scholarly journals Application of Microbial Bioenzymes in Soil Stabilization

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Eshetu Mekonnen ◽  
Ameha Kebede ◽  
Tekle Tafesse ◽  
Mesfin Tafesse
Keyword(s):  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Soil Stability ◽  
Stabilizing Agents ◽  
Dust Generation

Soil stabilization is a mechanical or chemical alteration of one or more soil properties to create an improved soil material possessing the desired engineering properties. The aim of this article was to review bioenzyme-based soil stabilization techniques with an emphasis on bioenzymes production, mechanism of soil stabilization and future challenges, and opportunities of the sector. Soils are stabilized to increase strength and durability or to prevent erosion and dust generation. Cost-effective soil stabilization technology has been a fundamental part of any construction and is very important for economic growth in any country. In some cases, construction has been challenged due to the high cost of soil stabilization processes. Besides, methods of stabilizations using common stabilizing agents are getting costly. Currently, there is a growing interest to identify new and green technology to improve construction techniques and to expand the road network. Therefore, the search for new materials and improved techniques to process the local materials has received an increased focus. For developing countries, bioenzymes are now creating an opportunity to improve soil stability with tremendous effectiveness in the overall process of soil stabilization. In the world, bioenzymes have been used in different projects for several years and are generally proprietary products, often of patented formulation that needs intensive field tests. Currently, the use and production of bioenzymes is becoming the most promising key for the advancement of a country by saving time, energy, and finance. It also reduces environmental pollution due to carbon emission by the conventional stabilizers. Thus, a better understanding of this emerging technology is of utmost importance to exploit any improvement it can offer to soil stability. With little research and practice, it is possible to produce soil stabilizing bioenzymes using local raw materials. Due to this, production of low cost, easily and widely applicable, and environmentally friendly enzymatic formulations from locally available raw materials should be the interest of research and academic institutes of any country.

Bamboo Waste-based Bio-composite Substance: An application for Low-cost Construction Materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
Teodoro Astorga Amatosa ◽  
Michael E. Loretero
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Experimental Medium ◽  
Natural Treatment

Bamboo is a lightweight and high-strength raw materials that encouraged researchers to investigate and explore, especially in the field of biocomposite and declared as one of the green-technology on the environment as fully accountable as eco-products. This research was to assess the technical feasibility of making single-layer experimental Medium-Density Particleboard panels from the bamboo waste of a three-year-old (Dendrocalamus asper). Waste materials were performed to produce composite materials using epoxy resin (C21H25C105) from a natural treatment by soaking with an average of pH 7.6 level of sea-water. Three different types of MDP produced, i.e., bamboo waste strip MDP (SMDP), bamboo waste chips MDP (CMDP) and bamboo waste mixed strip-chips MDP (MMDP) by following the same process. The experimental panels tested for their physical-mechanical properties according to the procedures defined by ASTM D1037-12. Conclusively, even the present study shows properties of MDP with higher and comparable to other composite materials; further research must be given better attention as potential substitute to be used as hardwood materials, especially in the production, design, and construction usage.

scholarly journals An autonomous economical and efficient ureteroscopic irrigation system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tengteng Wang ◽  
Xiude Chen ◽  
Qinghua Xia ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Xunbo Jin
Keyword(s):  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Flexible Ureteroscopy ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Treatment Practice ◽  
Extension Tube

