scholarly journals Multiple-Strain Malaria Infection and Its Impacts on Plasmodium falciparum Resistance to Antimalarial Therapy: A Mathematical Modelling Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Titus Okello Orwa ◽  
Rachel Waema Mbogo ◽  
Livingstone Serwadda Luboobi
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Antimalarial Drugs ◽  
Malarial Parasite ◽  
Parasite Resistance ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Contour Plots ◽  
Dynamics And Control ◽  
And Control

The emergence of parasite resistance to antimalarial drugs has contributed significantly to global human mortality and morbidity due to malaria infection. The impacts of multiple-strain malarial parasite infection have further generated a lot of scientific interest. In this paper, we demonstrate, using the epidemiological model, the effects of parasite resistance and competition between the strains on the dynamics and control of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The analysed model has a trivial equilibrium point which is locally asymptotically stable when the parasite’s effective reproduction number is less than unity. Using contour plots, we observed that the efficacy of antimalarial drugs used, the rate of development of resistance, and the rate of infection by merozoites are the most important parameters in the multiple-strain P. falciparum infection and control model. Although the drug-resistant strain is shown to be less fit, the presence of both strains in the human host has a huge impact on the cost and success of antimalarial treatment. To reduce the emergence of resistant strains, it is vital that only effective antimalarial drugs are administered to patients in hospitals, especially in malaria-endemic regions. Our results emphasize the call for regular and strict surveillance on the use and distribution of antimalarial drugs in health facilities in malaria-endemic countries.

Antimalarial Drugs as Inspiration for Herbicides

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 216-220
Author(s):  
Joshua S. Mylne ◽  
Keith A. Stubbs
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Drug Development ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Antimalarial Drug ◽  
Antimalarial Drugs ◽  
Malarial Parasite ◽  
Malaria Research ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Popular Subject ◽  
Drug Leads

In addition to good stewardship, the unabated rise in herbicide resistance and dearth of truly new herbicides demands that new molecules be found. Over 30 years ago, a chloroplast-like organelle was found in the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum and herbicides demonstrated a close relationship existed to plants. Recently this idea was turned on its head by exploiting the boom in malaria research to search for new herbicide chemistry and it provided interesting starting points for development. The merit of such an approach is underlined by tetflupyrolimet, the first truly novel herbicide in 30 years, and whose target has been a popular subject for antimalarial drug development for 15 years. Which other antimalarial targets, drugs and drug leads might reach across the parasite-plant divide to inspire new herbicides?

scholarly journals Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigen-specific cytophilic IgG and control of malaria infection in a Beninese birth cohort

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafiou Adamou ◽  
Célia Dechavanne ◽  
Ibrahim Sadissou ◽  
Tania d’Almeida ◽  
Aziz Bouraima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Surface Antigen ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Merozoite Surface Antigen ◽  
Falciparum Merozoite ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Stable Artesunate Resistance in A Humanized Mouse Model of Plasmodium falciparum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheetal Saini ◽  
Rajinder Kumar ◽  
Rajeev K. Tyagi
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Artemisinin Resistance ◽  
Antimalarial Drugs ◽  
Humanized Mouse ◽  
Humanized Mouse Model ◽  
Human Malaria

Plasmodium falciparum, the most devastating human malaria parasite, confers higher morbidity and mortality. Although efforts have been made to develop an effective malaria vaccine, stage- and species-specific short-lived immunity crippled these efforts. Hence, antimalarial drug treatment becomes a mainstay for the treatment of malaria infection in the wake of the unavailability of an effective vaccine. Further, there has been a wide array of antimalarial drugs effective against various developmental stages of P. falciparum due to their different structures, modes of action, and pharmacodynamics as well as pharmacokinetics. The development of resistance against almost all frontline drugs by P. falciparum indicates the need for combination therapy (artemisinin-based combination therapy; ACT) to treat patients with P. falciparum. A higher pool of parasitemia under discontinuous in vivo artemisinin drug pressure in a developed humanized mouse allows the selection of artesunate resistant (ART-R) P. falciparum. Intravenously administered artesunate, using either single flash doses or a 2-day regimen, to the P. falciparum-infected human blood chimeric NOD/SCID.IL-2Rγ−/− immunocompromised (NSG) mice, with progressive dose increments upon parasite recovery, was the strategy deployed to select resistant parasites. Parasite susceptibility to artemisinins and other antimalarial compounds was characterized in vitro and in vivo. P. falciparum has shown to evolve extreme artemisinin resistance as well as co-resistance to antimalarial drugs. Overall, the present information shall be very useful in devising newer therapeutic strategies to treat human malaria infection.

