scholarly journals An Application of Knowledge Engineering to Mathematics Curricula Organization and Formal Verification

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Eugenio Roanes-Lozano ◽  
Angélica Martínez-Zarzuelo ◽  
María José Fernández-Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Formal Verification ◽  
Knowledge Engineering ◽  
Completeness Relation ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Primary And Secondary Education ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Proposal A ◽  
Official Curriculum ◽  
Mathematics Curricula ◽  
Theoretical Proposal

The authors present a theoretical proposal for the organization of mathematical contents, more precisely to curricula development formalization and formal verification, inspired by knowledge engineering techniques. The situation addressed is the following: the starting point is a mathematical “official curriculum” (or part of it), not necessarily completely detailed. In our proposal, a group of experts would have to first build a detailed formulation of this curriculum (including the “prerequisite” relation between contents), which we will denominate “preprocessed official curriculum.” We detail how any “official curriculum development” could then be rigorously formalized and formally verified in a way inspired by rule-based expert system formal verification. We have defined the following terms: “contents soundness,” “contents completeness,” “relation soundness,” “relation completeness,” and “absence of cycles.” We believe that this is a completely new formalization within mathematics teaching theory that, once computer is implemented, would be very helpful. That would be the case, for instance, in countries where government sets the “official curricula” for Primary and Secondary Education and textbook contents have to be manually checked and approved by academic authorities: evaluators would “only” have to extract the textbook contents and set the “prerequisite” relation among them and let the computer do the rest.

Overruling rules?

1996 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Yovel
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Present Discussion ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Normative Discourse

This paper discusses issues relating to the normativity of prescriptive rules: what does it mean for a rule to be able to direct action, and what are the implications for the desirability of rule-based decision-making? It is argued that: (a) cognitively, one must allow for more than a single answer to the first question (the two interpretations of rules discussed here are based alternately on the concepts of exclusion and presumption); and (b) normatively, these different structures typically serve for different purposes in allocation of power and discretion. The next issue is the connection between rule-based decision-making and semantic theories of language. On a meta-discursive level, the paper makes a twofold claim: that normative discourse is possible only on the basis of a sound cognitive inquiry, while cognitive inquiry alone is not sufficient to explain social action and interaction, lacking tools to deal with the contingent normative demands from decision-making systems, such as adjudication. The discussion of prescriptive rules serves as a case-study for this claim. These and related topics have been dealt with by Frederick Schauer(1991a, 1991b). His model of rules as entrenched generalizations and mediators between "justifications " and action is the starting point of the present discussion, which, on most of the issues mentioned above, results in conclusions quite different from Schauer's.

Dependent types and formal synthesis

1992 ◽  
Vol 339 (1652) ◽  
pp. 121-135 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Formal Verification ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Order Logic ◽  
Digital Systems ◽  
Heuristic Methods ◽  
Dependent Types ◽  
Higher Order Logic ◽  
Type Checking ◽  
Formal Synthesis ◽  
Starting Point

The relative advantages offered by the use of dependent types (rather than polymorphic ones) in a higher-order logic used for reasoning about digital systems are explored. Dependent types and subtypes are shown to provide an effective means of expressing the bounded, parametrized types typically encountered in this field. Heuristic methods can be used to minimize problems arising from the loss of decidable type-checking. A second topic discussed is formal synthesis, an approach to design in which the activities of behavioural synthesis and of formal verification are combined. The starting point is a behavioural specification, the end result is a specification of an implementation together with a proof of its correctness.

