scholarly journals Influence of Lifestyle and Environmental Factors on Semen Quality in Ghanaian Men

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Richard Michael Blay ◽  
Abigail Duah Pinamang ◽  
Augustine E. Sagoe ◽  
Ewurama Dedea Ampadu Owusu ◽  
Nii Koney-Kwaku Koney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Male Infertility ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Lifestyle Habits

Introduction. Male infertility is known to contribute about half of all infertility cases. In Ghana, the prevalence of male infertility is higher (15.8%) than in females (11.8%). Sperm quality is associated with the likelihood of pregnancy and known to be the cause of male fertility problems 90% of the time. Exposure to certain environmental factors reduces semen quality in men. The study examined the effects of environmental and lifestyle factors on semen quality in Ghanaian men. Materials and Methods. This was a cross-sectional study involving 80 apparent healthy adult males in their reproductive age. Participants were males referred to the laboratory (Immunology Unit of the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital) for semen analysis test and/or culture and sensitivity. Participants were made to fill out a questionnaire which entailed selected environmental factors (accidents or trauma, exposure to chemicals, radiation, and heat) and lifestyle habits (including alcohol consumption, smoking, and whether participants sat more or less than 4 hours per day). Semen samples were then collected by masturbation into sterile containers and analysed in accordance with WHO guidance for semen analysis within 60 minutes after ejaculation and collection. Results. About 69% of participants had semen pH within the normal range compared to 15% whose pH were lower than 7.2. There was a significantly high number of immotile sperm cells ( p value = 0.017) in participants who sat for more than 4 hours as compared to those that sat for less than 4 hours in a day. Active sperm motility and viability showed significant increase ( p value = 0.002 and 0.009, respectively) in participants who kept their cell phones in their side pockets. Smoking produced a twofold decrease in sperm count as smokers had a significantly lower sperm count ( 12.28 ± 10.95 × 10 6 /ml) compared to the smoke-free ( 23.85 ± 22.14 × 10 6 /ml). For exposure to STDs, no significant differences were recorded among study groups concerning semen quality. Conclusion. Sperm quality in Ghanaian men is associated with lifestyle habits. Smoking and sitting for long hours influenced sperm motility and count, respectively. Knowledge of the factors that influence sperm quality in this geographical region can contribute to informed decisions on effective management of infertility in Ghanaian men.

Dietary Supplementation of Antioxidants Improves Semen Quality of IVF Patients in Terms of Motility, Sperm Count, and Nuclear Vacuolization

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 391-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Wirleitner ◽  
Pierre Vanderzwalmen ◽  
Astrid Stecher ◽  
Dietmar Spitzer ◽  
Maximilian Schuff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Sperm Parameters ◽  
Class I ◽  
Antioxidative Therapy

Background: This study aimed to investigate the influence of an oral antioxidative supplementation on sperm quality of in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients, as analyzed by sperm motility according to the WHO criteria and motile sperm organelle morphology examination (MSOME). Methods: Semen samples were collected from 147 patients before undergoing an IVF/intracytoplasmic morphologically-selected sperm injection (IMSI) cycle and 2 - 12 months after an antioxidative supplementation. Semen analysis was evaluated according to WHO and MSOME criteria. Spermatozoa were grouped according to the size of nuclear vacuoles within the sperm’s heads. Patients were divided into oligoasthenoteratozoospermic (OAT) and non-OAT men. Between first and second semen analysis, patients were supplemented orally with an antioxidative preparation. Results: After the antioxidative therapy we observed a significant reduction in the percentage of immotile sperm cells in the patients. Additionally, the percentage of class I spermatozoa according to MSOME criteria was significantly higher after antioxidative supplementation. In OAT patients the percentage of class I sperm was found to be increased, although not significantly. However, we observed a drastic improvement in sperm motility as well as in total sperm count in this group. Conclusion: The results demonstrated a considerable improvement in semen quality, notably in OAT patients. Considering the putative relationship between semen quality on the one hand and reactive oxygen species on the other, the observed changes in the sperm parameters indicate that a decline in semen quality, and even subtle morphological changes, might be associated with oxidative stress. Our findings suggest that an antioxidative and micronutrient supplementation has a remarkable benefit for IVF patients having restricted sperm parameters, in particular.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Patterns of Male Infertility Based on Semen Analysis in Patients Visiting Massawa Hospital; Eritrea: Cross-Sectional Study; 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berhe Tesfai ◽  
Fitsum Kibreab ◽  
Hailemichael Gebremariam ◽  
Liwam Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Male Infertility ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Male Factor Infertility ◽  
Male Factor ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Semen Volume ◽  
Primary Type ◽  
Study Participants