scholarly journals Credibility of Folklore Claims on the Treatment of Malaria in North-East India with Special Reference to Corroboration of their Biological Activities

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Devanjal Bora ◽  
J. Kalita ◽  
D. Das ◽  
Subhan C. Nath
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Malarial Parasite ◽  
Parasite Resistance ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
North East India ◽  
North East ◽  
Causes Of Mortality ◽  
Made In

Malaria is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity throughout the developing countries. In spite of considerable advances made in the development of anti-malarial drugs to combat the disease, appearance of the malarial parasite resistance to the drugs one after another, has triggered the researchers to search for alternative agents of better quality. In view of the fact that plant folk medicines have immense value in providing clue for development of drug, an ethnobotanic survey of medicinal plants practiced for the treatment of malaria in North East India, followed by the validity of folklore claims of the plant species was conducted based on the review of reported literatures. Seventy four plant species under 67 genera and 41 families used for the preparation of recipes to treat the disease were included in this communication. For each plant species, botanical and vernacular name, part(s) used, method of preparation and mode of administration of the herbal remedies were provided. Biological activities corroborative of folklore medicinal claims of the plant species were also indicated for the credibility of these folklore claims.

Platelet Hypersensitivity in Acute Malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) Infection in Man

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (02) ◽  
pp. 547-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
E M Essien ◽  
M I Ebhota
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Human Platelet ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Wave Pattern ◽  
Falciparum Infection ◽  
Secondary Wave ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
The Mean

SummaryDuring acute malaria infection, platelets in human platelet-rich plasma are hypersensitive to the addition of ADP between 1.0 uM and 5.0 uM, or adrenaline 0.11 uM as aggregating agents. The mean maximum aggregation amplitude (as % of light transmission) obtained from 8 subjects in response to added ADP (1.0 uM), 39.8 ± 27 (1SD), was significantly greater than the value in 6 controls (5.2±6.7 (1SD); t = 3, 51 P <0.005). A similar pattern of response was obtained with higher ADP concentrations (2.4,4.5 or 5.0 uM) in 22 patients and 20 control subjects (89.9±14.9% vs 77.8±16.5% (1SD) t = 2.45, P <0.02). Addition of 4.5 uM ADP to patient PRP usually evoked only a single aggregation wave (fused primary and secondary waves) while the typical primary and secondary wave pattern was usually obtained from controls.Mean plasma B-thromboglobulin (BTG) concentration in 7 patients (208.3 ± 15.6 ng/ml) was significantly higher than the value in 6 control subjects (59.2±15.7 ng/ml; t = 13.44, P <0.002).

PROJECT ON ELECTRONIC STEERING SYSYTEM

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Shivam Dwivedi ◽  
Prof. Vikas Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Steering System ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Variable Pressure ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Control Techniques ◽  
Steering Mechanism ◽  
Dynamics And Control ◽  
Active Research ◽  
Electronic Steering ◽  
And Control

As the four-wheel steering (4WS) system has great potentials, many researchers' attention was attracted to this technique and active research was made. As a result, passenger cars equipped with 4WS systems were put on the market a few years ago. This report tries to identify the essential elements of the 4WS technology in terms of vehicle dynamics and control techniques. Based on the findings of this investigation, the report gives a mechanism of electronically controlling the steering system depending on the variable pressure applied on it. This enhances the controlling and smoothens the operation of steering mechanism.

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