO2 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S092-S092
Author(s):  
J Conde ◽  
M Schwarzfischer ◽  
E Katkeviciute ◽  
J Häfliger ◽  
A Niechcial ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Myeloid Cells ◽  
Food Additive ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Abstract Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is caused by a complex interaction among genetic, immunological, bacterial and environmental factors. In this scenario, protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type-2 (PTPN2) has been recognised as a risk factor for the development of IBD and functional studies revealed a major role for this protein in the development of experimental colitis through the regulation of the inflammasome, among other processes. In the same way, a potential relationship between diet components and IBD was suggested. In fact, it was reported that the food additive titanium dioxide (TiO2) was able to induce inflammasome activation in vitro and increase colitis severity in vivo. These observations led us to hypothesise a putative relationship between PTPN2 and TiO2 that could explain the effects of this microparticle in the pathogenesis of bowel inflammation. Methods DSS colitis model was performed in mice lacking PTPN2 in myeloid cells and their wild-type littermates, treated or not with titanium dioxide. After that, histology studies, flow cytometry, expression analysis, ELISA and barrier function experiments were performed. Also, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were used for in vitro studies. Results Titanium dioxide was able to exacerbate DSS-induced colitis, especially in mice lacking PTPN2 in myeloid cells. Flow cytometry analysis of the lamina propria revealed significant changes in different immune cell populations such as macrophages. In vitro experiments using BMDMs revealed that TiO2 induced the activation of the inflammasome. Also, this microparticle down-regulated the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and these effects were mainly mediated by JNK and ERK kinases. Conclusions The food additive titanium dioxide seems to play a negative role in colitis development by affecting the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in macrophages. This study reveals a new mechanism by which a certain component of the diet modulates intestinal inflammation.

A Histopathologic Pattern of Centrilobular Hepatocyte Injury Suggests 6-Mercaptopurine-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 136 (6) ◽  
pp. 618-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricard Masia ◽  
Daniel S. Pratt ◽  
Joseph Misdraji
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Massachusetts General Hospital ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Hepatocyte Injury ◽  
Lipofuscin Pigment ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Therapeutic Doses

Context.—Hepatotoxicity is an important side effect of thiopurine analog treatment for inflammatory bowel disease. A variety of histopathologic findings have been observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease with thiopurine-induced hepatotoxicity, including nodular regenerative hyperplasia, vascular injury, and cholestasis. Objective.—To describe the histologic features shared by 3 cases of thiopurine-induced hepatotoxicity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Design.—We identified 3 patients with inflammatory bowel disease who developed hepatotoxicity due to 6-mercaptopurine from the educational files of the Department of Pathology at Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston). Histology slides (stained with hematoxylin-eosin, trichrome, periodic-acid Schiff with diastase digestion, and iron stains) and patients' medical records were reviewed retrospectively. Results.—All 3 patients were receiving 6-mercaptopurine monotherapy at therapeutic doses, had normal thiopurine metabolite levels, and presented with elevated aminotransferase levels. Biopsies from all 3 cases exhibited a pattern of centrilobular hepatocyte injury characterized by ceroid-laden macrophages, hepatocyte anisonucleosis, and increased lipofuscin pigment, as well as centrilobular steatosis. Aminotransferase levels trended downward and either normalized or remained at borderline elevated levels after 6-mercaptopurine dose was reduced (in 1 patient) or discontinued (in 2 patients). Conclusions.—Recognition of a pattern of centrilobular injury enables pathologists to suggest thiopurine-induced liver injury as the cause of elevated aminotransferases in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

scholarly journals Preparation of Herbal Formulation for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Based on In Vitro Screening and In Vivo Evaluation in a Mouse Model of Experimental Colitis

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaemin Lee ◽  
Han-Seok Choi ◽  
Jinkyung Lee ◽  
Jimin Park ◽  
Sang-Back Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
In Vitro Screening ◽  
Screening Experiments ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Colitis Model

