scholarly journals Using Statistical Analysis to Assess Urban Groundwater in Beni Mellal City (Morocco)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Mohamed El Baghdadi ◽  
Radouane Medah ◽  
Amal Jouider

The study was carried out in a shallow phreatic aquifer in the piedmont zone between the Atlas Mountains and Tadla plain in Morocco. This study is carried out using physicochemical analyses with statistical analysis (CA and PCA) to show variability of groundwater hydrochemical parameters beneath Beni Mellal city in order to know spatial variability of water quality under urban activities. Total dissolved solid shows large variation from 355 mg/L to 918 mg/L with high values recorded, as electric conductivity, in the city center. High sulfate content is intercepted also in the old city center with values exceeding the threshold in the Moroccan guideline. Sulfate ions are often suspected of having an anthropogenic origin. All water samples show a dominance of Ca against Mg (Ca/Mg: 1.08–6.25) and HCO3 against SO4 (HCO3/SO4: 0.29–6.92). For most of the trace elements, the measured concentrations were far below the standard values except Al and Fe in some samples which exceed all guideline values. PCA of all dataset highlights eight factors with eigenvalues higher than 1 that explained about 80.34% of the total variance. The first two components PC1 and PC2 explained about 41.14% of the total cumulative variance and were responsible for 24.25% and 16.89% of the variance for each one, respectively. The component PC1 is mostly correlated with electric conductivity, TDS, and chloride. The component PC2 was highly correlated with Ca, Cr, and Zn. The dendrogram at a linkage distance of about 10.5 leads to dividing the diagram into three clusters of water samples, C1, C2, and C3. Cluster C1 shows a medium content of EC, HCO3, and NO3 and low content of TDS, Ca, Mg, Na, K, SO4, and Ba compared with C2 and C3. C1 samples show the lowest ion content, resulting probably from the minimal time of residence within the aquifer with low rock interactions. Cluster C2 regroups samples with high content of Ca, Mg, K, SO4, Al, and Cr, medium content of TDS and Na, and low content of EC, HCO3, NO3, and Cl. Samples in cluster C3 have more content of heavy metal (Cd, Fe, Mn, and Ni), CE, TDS, Ca, Mg, Na, HCO3, NO3, and Cl, with low content of Cr and Al and medium values of K and SO4. We recommended the monitoring and follow-up of the water quality under the city and the repair of pipes especially in the downtown area to limit unwanted infiltration. Spatial autocorrelation used with variograms and Moran'I leads to conclude that groundwater parameters varied differently according to the direction, which means that the semivariance depended on direction and distance between samples.

Author(s):  
Kanij Fatema Nishan ◽  
Nilufa Yeasmin ◽  
Urmi Rani Devi ◽  
Sumiya Akter ◽  
Md. Abu Bakar ◽  
...  

Chattogram is the second most populated city in Bangladesh. This port city faces a serious threat mainly due to the lack of safe drinking water. This study was conducted for determining drinking water quality of groundwater sources in Chattogram city. The study was performed in the BCSIR laboratory, Chattogram. It was carried out for a period of six months from 1st July, 2018 to 31th December, 2018. Total six water samples were collected from three different locations (Baluchora, C&B colony and Khulshi area). Each sampling location consists of two separate sampling points. Physicochemical parameters of the collected samples like Temperature, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solid (TDS), Hardness, Turbidity and concentration of Cl, As, Mn, Fe, Pb, Cr and Cd were examined. Microbial parameters like Total Coliform (TC) were also measured. All the analyzed parameters compared with BSTI and WHO drinking water quality standards to understand the overall ground water quality status of the study area. The results reveal that water samples in almost all locations were contaminated with microbial contamination and that the range of physico-chemical parameters was not adequate for consumption. Preliminary treatments like boiling, filtering etc are required before using groundwater for drinking and the necessary measures must be taken for a safe alternative source of drinking water.