Abstract Background In recent years, the minimally invasive technique for treating nephrolithiasis has been developed rapidly. Particularly, the flexible ureteroscopy has been extensively applied. For flexible ureteroscopy lithotripsy, the perfusion equipment is necessary to ensure a clear intraoperative field of view. This study was aimed to prepare a set of economical and efficient ureteroscopic irrigation system by some commonly used devices in clinical diagnosis and treatment practice. Methods In this study, according to requirements of the endoscopic surgery, the infusion apparatus, infusion apparatus extension tube, three-way plug valve, Luer one-way valve, ordinary syringe, and negative pressure spring were used to assemble the irrigation system with different functions. Results The autonomous perfusion device realized the real-time conversion of manual injection, continuous perfusion or negative pressure suction. The entire equipment has many advantages, including easily accessible raw materials, low cost, simple assembly process, easy operation, strong controllability, effective control ability for the intrarenal pressure, and high safety. Conclusions The commonly used medical devices were applied to assemble the autonomous ureteroscopic irrigation system, which is flexible, simple and cost-effective and thus can be applied in flexible ureteroscopic surgery.

scholarly journals Stabilization of clayey soil using Gypsum

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bussa Reethu ◽  
Mankala Sumanth Kumar ◽  
Gunde Sharath ◽  
Batchu Ramanjaneyulu ◽  
Ram Kishore Manchiryal
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Clayey Soil ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Stabilizing Agents ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Proctor Test ◽  
Standard Proctor Test ◽  
Poor Soil

The poor soil properties result in foundation failures of the structure which further causes in cracks of structural elements and walls. To avoid this, it is essential to enhance the soil properties. Soil stabilization is one of the processes to improve the engineering properties of the soil and thus making it more stable. It is required when the soil available for construction is not appropriate for the intended purpose. In this research, for stabilizing clayey soil and to achieve higher strength in minimum time period, gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) is used as one of the soil stabilizing agents. Experiments were planned to evaluate the properties of clayey soil on the addition of different percentages of Gypsum i.e., 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% to the existing soil. Tests conducted on clayey soil mixed with Gypsum included are, Atterberg’s Limits, Specific Gravity and Standard Proctor Test. A comparison between the properties of clayey soil, clayey soil mixed with Gypsum is done to understand the effect of Gypsum addition on soil properties. It was observed that the soil properties were enhanced for 6% of Gypsum addition to the soil.

scholarly journals Effect of Mixing of Rice Straw to Enhance the Characteristics of Soil

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 656-658
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Soil Reinforcement ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Specific Method ◽  
Open Burning ◽  
Main Motive ◽  
Fiber Materials

The foundation should have sufficient strength to support any land based structure. The soil surrounding the foundation plays a very important role. The strength of soil should be maintained according to the loading conditions. The soil reinforcement process helps to attain the required engineering properties in soil for the construction purpose. The necessity of enhancing soil properties came to the light from the beginning of construction work. Soil reinforcement was used in India in 1970’s but proper techniques and skilled labour was not available that's why in India ancient methods for soil reinforcement was using, show the soil reinforcement lots lost its importance. Recently, the demand for infrastructure, raw materials and fuel is improving show the process of soil reinforcement rising its importance up again. According to the better research, materials and equipment, soil reinforcement is the cost effective and popular method for improving the soil properties. Here, in this paper, soil reinforcement analysis completed with the mixing of soil with the powder produced from burning of rice straws fibers (parali) by an specific method. The main motive of this analysis is to find out the utilization of waste rice straw fiber materials in foundation construction without open burning of waste so we can reduce the pollution which create by the open burning of rice straw in the fields.

scholarly journals Stabilization of Clayey Soil using Dunite Powder

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 3242-3246
Keyword(s):  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Clayey Soil ◽  
Expansive Soil ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Greenhouse Gasses ◽  
Pozzolanic Material ◽  
Stabilized Soil ◽  
Standard Techniques