Abstract Background Semen analysis is the first step to identify male factor infertility. World Health Organization estimates that male factor accounts for 50% of couple sub-fertility. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and patterns of male factor infertility based on semen analysis in patients visiting Massawa Hospital with infertility complaints. Methods It was a retrospective, descriptive cross sectional hospital based type of study with a census sampling method. Patient’s medical records and hospital laboratory register were used to retrieve semen analysis results of patients from June 2018 to June 2020. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ministry of Health Research and Ethical Review Committee. Confidentiality of patients records kept was secured and consent was obtained from study participants to use their data. Results were presented in frequency, tables and p value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results A total of 112 patients data was analyzed in the study with 49.1% were aged between 20 to 30 years. The prevalence of male factor infertility in these patients was found to be 42% and 79.5% of them had primary type of infertility. Of the study participants; 63 (56.3%), 72 (64.3%) and 70 (62.5%) had sperm count < 15 million sperms/ml, sperm motility < 40 % and morphology of < 60% respectively. One tenth, 15 (13.4%) of the patients had a semen volume of < 1.5ml/ejaculate, out of which 13(86.7%) had primary type of infertility. Moreover; 72 (64.3%) patients had total sperm count/ejaculate of < 39 million and 59 (82%) of these had primary type of infertility. In addition; 50.8% and 50% of patients aged 20 to 30 years had a sperm count < 15 million/ml and sperm motility of < 40% respectively. Conclusion The prevalence of male factor infertility was slightly higher and was dominated with primary infertility. Most patients had lower sperm count, sperm motility but higher semen volume, and majority of the patients with abnormal sperm results were aged between 20 to 30 years. Further prospective researches to determine the risk factors for male infertility and introducing assisted type of fertility in Eritrea are highly recommended.

scholarly journals MiR-125b-2 Knockout in Testis Are Associated with Targeting to PAP Gene, Mitochondrial Copy Number and Impaired Sperm Quality

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Longlong Li ◽  
Yanling Zhu ◽  
Jiajie Sun ◽  
Ting Chen ◽  
Junyi Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Male Infertility ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Male Reproduction ◽  
Luciferase Assay ◽  
Cell Secretion ◽  
Mtdna Copy Number

microRNAs can cause male infertility by impacting sperm quality and impaired spermatogenesis. Since the miR-125 family plays an important role in regulating embryo development, but the function of miR-125b-2 in male reproduction remains unknown. In this study, we prepared a model of miR-125b knockout (KO) mice. Among the KO mice, the progeny test showed that litter sizes decreased significantly and the rate of non-parous females increased significantly (p&lt;0.05). At the same time, the testosterone concentration increased significantly (p&lt;0.01), with the remarkable decrease for estradiol (p&lt;0.05). Moreover, sperm count decreased obviously (p&lt;0.05) and the percentage of abnormal sperms increased significantly (p&lt;0.01). Testicular transcriptome sequencing demonstrated that there were 173 up-regulated genes, including Papolb (PAP), and 151 down-regulated genes in KO mice compared with wild type (WT). KEGG and GO analysis showed many of these genes were involved in sperm mitochondrial metabolism and other cellular biological processes. Meanwhile, the sperm mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) copy number was increased significantly (p&lt;0.01) in KO mice, but the integrity of mtDNA and nuclear DNA (nDNA) had no change. In the top 10 up-regulated genes, as a testis specific expressing gene, PAP can affect the process of spermatogenesis. Western blotting and Luciferase Assay validated that PAP was the target of miR-125b-5p. Intriguingly, we also found that both miR-125b and PAP were only highly expressed in germ cells (GC) instead of Leydig cells (LC) and Sertoli cells (SC), and miR-125b-5p could target PAP to regulate TM3 cell secretion of testosterone (p&lt;0.05). Our study firstly demonstrated that miR-125b-2 could regulate testosterone secretion by directly targeting PAP and increase sperm mtDNA copy number to affect semen quality. The study indicated that miR-125b-2 had a positive influence on the reproductive performance of animal and could be a potential therapeutic target for male infertility.

