scholarly journals The Chronology of Angiostrongylus vasorum (Baillet, 1866), Kamensky, 1905: Infection in Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
T. A. Barçante ◽  
J. M. P. Barçante ◽  
L. Cardoso ◽  
R. N. Remedio ◽  
W. S. Lima
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Biomphalaria Glabrata ◽  
Oral Infection ◽  
Angiostrongylus Vasorum ◽  
Cellular Composition ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Terrestrial Gastropods ◽  
Migratory Routes ◽  
Migratory Pattern ◽  
Different Tissues

The intermediate hosts of the French heartworm Angiostrongylus vasorum are aquatic and terrestrial gastropods. The present work is aimed at clarifying the sites of penetration and the migratory routes of A. vasorum in Biomphalaria glabrata snail tissues and evaluating their perilarval reaction with regard to the cellular composition and histological alterations involved in the gastropod response to infection. Biomphalaria glabrata snails were individually infected with 1000 first-stage larvae (L1) of A. vasorum each and killed at predetermined times after infection. Percutaneous infection occurred simultaneously with oral infection. Despite larval tropism to the fibromuscular tissue, some larvae were located in different tissues and organs. A perilarval reaction was observed around the larvae in a fibromuscular layer, appearing later around the larvae located in the viscera. The number of hemocytes surrounding the larvae increased gradually, forming a pregranuloma. Larval death and degeneration were not observed. No defined migratory pattern occurred, and larval development was apparently not associated with particular tissues or organs. In addition, the infection by A. vasorum induces a systemic mobilization of hemocytes in perilarval reaction.

scholarly journals Angiostrongylus vasorum: Experimental Infection and Larval Development inOmalonyx matheroni

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Mozzer ◽  
L. C. Montresor ◽  
T. H. D. A. Vidigal ◽  
W. S. Lima
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Biomphalaria Glabrata ◽  
Prepatent Period ◽  
Angiostrongylus Vasorum ◽  
Larval Recovery

The susceptibility and suitability ofOmalonyx matheronias an intermediate host ofAngiostrongylus vasorumand the characteristics of larval recovery and development were investigated. Mollusks were infected, and from the 3rd to the 25th day after infection, larvae were recovered from groups of 50 individuals. The first observation of L2 was on the 5th day, and the first observation of L3 was on the 10th day. From the 22nd day on, all larvae were at the L3 stadium. Larval recovery varied from 78.2% to 95.2%. We found larval development to be faster inO. matheronithan inBiomphalaria glabrata. Our findings indicate that this mollusk is highly susceptible toA. vasorum. Infective L3 were orally inoculated into a dog, and the prepatent period was 39 days. This is the first study to focus onO. matheronias an intermediate host ofA. vasorum.

scholarly journals Autochthonous Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Angiostrongylus vasorum and Aelurostrongylus abstrusus infections in native terrestrial gastropods from the Macaronesian Archipelago of Spain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Segeritz ◽  
Alejandro Cardona ◽  
Anja Taubert ◽  
Carlos Hermosilla ◽  
Antonio Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Study ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Angiostrongylus Cantonensis ◽  
Angiostrongylus Vasorum ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Aelurostrongylus Abstrusus ◽  
El Hierro ◽  
Terrestrial Gastropods ◽  
Total Prevalence ◽  
Macaronesian Archipelago

AbstractThe presence of zoonotic relevant Angiostrongylus cantonensis infections has recently been reported in rat final hosts and gastropod intermediate hosts in Tenerife, Spain. However, data on A. cantonensis, Angiostrongylus vasorum and Aelurostrongylus abstrusus prevalences in endemic gastropods for other islands of the Macaronesian Archipelago are still missing. In order to fill this gap, we conducted an epidemiological study on terrestrial native slug (Plutonia lamarckii) and snail (Cornu aspersum, Theba pisana, Rumina decollata) species in 27 selected locations of Tenerife, Gran Canaria, El Hierro, Lanzarote, La Palma and Fuerteventura. Overall, 131 terrestrial gastropods were collected in winter/spring season 2018/2019 and examined for the presence of metastrongyloid lungworm larvae via artificial digestion. The current data revealed a total prevalence of 4.6% for A. vasorum, 3.8% for A. abstrusus and 0.8% for A. cantonensis. In Tenerife, three lungworm species were detected, thereby re-confirming A. cantonensis endemicity for this island. Prevalences of snails (C. aspersum) originating from El Hierro were 5% for A. abstrusus and 15% for A. vasorum, respectively, with larval burdens up to 290 larvae per specimen. This epidemiological study indicates the presence of human, canine and feline lungworm species in Macaronesia, Spain. The current data—particularly those on anthropozoonotic A. cantonensis—call for a regular large-scale monitoring on intermediate hosts, paratenic hosts and definitive hosts to prevent further spread of lungworm-related diseases in humans and animals.

scholarly journals Infectivity of gastropod-shed third-stage larvae of Angiostrongylus vasorum and Crenosoma vulpis to dogs

