scholarly journals Using Eight Crops to Show the Correlation between Paucity Irrigation and Yield Reduction of Al-Hussainiyah Irrigation Project in Karbala, Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Musa Habib Jassim Al-Shammari ◽  
Hayder Algretawee ◽  
Ali H. Al-Aboodi
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Irrigation Project ◽  
Irrigation Water Demand ◽  
Statistical Program

Efficiency of water use in irrigation field always motivates researchers to find a way which could reduce irrigation quantity and obtain approximately the same crop yields. This study estimated the relationship between the paucity irrigation with the reduction in yield for eight crops (cotton, maize, alfalfa, small grain, summer vegetable, sesame, sunflower, and palms) by using various paucity irrigation stages from evapotranspiration of crops (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%) as an indication of all crop outgrowth using medium soil. This study selected the project of Al-Hussainiyah irrigation that lies in Karbala province, which is close to Baghdad relative to the South. Also, the project has high importance because most dwellers have used the province for agriculture and drinking purposes. These are reasons of choosing it as a case study to implement paucity irrigation strategy on most crops (eight crops) within the project. The necessary records related to this study were obtained from specialized offices in Iraq, particularly water resources and agriculture ministries. Computer programs such as CROPWAT version 8.0, statistical program SPSS statistics version 20, and table curve 2D version 5.0 are considered the software for solving this model. This model was tested for its application and sensitivity by changing paucity levels for each crop. The comparison between the available and the estimated water demand showed that the paucity in irrigation water demand was very clear during the period from February to December for the average present state of agriculture. The correlation analysis gives a result that the paucity irrigation level with yield reduction manifested that the yield reduction rate of maize recorded higher than the other crops, while cotton recorded lower yield reduction rate than the other crops during all paucity stages.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Impacts of Compound Extremes on Agriculture and Irrigation Water Demand

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iman Haqiqi ◽  
Danielle S. Grogan ◽  
Thomas W. Hertel ◽  
Wolfram Schlenker
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
The United States ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Irrigation Water Demand

Abstract. Agricultural production and food prices are affected by hydroclimatic extremes. There has been a large literature measuring the impacts of individual extreme events (heat stress or water stress) on agricultural and human systems. Yet, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the significance and the magnitude of the impacts of compound extremes. Here, we combine a high-resolution weather product with fine-scale outputs of a hydrological model to construct functional indicators of compound hydroclimatic extremes for agriculture. Then, we measure the impacts of individual and compound extremes on crop yields focusing on the United States during the 1981–2015 period. Supported by statistical evidence, we confirm that wet heat is more damaging than dry heat for crops. We show that the average damage from heat stress has been up to four times more severe when combined with water stress; and the value of water experiences a four-fold increase on hot days. In a robust framework with only a few parameters of compound extremes, this paper also improves our understanding of the conditional marginal value (or damage) of water in crop production. This value is critically important for irrigation water demand and farmer decision-making – particularly in the context of supplemental irrigation and sub-surface drainage.

scholarly journals Crop-specific seasonal estimates of irrigation-water demand in South Asia

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1971-1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hester Biemans ◽  
Christian Siderius ◽  
Ashok Mishra ◽  
Bashir Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
State Level ◽  
Multiple Cropping ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Irrigation Water Demand ◽  
Regional Estimates

Abstract. Especially in the Himalayan headwaters of the main rivers in South Asia, shifts in runoff are expected as a result of a rapidly changing climate. In recent years, our insight into these shifts and their impact on water availability has increased. However, a similar detailed understanding of the seasonal pattern in water demand is surprisingly absent. This hampers a proper assessment of water stress and ways to cope and adapt. In this study, the seasonal pattern of irrigation-water demand resulting from the typical practice of multiple cropping in South Asia was accounted for by introducing double cropping with monsoon-dependent planting dates in a hydrology and vegetation model. Crop yields were calibrated to the latest state-level statistics of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. The improvements in seasonal land use and cropping periods lead to lower estimates of irrigation-water demand compared to previous model-based studies, despite the net irrigated area being higher. Crop irrigation-water demand differs sharply between seasons and regions; in Pakistan, winter (rabi) and monsoon summer (kharif) irrigation demands are almost equal, whereas in Bangladesh the rabi demand is  ∼  100 times higher. Moreover, the relative importance of irrigation supply versus rain decreases sharply from west to east. Given the size and importance of South Asia improved regional estimates of food production and its irrigation-water demand will also affect global estimates. In models used for global water resources and food-security assessments, processes like multiple cropping and monsoon-dependent planting dates should not be ignored.