Clayey soil is one of the problematical soil around the world which causes distress to the construction that is built over clayey soil. Construction on expansive soil for geotechnical application causes major problems due to its poor shear strength characteristics apart from this continuous variation in volume change. soil stabilization is the process for modifying the engineering properties of soil. It is one of the most standard techniques used for the improvement of poor soil and also to make cost-effective way by making the best use of the locally existing material. For quite a while, cement is the well-known binder in soil stabilization, but it emits a large amount of CO2 , and energy depletion has started using some other materials or by-products to exchange cement for soil stabilization in full or in part. The growing volume of greenhouse gasses such as CO2 has also started explore into finding soil stabilization ecologically friendly resources. Dunite’s have a high amount of MgO, Al2O3 , SiO2 , and Fe2O3 could categorize this mineral as a soil stabilizing pozzolanic material. In present work experiment were conducted by addition of clayey soil with various percentage of Dunite powder (5%,10%,15%,20%) is added with the dry weight of soil. The unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio value is increased with the addition of Dunite power. The UCS value is increased from 198.88kPa to 247.29kPa over untreated soil as well as CBR value also increases from 4.61% for unstabilized soil to 8.86% for stabilized soil

scholarly journals The Use of a New Passive Sampler for Ozone and Nitrogen Oxides Monitoring in Ecological Effects Research

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 475-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franco De Santis ◽  
Tuncay Dogeroglu ◽  
Sabrina Menichelli ◽  
Caterina Vazzana ◽  
Ivo Allegrini
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ecological Effects ◽  
Passive Samplers ◽  
Diffusion Tubes ◽  
Diffusive Sampler ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite

A simple, cost-effective diffusive sampler is described that is suitable for measuring parts per billion (ppb) levels of ozone and nitrogen oxides. The diffusive sampler makes use of nitrite for ozone determination whereas for nitrogen oxides and nitrogen dioxide an active carbon tissue impregnated with sodium carbonate is used. Nitrate and nitrite, the formation of which is proportional to the pollutant concentration and sampling duration, are the two species analysed, respectively. Diffusion tubes have the advantage of being a low- cost, convenient way of mapping spatial distributions and investigating long-term trends of ozone and nitrogen oxides. The method is extremely useful for assessing long-term concentrations such as the annual mean for nitrogen oxides, as required by the Daughter Directive 1999/30/EC. Field tests to validate the method have been carried out at an urban background location with co-located passive samplers and continuous measurements of O3and NOx. An application in ecological effects monitoring for ozone is also presented.

Advanced Metallic Structural Materials and a New Role for Microalloyed Steels

2005 ◽  
Vol 500-501 ◽  
pp. 471-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Korchynsky
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Structural Materials ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Microalloyed Steels ◽  
Thin Slab Casting ◽  
Steel Consumption ◽  
Materials Used

The recent worldwide surge of steel consumption, mainly of low-strength carbon grades, has created raw-materials shortages and price increases. These supply-demand strains could be relaxed by satisfying engineering needs with less steel. However, materials used for such a substitution must combine high weight reducing potential with low cost. Microalloyed (MA) steels are cost- effective substitutes, since their high strength is the result of grain refinement and precipitation hardening. The optimum alloy design of MA steels combines superior properties with lowest processing cost. The growing use of EAF and thin slab casting technology improve the economics of MA steels, especially when alloyed with vanadium. The monetary value of weight reduction is sufficient to increase the profitability of steel makers and to lower the material cost to steel users. This “win-win” situation is financed by the elimination of efforts spent in producing inefficient steel, yielding an increase in wealth formation. To gain acceptance of substitution by the consumer, a long-term strategic plan is needed to be implemented by the beneficiaries – steel producers and steel users. The successful substitution is of importance to the national economy, resources and energy conservation, and the environment. Since microalloyed steels, used as a replacement for carbon steels, offer low-cost weight savings, they deserve to be classified as advanced structural materials.

scholarly journals Research and Development of a Low-Cost Smart Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Device Using Locally Available Raw Materials for Cardiac Arrest Patients

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Mohammad Monirujjaman Khan ◽  
Md. Mujtabir Alam
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Artificial Ventilation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
Chest Compressions ◽  
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
External Chest Compressions ◽  
Effective Product