An analysis of aircraft maintenance incidents using psychological and cognitive engineering knowledge

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1676-1680
Author(s):  
Man-wa Ng ◽  
Simon Y. W. Li
Keyword(s):  
Data Entry ◽  
Cognitive Engineering ◽  
Aircraft Maintenance ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Data Entry Error ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Error Types

The aim of the current analysis is to complement existing studies of aircraft maintenance incidents by providing finer and more detailed explanations for their causes in terms of task and error types. A total of 109 aircraft maintenance incidents were analyzed with respect to knowledge and concepts from psychology and cognitive engineering. The skill, rule and knowledge-based framework by Rasmussen (1983) was used to identify the main task types involved in the incidents. Error types such as post-completion error, prospective memory failure and data-entry error were used as part of the analysis. System usability and the occurrence of interruptions, distractions and multitasking were also adopted as important factors in the analysis. Results suggest that more than 60% of the incidents involved rule-based performance. Almost 50% of the rule-based incidents can be explained in terms of the errors types and factors identified. This analysis provides a starting point for practitioners to discuss aircraft maintenance incidents using theoretically grounded concepts.

scholarly journals Imaging the coupling between itinerant electrons and localised moments in the centrosymmetric skyrmion magnet GdRu2Si2

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuuki Yasui ◽  
Christopher J. Butler ◽  
Nguyen Duy Khanh ◽  
Satoru Hayami ◽  
Takuya Nomoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Density ◽  
Magnetic Moments ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Magnetic Structures ◽  
Itinerant Electrons ◽  
Proposal A ◽  
Tunnelling Microscopy ◽  
Magnetic Skyrmions ◽  
Magnetic Probes ◽  
Theoretical Proposal

AbstractMagnetic skyrmions were thought to be stabilised only in inversion-symmetry breaking structures, but skyrmion lattices were recently discovered in inversion symmetric Gd-based compounds, spurring questions of the stabilisation mechanism. A natural consequence of a recent theoretical proposal, a coupling between itinerant electrons and localised magnetic moments, is that the skyrmions are amenable to detection using even non-magnetic probes such as spectroscopic-imaging scanning tunnelling microscopy (SI-STM). Here SI-STM observations of GdRu2Si2 reveal patterns in the local density of states that indeed vary with the underlying magnetic structures. These patterns are qualitatively reproduced by model calculations which assume exchange coupling between itinerant electrons and localised moments. These findings provide a clue to understand the skyrmion formation mechanism in GdRu2Si2.

UML REPRESENTATION FOR RULE-BASED APPLICATION MODELS WITH XTT2-BASED BUSINESS RULES

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (04) ◽  
pp. 485-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
GRZEGORZ J. NALEPA ◽  
KRZYSZTOF KLUZA
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Engineering ◽  
Unified Modeling Language ◽  
Visual Design ◽  
Rule Base ◽  
Engineering Practice ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Business Rules ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Application Logic ◽  
Uml Diagrams

In this paper challenges of using Knowledge Engineering methods in the Software Engineering practice, with focus on the visual design methods for software applications, are discussed. The paper concerns practical design issues of rule-based models integrated with business applications built using the Model-View-Controller (MVC), or equivalent architectural pattern. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) constitutes a standardized notation among software engineers. Various attempts has been made to design the model in a way alternative to UML. Recently, the Business Rules approach has been proposed as a new way of capturing the functional requirements in a designer-friendly fashion. However, concepts on which the rule-based representation is based cannot be directly modeled in UML, because the semantics of UML diagrams does not correspond to rule semantics. Our research considers a method of designing rule bases which will be proper and consistent with the UML design. The approach has several important features: the core logic of the application is clearly identified and separated, and it is built in a declarative way, which makes the design transparent, easier to follow and develop. When rules are used to model the application logic, one has to keep in mind some common and well-known limitations of the existing rule tools. Our solution to these problems consists of using an expressive visual rule design formalism called XTT2, defining a direct translation between XTT2 and selected UML diagrams, implementing practical translators between the logical model and MOF-based UML model, and using the verification features provided with the XTT2 framework to assure the quality of the rule base. This solution seems to be superior both to existing visual UML rule notations, as well as visual design tools for rules. It does not extend any custom UML artifacts and can be used with standard UML tools.