180 ASSESSMENT OF BULL SEMEN QUALITY LOADED IN NEW SensiTemp STRAWS USING SEMEN AND IN VITRO PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
D. Le Bourhis ◽  
S. Camugli ◽  
P. Salvetti ◽  
L. Schibler ◽  
E. Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Cleavage Rate ◽  
Fluid Medium ◽  
And Control

SensiTemp, a new in vitro maturation (IMV) bull straw concept, presents the advantage of colour changing while the straw is thawed. The colour of frozen straws is blue and straws start to become white when the temperature reaches 33°C, with a complete change of colour at 37°C. The objective of this study is to assess sperm quality after thawing of semen frozen in SensiTemp from 2 bulls, by analysing, in experiment 1, sperm motility and membrane integrity using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) and flow cytometry (FC), and, in experiment 2, the in vitro embryo production (IVP) using IVP technologies [IVM, IVF, and in vitro culture (IVC)]. The ejaculates of 2 bulls, selected during preliminary experiments on high in vitro fertility, were harvested at CIA L’Aigle, France, and split ejaculates were frozen in experimental (SensiTemp) and conventional (control) straws. In experiment 1 after thawing semen from the 2 types of straws (5 pooled straws each; 2 replicates), motility was assessed using the IVOS CASA system (Hamilton Thorne Inc., Beverly, MA, USA) and membrane integrity was evaluated through FC with Cytosoft software (Millipore-Guava Technologies Inc., Hayward, CA, USA). In experiment 2, IVF was used to evaluate the non-toxicity of SensiTemp and control straws. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC; n = 1178; 4 replicates) collected from slaughterhouse ovaries were matured in IVM medium (TCM-199 with bicarbonate, Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Quentin Fallavier, France; 10 µg mL–1 FSH-LH, Reprobiol, Liège, Belgium; and 10% FCS, Thermo Fisher, Illkirch, France) for 22 h. After fertilization, presumptive zygotes of each group (SensiTemp and control for each bull) were cultured in synthetic oviduct fluid medium (SOF, Minitube, Tiefenbach, Germany) with 1% estrous cow serum (ECS) and 0.6% BSA (Sigma-Aldrich, France) up to 8 days. All cultures were conducted at 38.5C in 5% CO2, and 5% O2. The cleavage and blastocysts rates were evaluated on Days 3 and 7, respectively, for each group. Embryo quality was recorded on Day 7 according to the IETS evaluation. Data from each bull were analysed separately using the chi-squared test (P < 0.05). In experiment 1, neither sperm motility from bull 1 (61.2 and 60.5%) and bull 2 (66.2 and 66.5%) nor membrane integrity from bull 1 (58.6 and 52.2%) and bull 2 (61.0 and 61.9%) were different between SensiTemp and control, respectively. Results from experiment 2 showed no difference (P > 0.05) in cleavage rate between SensiTemp and control for the 2 bulls: 92.1 and 91.7% for bull 1 and 94.2 and 94.6% for bull 2 respectively. The blastocysts rate on Day 7 did not differ (P > 0.05) among groups (47.5, 47.1 and 51.3, 50.4% for SensiTemp and control bull 1 and bull 2, respectively) nor the quality of embryos retrieved in the different groups: 25.4, 23.3, and 30.8, 29.6% in grade 1 embryo for SensiTemp and control bull 1 and bull 2, respectively. Those results demonstrate, in vitro, that the new SensiTemp straws were non-toxic and did not affect the semen quality after thawing nor did the SensiTemp straws affect the ability of sperm cells to fertilize oocytes and produce 8-day-old embryos.

Spermatic multinucleation in infertile agriculture workers exposed to carbofuranyl pesticide

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 776-777
Author(s):  
G. Gallegos de L. ◽  
M.M. Arizpe S. ◽  
L.E. Alvarado C. ◽  
E. Ramirez B.
Keyword(s):  
Male Infertility ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
And Function ◽  
Infertile Patients

It is known that the exposure to gonadotoxic agents cause male infertility in agricutural workers. Pesticides provoke a detrimental effect on the spermatogenesis characterized by low count of sprematozoa, as well as sperm motility and morphology alterations. Simultaneosly an increase in FSH seric levels is present.The semen analysis was proposed in 1975 to detect sperm quality and function alteration induced by chemical agents. There are many morphologic anomalies related to the noxious action of some gonadotoxic agents, ie. head deformities, microcephalia, tail defects, etc.We detected in our laboratory a pair of cases of infertile patients, that presented high levels of teratozoospermia with a high percentage of multinucleated spermatozoa and spermatids, and referred exposure to Carbofuranyl (Furadan 300). Since this agent has not been classified as gonadotoxic, we tried to show it's posible causal relationship with spermatic multinucleation phenomenon observed and the fertility of these patients.