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
William Robbins ◽  
Gary Conboy ◽  
Spencer Greenwood ◽  
Roland Schaper
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Angiostrongylus Vasorum ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Romaine Lettuce ◽  
Crenosoma Vulpis ◽  
Artificial Digestion ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Limax Maximus

Abstract Background Metastrongyloid parasites Angiostrongylus vasorum and Crenosoma vulpis infect wild and domestic canids and are important pathogens in dogs. Recent studies indicate that gastropod intermediate hosts infected with various metastrongyloids spontaneously shed infective third-stage larvae (L3) into the environment via feces and mucus under laboratory conditions. Shed L3 retain motility up to 120 days, but whether they retain infectivity was unknown. Methods To assess the infectivity of shed L3, the heart/lungs of six red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were obtained from trappers in Newfoundland, Canada. Lungs were examined for first-stage larvae (L1) by the Baermann technique. A high number of viable A. vasorum L1 and a low number of C. vulpis L1 were recovered from one fox; these were used to infect naïve laboratory-raised Limax maximus. L3 recovered from slugs by artificial digestion were fed to two naïve purpose-bred research beagles (100 L3/dog). L1 shed by these two dogs was used to infect 546 L. maximus (2000–10,000 L1/slug). L3 shedding was induced by anesthetizing slugs in soda water and transferring them into warm (45 °C) tap water for at least 8 h. Shed L3 recovered from slugs were aliquoted on romaine lettuce in six-well tissue culture plates (80–500 L3/well) and stored at 16 °C/75% relative humidity. Four naïve research beagles were then exposed to 100 L3/dog from larvae stored for 0, 2, 4, or 8 weeks, respectively, after shedding. Results All four dogs began shedding C. vulpis L1 by 26–36 days post-infection (PI). All four dogs began shedding A. vasorum L1 by 50 days PI. Conclusions L3 infectivity for the definitive host was retained in both metastrongyloids, indicating the potential for natural infection in dogs through exposure from environmental contamination. As an additional exposure route, eating or licking plant or other material(s) contaminated with metastrongyloid L3 could dramatically increase the number of dogs at risk of infection from these parasites. Graphic Abstract

Development of Camallanus adamsi Bashirullah, 1974 (Nematoda: Camallanidae) in cyclopoid copepods

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 2055-2060 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. M. Bashirullah ◽  
Benazir Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Mesocyclops Leuckarti

The larval development of Camallanus adamsi Bashirullah, 1974 was followed in intermediate hosts, Mesocyclops leuckarti (Claus) and Thermocyclops crassus (Fischer), which were kept at 24 °C and 27 °C (average). The nematode molted twice in the haemocoel of copepods. The first molt occurred 117 h after infection at 24 °C and the second molt after 249 h. At 27 °C, the first and the second molts occurred 72 and 168 h respectively after the infection. Three larval stages are described.

Terrestrial gastropods from the Himsworth Game Preserve, Ontario, and their significance in Parelaphostrongylus tenuis transmission

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 688-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Kearney ◽  
Frederick F. Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Terrestrial Gastropods ◽  
The Third ◽  
Open Habitat ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Parelaphostrongylus Tenuis ◽  
Collection Period

Terrestrial gastropods were collected within the 1220-ha Himsworth Game Preserve in central Ontario during 1974 to determine their abundance and habitat preference. Collections from systematically arranged plots occurred 23 May to 4 June, 6 July to 14 July, and 26 August to 5 September. In all 16 498 gastropods were collected; 4351, in the first, 5622 in the second, and 6525 in the third collection period. Sixteen species were represented with Discus cronkhitei and Zonitoides arboreus accounting for 69.3% of the specimens. Deroceras laeve and Pallifera dorsalis were the most common slugs. Gastropods (excluding slugs) showed a significant preference for mixed forest and a significant aversion to open habitat types during all collection periods. Slugs were significantly less abundant in mixed forest and more abundant in open habitat types during the third collection period.Eight of the 16 species collected (80.1% of the specimens) have previously been identified as intermediate hosts of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis. However, only 19 third-stage larvae of P. tenuis were obtained from the 16450 gastropods digested in pepsin. It is proposed that Zonitoides arboreus in association with Betula papyrifera may be important components in the transmission of P. tenuis to cervids on the Himsworth Game Preserve.

scholarly journals The behavioral effects of antibiotic treatment on the snailBiomphalaria glabrata

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e4171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Euan R.O. Allan ◽  
Michael S. Blouin
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
New World ◽  
Biomphalaria Glabrata ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Neglected Tropical Disease ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
And Control ◽  
Main Model

Schistosomiasis is a detrimental neglected tropical disease that is transmitted by Planorbid snails. Understanding the transmission and control of this disease requires an extensive understanding of these intermediate hosts, which is only achieved by the effective rearing and study of species such asBiomphalaria glabrata. This species is the intermediate host forSchistosoma mansoniin the New World, and is also the main model for studying schistosomes in mollusks. Antibiotics are used routinely inB. glabratatissue culture, and occasionally on live snails. Here we show that standard doses of three common antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin and gentamicin) drastically diminish the activity of healthyB. glabrata, but that treated snails recover rapidly when placed in fresh water. Ampicillin treated snails did not show altered activity. We suggest that researchers keep these apparent toxicities in mind if a need for antibiotic treatment of live Planorbid snails arises.