scholarly journals Assessing the Effects of Practiced Irrigation Methods on Irrigation Water Demand and Allocation among Farmers in Kontsa Irrigation Project, Ethiopia

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tesfaye Negasa ◽  
Genemo Barso ◽  
Alemu Weyessa
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Reference Scenario ◽  
Project Area ◽  
Irrigation Project ◽  
Irrigation Methods ◽  
Irrigation Water Demand

Abstract Increasing of demand for water, allocation of limited water resources, climatic variability, degradation of water in the environment and developing of policies for sustainable water use are issues of increasing concern in the Kontsa irrigation project. This study aimed at assessing the effects of selected irrigation methods on water demand and allocation among farmers in Kontsa irrigation project. The study employed both primary and secondary data. The primary data were collected by interviewing 80 farmers, key informant interviews and observation of the project area while secondary data were collected from different agencies of Ethiopia. For this study Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model was used to model the current situation of irrigation water demand and also to create scenario for future irrigation water demand. The model was set up for a current account year in 2015 and last year of scenarios in 2040 based on the available data. Then the irrigation water demand of the project area was modeled while giving consideration for existing and planned developments in the area. The result from the current situation of irrigation water demand indicated that the demand was satisfied fully and the unmet demand under the base year (2015) was zero. Additionally, irrigation expansion scenario was created and the result of this scenario indicates the increment of irrigation water demand as compared to the base year and the reference scenario. The study also revealed that furrow irrigation and plastic buckets were the main irrigation techniques employed by farmers in the study area.

scholarly journals Crop-specific seasonal estimates of irrigation water demand in South Asia

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 7843-7873 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Biemans ◽  
C. Siderius ◽  
A. Mishra ◽  
B. Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Multiple Cropping ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Irrigation Water Demand ◽  
Double Cropping ◽  
Regional Estimates

Abstract. Especially in the Himalayan headwaters of the main rivers in South Asia, shifts in runoff are expected as a result of a rapidly changing climate. In recent years, our insight in these shifts and their impact on water availability has increased. However, a similar detailed understanding of the seasonal pattern in water demand is surprisingly absent. This hampers a proper assessment of water stress and ways to cope and adapt. In this study, the seasonal pattern of irrigation water demand resulting from the typical practice of multiple-cropping in South Asia was accounted for by introducing double-cropping with monsoon-dependent planting dates in a hydrology and vegetation model. Crop yields were calibrated to the latest subnational statistics of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. The representation of seasonal land use and more accurate cropping periods lead to lower estimates of irrigation water demand compared to previous model-based studies, despite the net irrigated area being higher. Crop irrigation water demand differs sharply between seasons and regions; in Pakistan, winter (Rabi) and summer (Kharif) irrigation demands are almost equal, whereas in Bangladesh the Rabi demand is ~ 100 times higher. Moreover, the relative importance of irrigation supply vs. rain decreases sharply from west to east. Given the size and importance of South Asia, improved regional estimates of food production and its irrigation water demand will also affect global estimates. In models used for global water resources and food-security assessments, processes like multiple-cropping and monsoon-dependent planting dates should not be ignored.

scholarly journals Forecasting Irrigation Water Demand: A Case Study on the Flint River Basin in Georgia

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 641-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swagata “Ban” Banerjee ◽  
Irfan Y. Tareen ◽  
Lewell F. Gunter ◽  
Jimmy Bramblett ◽  
Michael E. Wetzstein
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
Econometric Models ◽  
Irrigation Water Demand ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
The Face ◽  
Flint River

Southeast drought conditions have accentuated the demand for irrigation in the face of restricted water supply. For allocating this supply, Georgia held an auction for withdrawing irrigated acreage. This auction withdrew 33,000 acres from irrigation, resulting in a physical estimate of a 399 acre-feet daily increase in water flow. The actual reduction is driven by crop distributional changes on the basis of economic substitution and expansion effects. In contrast to the physical estimates, an econometric model that considers these effects is developed. The differences between the physical and econometric models result in an increase in the estimate of water savings of around 19% to 24%.