2003 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilian Chavez-Kus ◽  
Eduardo Salamuni

A área abrange o município de Curitiba, Paraná, posicionado sobre rochas da Formação Guabirotuba, que por sua vez está sotoposta ao Complexo Atuba, formado por granitóides deformados, gnaisses e anfibolitos, afetados por fraturas que permitem a circulação de água subterrânea e se constitui em um aqüífero fraturado. O objetivo da pesquisa é reconhecer e comparar dados hidrogeológicos relativos ao aqüífero por análise estatística convencional, visando identificar a distribuição geográfica e as características dos poços tubulares profundos. Foram complementados e atualizados bancos de dados hidrogeológicos previamente existentes, reunindo-se informações de 1.297 poços perfurados entre os anos de 1950 a 2001. Grande parte das sondagens foi georefenciada em campo. A análise estatística resultou na familiarização dos dados e a detecção dos padrões de irregularidades existentes, além da determinação de tendências e agrupamentos. Constatou-se que nos últimos 10 anos houve acréscimo na realização de novas sondagens, caracterizando aumento da demanda pela utilização de água subterrânea para os diversos usos. No centro e nos bairros circunvizinhos ocorre utilização mais pronunciada da água subterrânea, seguida pelos bairros industriais e aqueles com concentração de serviços. A profundidade média dos poços tubulares é de 112 m, podendo chegar até a 390 m. As variáveis “profundidade” e “entrada d’água” são correlacionadas até os 220 m de profundidade, que se constitui a profundidade máxima verificada. O horizonte no qual a água subterrânea circula não se limita a apenas um único nível, devido às estruturas geradas pela tectônica rúptil. Embora a média geral da “vazão” seja de 3,6 m 3 /h, ocorrem casos de até 44 m 3 /h. Os valores extremos de vazão situam-se em locais onde as sondagens chegaram a estruturas, ou intersecção de estruturas, francamente favoráveis à circulação da água subterrânea. Também foi caracterizada a presença de heterogeneidade nas variá-veis hidrogeológicas locais. Os resultados obtidos permitem que, em análise futura, os dados sejam homogeneizados com maior facilidade através de análise estrutural e geoestatística das variáveis do aqüífero fissural. O trabalho permite a espacialização dos dados hidrogeológicos de acordo com o uso do solo e a subdivisão político-administrativa do município. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEOLOGICAL DATA OF TUBULAR WELLS CURITIBA’S MUNICIPALITY-PARANÁ Extended Abstract The studied area is made up solely of the municipality district of Curitiba (PR), which is almost totally positioned on the rocks of the Guaratuba Formation, in Curitiba Basin. It is placed beneath the Atuba Complex, formed by deformed granithoids, gneiss and amphibolites, affected by an intricate net of generally open fractures that give away an effective circulation of groundwater. The main objective of this research is to identify and to compare the hydrogeological data referring to the fractured aquifer of Atuba Complex, through a conventional statistical analysis. The use of the statistics sought to identify the geographic distribution and characteristics of the variables relative to the deep tubular wells of the studied area (figures 1). In the research, hydrogeological databases, examined previously by Salamuni (1981), Nogueira Filho (1997) and Salamuni (1998), were complemented, updated and reorganized. Therefore, information from 1297 tubular wells was gathered, with bore holes comprising the period from 1950 to 2001 (figure 4). Most of the bore holes were georeferenced in the field, with the aid of a GPS. Through the statistical analysis, the familiarization of the data occurred and irregularity patterns were able to be detected. Moreover, through the identification of the structure of the original data, the presence of tendencies and groupings were also detected (figures 5 and 6). It was verified that, in the last 10 years, there was a vertiginous growth in the demand for new bore holes (figure 12 and 13), demonstrating a sharp demand for the use of groundwater as a supply in the provisioning of the city of Curitiba. The main use of the groundwater occurs in the city center and surrounding neighborhoods, followed by the industrial neighborhoods where there is a notable concentration of services (figure 6). The medium depth of the tubular wells in the municipal is of 112 m, and in extreme cases it reaches 390 m (figures 10 and 11). The variable “depth” and “entrance of water” are positively correlated until 220 m, starting from the surface of the land (figures 17 until 21). Below this horizon there is no information that permits speculation. The horizon in which the groundwater circulates is not only limited to a single level, as a function of the response to a structural conditioning generated by a tectonic ruptile. Although the general average of the variable drainage is of 3.6 m 3 /h, exceptional cases are verified of up to 44 m 3 /h (figures 7 until 9). This heterogeneity of the data shows that the variability of the phenomenon in the area is quite big. The extreme drainage values represent the places where the surveys reached structural alignments or where favorable structures intersected the circulation of groundwater. Through the statistical analysis of the data, the presence of a heterogeneous space pattern was confirmed in the hydrogeological variables of the area. That is a first step in the treatment of this information, which will, in the future, allow the data to be homogenized more easily through a structural and geostatistical analysis of the fractured aquifer variables. The study presents a good dimension of the spacialization of the hydrogological data according to the use of the soil and the political-administrative subdivision of the municipal district.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Besufekad Asres Mekonnen ◽  
Alemayehu Haddis ◽  
Wuhib Zeine