Many medicinal plants have been used traditionally in East Asia for the treatment of gastrointestinal disease and inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of 350 extracts (175 water extracts and 175 ethanol extracts) from 71 single plants, 97 mixtures of two plants, and seven formulations based on traditional medicine, to find herbal formulations to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In the in vitro screening, nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6 levels were determined in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells and the TNF-α induced monocyte-epithelial cell adhesion assay was used for the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis model were used to evaluate the therapeutic effect against IBD of the samples selected from the in vitro screening. KM1608, composed of Zingiber officinale, Terminalia chebula and Aucklandia lappa, was prepared based on the screening experiments. The oral administration of KM1608 significantly attenuated the severity of colitis symptoms, such as weight loss, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding, in TNBS-induced colitis. In addition, inflammatory mediators, such as myeloperoxidase, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels decreased in the lysate of colon tissues treated with KM1608. Collectively, KM1608 ameliorated colitis through the regulation of inflammatory responses within the colon, which indicated that KM1608 had potential for the treatment of IBD.

scholarly journals Divergent Effect of Cigarette Smoke on Innate Immunity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Nicotine-Infection Interaction

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dania AlQasrawi ◽  
Ahmad Qasem ◽  
Saleh A. Naser
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Inflammatory Phenotypes

Cigarette smoke (CS) has adverse effects in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD), an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that has been associated with microbial infection, immuno-dysregulation, and mucosal dysfunction. However, CS seems to provide relief and protection to patients with another IBD known as ulcerative colitis (UC). These two subsets are featured as M1- and M2-mediated responses, respectively. Nicotine is the most active, addictive, and studied ingredient in CS. The mechanism of how nicotine and/or other CS ingredients induce pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory phenotypes in IBD patients remains under investigation. Our most recent in vitro nicotine study provided significant insights toward understanding the contradictory effects of nicotine on IBD patients, and it elucidated the mechanistic role of α7nAChR in modulation of macrophages in tobacco smokers. Shifting the beneficial effect of nicotine to a harmful outcome in CD patients was linked to a nicotine-microbe interaction that supports a microbial etiology in CD pathogenesis. Among the most debated pathogens in CD etiology is Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Other studies associated nicotine with upregulation of miR-124 expression in macrophages, which led to anti-inflammatory response. This review discusses published work on the role of nicotine in modulation of the innate immune response and subsequent signaling in macrophages in IBD subsets.

New probiotic strains for inflammatory bowel disease management identified by combining in vitro and in vivo approaches

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Alard ◽  
V. Peucelle ◽  
D. Boutillier ◽  
J. Breton ◽  
S. Kuylle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Chronic Colitis ◽  
Acute Colitis ◽  
Probiotic Strains ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Alterations in the gut microbiota composition play a key role in the development of chronic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The potential use of probiotics therefore gained attention, although outcomes were sometimes conflicting and results largely strain-dependent. The present study aimed to identify new probiotic strains that have a high potential for the management of this type of pathologies. Strains were selected from a large collection by combining different in vitro and in vivo approaches, addressing both anti-inflammatory potential and ability to improve the gut barrier function. We identified six strains with an interesting anti-inflammatory profile on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and with the ability to restore the gut barrier using a gut permeability model based on Caco-2 cells sensitized with hydrogen peroxide. The in vivo evaluation in two 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced murine models of colitis highlighted that some of the strains exhibited beneficial activities against acute colitis while others improved chronic colitis. Bifidobacterium bifidum PI22, the strain that exhibited the most protective capacities against acute colitis was only slightly efficacious against chronic colitis, while Bifidobacterium lactis LA804 which was less efficacious in the acute model was the most protective against chronic colitis. Lactobacillus helveticus PI5 was not anti-inflammatory in vitro but the best in strengthening the epithelial barrier and as such able to significantly dampen murine acute colitis. Interestingly, Lactobacillus salivarius LA307 protected mice significantly against both types of colitis. This work provides crucial clues for selecting the best strains for more efficacious therapeutic approaches in the management of chronic inflammatory diseases. The strategy employed allowed us to identify four strains with different characteristics and a high potential for the management of inflammatory diseases, such as IBD.

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