The influence of second intermediate host species on the infectivity of metacercarial cysts of Echinoparyphium recurvatum

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
Biomphalaria Glabrata ◽  
Reproductive Status ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Potential Influence ◽  
Second Intermediate Host

The potential influence of second intermediate host species on the infectivity of metacercarial cysts of Echinoparyphium recurvatum to the definitive host Anas platyrhynchos was examined experimentally. Echinoparyphium recurvatum metacercarial cysts were obtained from the following experimentally infected second intermediate hosts 14 days post expsoure to cercariae: Lymnaea peregra; Physa fontinalis; L. stagnalis;Planorbis planorbis; Biomphalaria glabrata; tadpoles of the amphibian Rana temporaria. Metacercarial cysts from each of these hosts were fed, in doses of 50 cysts per individual, to separate groups composed of between four and eight, 3-day-old A. platyrhynchos ducklings. All A. platyrhynchos were necropsied 15 days post-infection and the number, size, and reproductive status of E. recurvatum worms in the intestine was recorded. Analyses of variance on the number (transformed log (x + 1)) and size of worms revealed no significant differences in worms originating from metacercariae formed in the different second intermediate hosts (worm number P > 0.05, and worm size P > 0.05). All worms recovered were found to be gravid. It is therefore concluded that the species of second intermediate host utilized does not influence the infectivity of the metacercarial cyst of E. recurvatum, nor the subsequent establishment and reproductive status of the parasite in A. platyrhynchos.

scholarly journals Molluscicidal and parasiticidal activities of Eryngium triquetrum essential oil on Schistosoma mansoni and its intermediate snail host Biomphalaria glabrata, a double impact

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronaldo de Carvalho Augusto ◽  
Nadjiya Merad ◽  
Anne Rognon ◽  
Benjamin Gourbal ◽  
Cédric Bertrand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Biomphalaria Glabrata ◽  
Snail Host ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Toxic Activity ◽  
Oil Extract

Abstract Background Freshwater snails are the intermediate hosts of a large variety of trematode flukes such as Schistosoma mansoni responsible for one of the most important parasitic diseases caused by helminths, affecting 67 million people worldwide. Recently, the WHO Global Vector Control Response 2017–2030 (GVCR) programme reinforced its message for safer molluscicides as part of required strategies to strengthen vector control worldwide. Here, we present the essential oil from Eryngium triquetrum as a powerful product with molluscicide and parasiticide effect against S. mansoni and the snail intermediate host Biomphalaria glabrata. Methods In the present study, we describe using several experimental approaches, the chemical composition of E. triquetrum essential oil extract and its biological effects against the snail B. glabrata and its parasite S. mansoni. Vector and the free-swimming larval stages of the parasite were exposed to different oil concentrations to determine the lethal concentration required to produce a mortality of 50% (LC50) and 90% (LC90). In addition, toxic activity of this essential oil was analyzed against embryos of B. glabrata snails by monitoring egg hatching and snail development. Also, short-time exposure to sublethal molluscicide concentrations on S. mansoni miracidia was performed to test a potential effect on parasite infectivity on snails. Mortality of miracidia and cercariae of S. mansoni is complete for 5, 1 and 0.5 ppm of oil extract after 1 and 4 h exposure. Results The major chemical component found in E. triquetrum oil determined by GC-FID and GC/MS analyses is an aliphatic polyacetylene molecule, the falcarinol with 86.9–93.1% of the total composition. The LC50 and LC90 values for uninfected snails were 0.61 and 1.02 ppm respectively for 24 h exposure. At 0.5 ppm, the essential oil was two times more toxic to parasitized snails with a mortality rate of 88.8 ± 4.8%. Moderate embryonic lethal effects were observed at the concentration of 1 ppm. Severe surface damage in miracidia was observed with a general loss of cilia that probably cause their immobility. Miracidia exposed 30 min to low concentration of plant extract (0.1 ppm) were less infective with 3.3% of prevalence compare to untreated with a prevalence of 44%. Conclusions Essential oil extracted from E. triquetrum and falcarinol must be considered as a promising product for the development of new interventions for schistosomiasis control and could proceed to be tested on Phase II according to the WHO requirements.

Larval development of Angiostrongylus vasorum in the land snail Helix aspersa

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (10) ◽  
pp. 3649-3655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Di Cesare ◽  
Paolo Emidio Crisi ◽  
Roberto Bartolini ◽  
Raffaella Iorio ◽  
Tonino Talone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Land Snail ◽  
Helix Aspersa ◽  
Angiostrongylus Vasorum ◽  
Snail Helix Aspersa
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