Abstract Background An increase in the urban population and the rising demand for food and other essentials perpetuate a rise in the amount of waste being generated daily by each household. In low-income countries, this waste is eventually thrown into open dump sites. It can cause severe impacts on human health and the surrounding environment. This study was aimed at assessing the effect of a solid waste dump site of Teppi town on surrounding soil and river water quality. Methods A total of three surface water, one leachate water samples, and four soil samples were collected and were analyzed. Six heavy metals for surface water and leachate samples and four heavy metals for soil samples were measured by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Additionally, physical and chemical parameters were analyzed using standard methods. The soil and water data were analyzed statistically using Origin pro version 8.0 computer software packages. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess whether the mean values of heavy metals and physicochemical parameters in soil and water samples varied significantly between distances and location from the dump site, possibilities less than 0.05 (p< 0.05) was considered statistically significant. Results pH of soil was slightly basic (pH 8±0.1 up to 8.7±0.21. Similarly, EC was lower in 60 meters (1800±0.5μs/cm) and higher in the other sample sites (3490±0.66-4920±1.04μs/cm). The concentration of heavy metals such as cadmium (0.53±0.01-2.26±0.02 mg/kg), zinc (623.93±0.29-859.41±0.02mg/kg), lead (3.26±0.25-57.560.26mg/kg), and copper (204.06±0.06 337.11±0.01mg/kg) in the sample soils has been found to be higher than Ethiopian EPA and USEPA guideline values. Lead, cadmium, manganese, nickel, copper, and zinc in the leachate water and nickel and manganese in nearby river water, total dissolved solid, BOD5, chemical oxygen demand, and turbidity for both leachate and stream water samples were found to be higher than the Ethiopian EPA and WHO standard guideline values. Conclusions The finding suggested that solid waste open dump site adversely affects soil and water quality in the study area and probable source of human health risks via the food chain. The soil in the area requires Phytoremediation technologies. In addition, sanitary landfill is recommended.


2019 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 108-114
Author(s):  
B. Boychuk ◽  
A. Kuzyk ◽  
L. Sysa

Abstract. Summarizing the scientific publications and production reports of enterprises that studied the environmental status of the Prut River in the last decades, as well as relevant reports in the periodical press and other media, it has been found that the quality of its water in the upper reaches is significantly deteriorating. The purpose of this article was to assess the quality of water in the Prut River in the upper flow according to various methods (including the complex of environmental indexes) to determine the degree of its pollution. The article presents the results of calculations of the complex ecological index (Ie) for assessing the water quality of the Prut river in the vicinity of the city of Yaremche. To establish sources of pollution of this river, an experimental study of the physical and chemical parameters of its water was carried out. A series of water samples from the Prut River in the area from the village Dora (suburb of Yaremche). upstream to the village Tatariv is studied laboratoryally. Samples were selected at six points of observation. The studies were conducted in two seasons: fall (september) and winter (january). The main pollutants and their concentrations in the selected samples are determined. Modern laboratory techniques and equipment are used for laboratory research. On the basis of laboratory examination of water samples from the river Prut in the upper reaches (the outskirts of the city of Yaremche) it was established that the water in this area is sufficiently clean; excess MPC value is not observed. An exception may be only a sample of water within the city of Yaremche, where there are increased concentrations of phosphates. It is also shown that winter water samples contain slightly more pollutants (including biogenic ions) than autumn. These facts may also be partly explained by the increase in airborne acid oxide emissions and their interaction with river water. According to the results of calculating the complex ecological index it was established that the Prut River water in the studied area belongs to the 2nd class of quality (the state is good). Separate samples from the control section within the city of Yaremche showed an increased value of the complex ecological index (Ie is 3.21 and 3.36 for the summer and winter series, respectively). The reason for this increase in the index is the pollution of the Prut River in the studied area due to the increase in anthropogenic pressure on it over the past years.