scholarly journals HUMAN SPERM COUNT

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (01) ◽  
pp. 013-017
Author(s):  
Jahangir Sultan ◽  
Kokab Kokab ◽  
Muneer Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Human Sperm ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Parental Exposure ◽  
The World

Objectives: Reports from many parts of the world suggest that chemical andphysical agents in the environment, introduced and spread by human activity may affect fertilityin men. The objective of this article is to highlight the environmental factors and their associationto male sperm quality and count as well. Materials and Methods: This study focusing onexposure to environmental factors affecting the semen quality of the workers working in differentfactories for a period of 5 to 7 years in Lahore. Results: The results from this study suggest thatthere are many environmental factors which may affect semen quality and sperm count. It isnecessary to prevent parental exposure to the agents associated with those hazards.

scholarly journals Role of Male Partners in 100 Infertile Couples

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-53
Author(s):  
Mah Jabeen Ara ◽  
Sk Md Bahar Hussain ◽  
Mamun Ur Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Male Infertility ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Sperm Morphology ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Sperm Abnormality ◽  
A Prospective Study

Introduction: Approximately 15% of couples are infertile. Male infertility plays an important role in about half of these couples. This study has been done to determine whether sperm morphology and motility do really affect sperm count or spermatogenesis and at the same time causes a problem with fertility.Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate a male’s inability to cause pregnancy in a fertile female.Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study of 100 diagnosed infertile and subfertile couples in the age group of 23-58 yrs old male. They were selected from 01 March 2013 to 28 Feb 2014 undergoing treatment for infertility in Dhaka CMH. On the basis of sperm count the cases were grouped as follows: Normozoospermia, oligozoospermia & Azoospermia. Semen analysis was done in all the cases and the results were described with arithmetic mean and standard deviation.Results: Normozoospermia: Mean and SD of sperm count, sperm abnormality, sperm motility are 65.98± 5.05, 24.44±1.57 and 45.5±2.94 respectively; Oligozoospermia: Mean and SD of sperm count, sperm abnormality, sperm motility are 7.74±1.23, 41.1±3.78, 14.54±2.77 respectively; Azoospermia: Mean and SD of sperm count, sperm abnormality, sperm motility are absent.Conclusion: Here data statistically showed person with normozoospermia having good sperm morphology and motility than oligozoospermia and azoospermic subjects thereby causing male infertility which is responsible for hindrance in achieving pregnancy clinically.Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.11(1) 2015: 50-53

scholarly journals ROLE OF SONOGRAPHY IMAGING IN MALE INFERTILITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Rajnikant Narsinhbhai Chauhan ◽  
Dr. Dileep Kumar Jha
Keyword(s):  
Male Infertility ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Transrectal Ultrasound ◽  
P Value ◽  
Obstructive Azoospermia ◽  
Unprotected Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Left Lateral Decubitus Position

Introduction: Infertility is known as major problem as life crisis for many couples. Investigation of male infertility is assuming greater importance with male factors implicated as it caused half of the infertile couples. Infertility is defined as infertility is a disease of reproductive system defined by failure to achieve the clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. It is also define as failure of couple to conceive after 12 months of regular intercourse without the use of contraception in women <35 years; and regular intercourse after 6 months without the use of contraception in women ≥ years. A recent report on the status of infertility in India, states that nearly 50% of infertility is related to the reproductive anomalies or disorders in the male. Male infertility include as pretesticular, testicular and post testicular causes. Common causes may be due to deficiencies in the semen and semen quality is used as a surrogate measure of male fecundity. Testicular causes are mainly cryptorchidism, varicocele exposure to gonadotoxins and post testicular causes which included disorders and obstruction of ejaculation and erectile dysfunction. There are many studies which found that sperm count of less than 10 million per milliliter is also suboptimal for fertility; however there is no cut off value of sperm count that is diagnostic of infertility. The common investigations done in evaluating fertility is Ultrasound examinations of scrotum and semen analysis. Ultrasound is a very useful modality for assessing the testicular size which is also related to condition like epididymo-orchitis, varicocele and undescended testis. Aim: The main aim of this study is to deteremine the used of ultra sonography in the evaluation of male infertility and to compared with clinical and surgical findings. Material and Methods: All the patients were referred to the Department of Radiology for transrectal and scrotal ultrasonography with high frequency transducer having a frequency of 7.5 MHz and Color Doppler wherever indicated. In this study all male patients with infertility and abnormal semen analysis and with the case of infertility with coincident scrotal findings on clinical examination were included. Transrectal ultrasound was done by positioned in left lateral decubitus position. On each side testis and epididymis was identified as completely as possible and compared for symmetry, size, texture and vascularity. Result: In this study patients with abnormality were found in highest number on clinical palpation and ultrasound was varicocele. In 18 cases Varicocele was detected on clinical examination and 24 cases in ultrasound. In 9 cases Hydrocele was detected in clinical examination and Ultrasound. In 5 cases epididymal cysts were detected in clinical findings and 6 cases were found in Ultrasound Findings whereas 2 cases of epididymitis  was found in ultrasound and only 1 case in clinical examination. Therefore the total number of abnormalities was found by ultrasound which was significantly greater as compared to physical examination. The p-value was 0.001 which shows statistically significant. Conclusion: Transrectal ultrasound enables high resolution imaging of prostate, seminal vesicles and distal vas deferens and is implicated in diagnosing the cause of obstructive azoospermia. Therefore Imaging plays an important complementary role to clinical examination and laboratory analyses for the detection of precise anatomy and level of abnormality.  Hence transrectal and scrotal ultrasound provides valuable information in the diagnostic evaluation of infertile men and pathological conditions can be detected on ultrasound compared to clinical palpation. Keywords: Infertility, Sonography, Transrectal, Testicular