Managing water resources in Libya through reducing irrigation water demand: more crop production with less water use

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 95-102
Author(s):  
Saad Ahmad Alghariani
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
National Level ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Irrigation Water Demand ◽  
Crop Water Productivity

AbstractThe looming water crisis in Libya necessitates taking immediate action to reduce the agricultural water demand that consumes more than 80% of the water supplies. The available information on water use efficiency and crop water productivity reveals that this proportion can be effectively reduced while maintaining the same, if not more, total agricultural production at the national level. Crop water productivity, which is depressingly low, can be doubled through implementing several measures including relocating all major agricultural crops among different hydroclimatic zones and growth seasons; crop selection based on comparative production advantages; realisation of the maximum genetically determined crop yields; and several other measures of demand water management. There is an urgent need to establish the necessary institutional arrangements that can effectively formulate and implement these measures as guided by agricultural research and extension services incorporating all beneficiaries and stakeholders in the process.

Energy Management for Photovoltaic Irrigation with a Battery Bank

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 18-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imene Yahyaoui ◽  
Maher Chaabene ◽  
Fernando Tadeo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Management ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Energy Management System ◽  
Photovoltaic Panels ◽  
Irrigation Water Demand ◽  
Battery Bank ◽  
Ac Converters

A proposal for energy management in an off-grid photovoltaic pumping and irrigation system is presented and evaluated for a specific case study. The system is assumed to be based on off-the-shelf components (photovoltaic panels, battery banks, DC/AC converters, relays, submergible pumps, etc.), with a microcontroller-based energy management system, deciding when to disconnect the load from the photovoltaic panels or the battery, or the battery from the photovoltaic panels. The aim is to reduce the battery bank us, but always fulfilling the irrigation demand. Using a specific case study (for tomatoes irrigation in Tunisia), the proposal is evaluated, showing that it fulfills the irrigation water demand, using the batteries only when really needed.

scholarly journals The Impacts of Climate Variability on Crop Yields and Irrigation Water Demand in South Asia

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Qurat-ul-Ain Ahmad ◽  
Hester Biemans ◽  
Eddy Moors ◽  
Nuzba Shaheen ◽  
Ilyas Masih
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Grid Cell ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Irrigation Water Demand ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Study Sites

Accurate (spatio-temporal) estimation of the crop yield relation to climate variables is essential in the densely populated Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra (IGB) river basins of South Asia for devising appropriate adaptation strategies to ensure regional food and water security. This study examines wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rice (Oryza sativa) crop yields’ sensitivity to primary climate variables (i.e., temperature and precipitation) and related changes in irrigation water demand at different spatial (i.e., province/state, districts and grid cell) and temporal (i.e., seasonal and crop growth phase) scales. To estimate the climate driven variations in crop yields, observed and modelled data applying the Lund-Potsdam-Jena managed Land (LPJmL) model are used for six selected study sites in the IGB river basins over the period 1981–2010. Our statistical analysis underscores the importance of impacts assessments at higher spatio-temporal scales. Our grid cell (aggregated over study sites) scale analysis shows that 27–72% variations in wheat and 17–55% in rice crop yields are linked with temperature variations at a significance level of p < 0.001. In the absence of irrigation application, up to 39% variations in wheat and up to 75% variations in rice crop yields are associated with precipitation changes in all study sites. Whereas, observed crop yields show weak correlations with temperature at a coarser resolution, i.e., up to 4% at province and up to 31% at district scales. Crop yields also showed stronger sensitivity to climate variables at higher temporal scale (i.e., vegetative and reproductive phases) having statistically strong negative relationship with temperature and positive with precipitation during the reproductive phase. Similarly, crop phase-specific variations in climate variables have considerable impacts (i.e., quantity and timing) on irrigation water demand. For improved crop water planning, we suggest integrated climate impact assessments at higher spatio-temporal scales which can help to devise appropriate adaptation strategies for sustaining future food demand.

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