1970 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bina Laxmi Jayana ◽  
Tista Prasai ◽  
Anjana Singh ◽  
Kayo Devi Yami

The study was undertaken to assess the existing status of drinking water quality of Madhyapur-Thimi. A total of 105 water samples comprising 50 (47.61%) wells, 45 (42.82%) tap water and 10 (9.52%) stone spouts were randomly collected. The physicochemical and microbiological parameters were analyzed following standard technique. The pH (1.9%), conductivity (34.28%) and turbidity (16.19%) of water samples had crossed the permissible guideline values as prescribed by WHO and national standard. All samples contained nitrate values within the WHO permissible value as well as national standard but hardness (2%), chloride (2.85%), iron (26.66%), ammonia (11.42%), and arsenic content (1.90%) crossed the WHO guideline value but none of the water samples crossed the national standard for arsenic. Arsenic having 0.025mg/l (25ppb) was detected from two well water samples, Makanani well and Ajimanani well. Total coliform count showed 64.76% of samples crossed the WHO guideline values. Eleven different kinds of enteric bacteria were isolated from different sources, Enterobacter spp. being the predominant. Isolates were subjected for antibiotic susceptibility pattern using ten antibiotics. Among total isolates, resistance was directed to 79.5% Erythromycin, 62.67% Penicillin G, 61.9% Amoxycillin, 34.5% Ampicillin, 21.1% Tetracycline, 15.4% Ceftriaxone, 14.7% Amikacin, 14.7% Cephotaxine, 5.6% Chlorophenical and 5.6% Ofloxacin respectively.Key words: Coliform; Enteric bacteria; Permissible value; Physicochemical; Antibiotic resistanceDOI: 10.3126/njst.v10i0.2955Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 10, 2009 Page: 167-172


2019 ◽  
pp. 13-15
Author(s):  
Tatiana Ivanovna Zhilochkina ◽  
Andrei Igorevich Seliverstov

This article is devoted to a comprehensive study of drinking water before and after its purification. Water samples taken at 5 water supply and 5 water distribution stations of the city were used in the study. The author comes to the conclusion that the use of the monitoring system allows you to respond quickly to any changes in the quality of the drinking water, and quickly make decisions that affect its purification.


Author(s):  
Dajana Savic ◽  
Milica Balaban ◽  
Nebojsa Pantelic ◽  
Dejana Savic ◽  
Malisa Antic ◽  
...  

The bisphenol A (BPA) concentration was determined in 12 surface water samples of the Vrbas River and its five tributaries. The samples were taken in the area that belongs to the city of Banja Luka (Bosnia and Herzegovina). BPA was isolated using micro liquid-liquid extraction followed by derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS). Silylation was used as a derivatization method to increase volatility and allow GC-MS determination of BPA. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), obtained by validating the procedure, were determined at 4 and 10 ng L-1, respectively. The concentrations of BPA were ranged between 33 and 354 ng L-1, and all were above the LOQ value. The lowest amount of BPA was found in the sample collected in the river Vrbas near Svrakava estuary upstream from the city of Banja Luka. The highest concentration of BPA was recorded at the confluence of the Crkvena and Vrbas rivers, which is located in the city center. This study shows that population and human activity could affect the level of BPA in the enviro.


2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veysel Demir ◽  
Sezai Ergin

The objective of this study was to analyze drinking water samples from 21 sites in the city center and seven municipalities of Tunceli, Turkey, in order to determine the presence of nitrate, nitrite, fluoride, bromate, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), trihalomethanes (THMs), and some other chemicals. In all locations, the concentrations of chemicals investigated were below the permissible limits set by local and international organizations for drinking water. Low levels of nitrate (4.79 ± 4.20 mg/L), fluoride (0.11 ± 0.08 mg/L), and THMs (6.63 ± 5.14 μg/L) were detected in all locations. A low level of tetra, chloroethane, which is suspected to be a human carcinogen, was also detected in 8 locations in the range of 0.26–0.43 μg/L. These contaminants may pose adverse health effects or minimum hazard due to long-term exposure. In all locations, bromate, benzene, total PAH, 1-2 dichloroethane, vinyl chloride, acrylamide, and epichloridine levels in drinking water samples were under detection limits.


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