Cardiovascular disease is the main worldwide reason for death. Cardiovascular diseases can cause the heartbeat to stop. If a person experiences a cardiac arrest, then direct treatments such as cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with chest compressions and artificial ventilation along with defibrillation are methods to greatly improve the patient’s possibility of survival. Usually, CPR is completed manually. Manual CPR is carried out by applying external chest compressions followed by artificial ventilation. It helps to pump blood around the person’s body when their heart cannot do this job. This paper presents the development and analysis of a low-cost cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) device using locally available raw materials for the treatment of cardiac arrest patients. This CPR is automated, portable, and very user friendly. This is a very cost-effective product which people can easily afford to buy. The unit price of this CPR is USD 500.

scholarly journals Removal of chromium from synthetic wastewater by adsorption onto Ethiopian low-cost Odaracha adsorbent

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohanis Birhanu ◽  
Seyoum Leta ◽  
Getachew Adam
Keyword(s):  
Contact Time ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Batch Adsorption ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cr Concentration ◽  
Adsorbent Dose

AbstractNowadays, Cr-loaded wastewater released from industrial activities pose an increasing risk to human health and the environment. Adsorption processes have been widely used for the removal of chromium from the waste stream. In this regard, natural adsorbents are the most preferable and cost-effective methods. In this study, the efficiency of Odaracha adsorbent as a novel green technology in the removal of chromium from synthetic wastewater is analyzed. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of contact time, pH, adsorbent dose, and initial concentration of adsorbate on Cr removal. The surface morphology of Odaracha adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction. Experimental results showed that Odaracha adsorbent could perform effectively in a wide range of experimental conditions. However, in optimum experimental conditions, such as 180-min contact time, pH 3, and 15 g/L of adsorbent dose Odaracha adsorbent removes 94.68% of Cr from an aqueous solution having 110 mg/L of Cr concentration.

scholarly journals Design and Development of a Flexible, Plug-and-Play, Cost-Effective Tool for on-Field Evaluation of Gas Sensors

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Domenico Suriano ◽  
Gennaro Cassano ◽  
Michele Penza
Keyword(s):  
Gas Sensors ◽  
Real World ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Sensor Performance ◽  
Wide Range

Atmospheric pollution is one of the biggest concerns for public health. Air quality monitoring is currently performed by expensive and cumbersome monitoring stations. For this reason, they are sparse, and therefore, inadequate to provide enough accurate information on the personal exposure to pollutant gases. The current worldwide trend to address this issue consists in the use of low-cost small gas sensors, already available on the market, with a wide range of costs and performances. However, the performance of these sensors is heavily affected by the environmental conditions of the specific location used for their deployment. For this reason, it is of fundamental importance to test them in real-world scenarios. Field evaluation of sensor performance could be a challenging task because, on the one hand, they have heterogeneous output signals, and on the other hand, there is no widely shared evaluation protocol. The SentinAir system has been designed and developed to facilitate this task. It can carry out performance evaluations for any type of sensor thanks to its configurable and adaptable sensing capability, multiple wireless sensor network compatibility, flexibility, and usability. In order to evaluate SentinAir capabilities and functionalities, the performances of CO2, NO2, and O3 sensors were tested in real-world scenarios against reference instruments. To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous study providing information about the performance of SP-61 (O3 sensor), IRC-A1 (CO2 sensor), and TDS5008 (CO2 sensor) achieved during on-field tests. On the contrary, results obtained by OXB431 (O3 sensor) and NO2B43F (NO2 sensor) are consistent with the ones shown in previous studies carried out in similar conditions. During validation tests, we have found R2=0.507 for the best performing NO2 sensor, and R2=0.668 for the best O3 sensor. Concerning the indoor experiment, the best CO2 sensor performance showed an excellent R2=0.995. In conclusion, the effectiveness of this tool in evaluating the performance of heterogeneous gas sensors in different real-world scenarios has been demonstrated. Therefore, we anticipate that the use of SentinAir will facilitate researchers to carry out these challenging tasks.

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