Theoretical proposal: a tunable heterogeneous catalyst

2000 ◽  
Vol 470 (1-2) ◽  
pp. L88-L92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Sohlberg ◽  
Sokrates T. Pantelides ◽  
Stephen J. Pennycook
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Proposal A ◽  
Theoretical Proposal

scholarly journals Characterization of Environmental Education in Spanish Geography Textbooks

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1159
Author(s):  
Juan Antonio García-González ◽  
Saúl García Palencia ◽  
Irene Sánchez Ondoño
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Secondary Education ◽  
Environmental Education ◽  
Compulsory Education ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Primary And Secondary Education ◽  
Official Curriculum ◽  
The Subject

Environmental problems endanger the sustainability and survival of our planet. A way to raise awareness of the seriousness of the current environmental situation among future citizens and instill proactive behaviors that place the environment at the center of decision-making is environmental education. This study analyzes nine primary and secondary education textbooks in order to see what environmental education students receive as part of the subject of geography across the years of compulsory education in Spain. These textbooks are published by three different and main companies, which are a good example of the adaptation of the official curriculum. The study was conducted using the design and development of a coding sheet combining analysis of format (quantitative) and content (qualitative). The results show much room for improvement there is in environmental education in Spain. This improvement should start from the organization of the curriculum and its subsequent transposition into the textbooks. Thus, many changes are needed if we wish to build a society capable of effectively solving the threat of the environmental problems that surround us.

A measurement instrument for implementing total quality management in Greek primary and secondary education

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 1065-1081
Author(s):  
Eleni Sfakianaki
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Quality Management ◽  
Total Quality Management ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Efficiency Gain ◽  
Total Quality ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Primary And Secondary Education ◽  
Starting Point

Purpose Primary and secondary education (P&SE) is fundamentally important for achieving a high-quality education system. P&SE delivers more extensive social returns than higher education and is perhaps the most important locus where core values are established and the foundation for educational super-systems. The purpose of this paper is to develop a structured approach for the implementation of total quality management (TQM) in P&SE and validate it empirically. Design/methodology/approach A 7-dimensioned and a 66-itemed instrument was developed and administered to education professionals at Greek P&SE institutions to measure TQM implementation at present and its potential for the future. The measures were tested for validity and reliability. Findings The findings confirmed that the instrument developed is both valid and reliable. The factors of TQM identified for P&SE were leadership, student focus, continuous improvement, process control and involvement, education and training, measurement and evaluation, and change management. Practical implications P&SE institutions can employ the instrument developed to guide their implementation of TQM practices. Researchers and practitioners can use it to build models to relate facilitating practices to quality performance while enhancing social empowerment and contributing to economic growth, particularly at times of economic difficulty. Originality/value The present study adds value to the existing literature by investigating the unexplored field of TQM in P&SE at a time of economic downturn by offering researchers and practitioners a starting point to identify areas that require further support and improvement or have potential efficiency gain.

Effects of Using a Diagnostic Rule-Based Expert System Developed for the Nuclear Industry

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (16) ◽  
pp. 1200-1204
Author(s):  
Tor Endestad ◽  
Conny B.O. Holmstroem ◽  
Frode S. Volden
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Knowledge Engineering ◽  
Nuclear Industry ◽  
Pressurized Water Reactor ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Pressurized Water ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Engineering Technique

This experiment, conducted at the OECD Halden Reactor Project, Halden, Norway in the spring 1991, aimed to assess the effect on nuclear power plant operators diagnostic behaviour when using a rule based diagnostic expert system. The rule based expert system used in the experiment is called DISKET (Diagnosis System Using Knowledge Engineering Technique) and was originally developed by the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI). The experiment was performed in the Halden man-machine laboratory using a full scope pressurized water reactor simulator. Operator performance in terms of quality of diagnosis is improved by the use of DISKET. The use of the DISKET system also influences operators problem solving behaviour. The main difference between the two experimental conditions can be characterised as while the DISKET users during the diagnosis process are following a strategy which is direct and narrowed, the non-DISKET users are using a much broader and less focused search when trying to diagnose a disturbance.

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