Association between kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) and macroscopic indicators of semen analysis: their relation to sperm motility

2009 ◽  
Vol 390 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nashmil Emami ◽  
Andreas Scorilas ◽  
Antoninus Soosaipillai ◽  
Tammy Earle ◽  
Brendan Mullen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Seminal Plasma ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Viscosity Data ◽  
Clinical Value

Abstract Human kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are a family of proteases, the majority of which are found in seminal plasma and have been implicated in semen liquefaction. Here, we examined the clinical value of seminal KLKs in the evaluation of semen quality and differential diagnosis and etiology of abnormal liquefaction and/or viscosity. KLK1–3, 5–8, 10, 11, 13, and 14 were analyzed, using highly specific ELISA assays. Samples were categorized into four clinical groups, according to their state of liquefaction and viscosity. Data were compared between the clinical groups and in association with other parameters of sperm quality, including number of motile sperms, straight line speed, sperm concentration, volume, pH, and patient age. Seminal KLKs were found to be differentially expressed in the four clinical groups. Combination of KLK2, 3, 13, and 14 and KLK1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, and 14 showed very strong discriminatory potential for semen liquefaction and viscosity, respectively. Liquefaction state was associated with several parameters of sperm motility. Finally, KLK14 was differentially expressed in asthenospermic cases. In conclusion, the expression level of several seminal plasma KLKs correlates with liquefaction and viscosity indicators of semen quality and may aid in their differential diagnosis and etiology.

scholarly journals Influence of age on sperm characteristics evaluated by light and electron microscopies

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Collodel ◽  
Fabio Ferretti ◽  
Maurizio Masini ◽  
Giacomo Gualtieri ◽  
Elena Moretti
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Wine Consumption ◽  
Electron Microscopies ◽  
Urogenital Infection ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe impact of male aging on male fertility has only recently become of interest to the scientific community. This study aims to assess the relationship between age and fertility among a sample of men, considering the individual and pathological characteristics. In this retrospective study data of semen analysis and medical history of 1294 Italian male patients were considered. Semen analysis was performed by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy mathematically elaborated. A generalized linear model was used to explore the influence of male age on semen quality, considering as confounders wine consumption, smoking habits, presence of varicocele, consanguinity and positive semen bacteriological analysis and urethral swab. The mean age of the participants was 36.41 ± 6.379. Male aging without impact of confounders was correlated with a decrease in sperm concentration and motility and an increased in sperm necrosis. Sperm concentration and progressive motility were negatively related to the presence of confounders as wine consumption (sperm motility), urogenital infection (sperm concentration and motility), varicocele (sperm concentration) and consanguinity (sperm motility). Urogenital infection, varicocele and consanguinity positively correlated with sperm necrosis. The most important finding was the observation of a negative effect of male aging on sperm parameters such as concentration, motility, and viability. It is possible to hypothesize age-dependent changes of testicular environment, probably related to reactive oxygen species production. The demonstration, in a large sample of patients, that aging influences sperm quality strongly motivates further research focused on the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon and its effects on offspring fitness.

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