scholarly journals Association between AXIN1 Gene Polymorphisms and Bladder Cancer in Chinese Han Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin Li ◽  
Peng Zhang ◽  
Yanyun Wang ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Kai Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Chinese Han ◽  
Potential Association ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Poor Differentiation ◽  
Muscle Invasive

Background. Previous evidence has indicated that the reduction of axis inhibition protein 1 (AXIN1) expression is related with the poor differentiation of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the potential association between AXIN1 and bladder cancer (BC) is unknown. We aimed to initially explore the relevance of AXIN1 gene polymorphisms (rs12921862 C/A, rs1805105 T/C, and rs370681 C/T) and BC. Methods. Three hundred and sixteen BC patients and 419 healthy controls had been enrolled. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was used for genotyping three tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of AXIN1. The SNPstats online analysis software and SPSS software were used for statistical analysis. Results. Our data revealed that three tag SNPs were associated with an increased risk of BC (rs12921862: P<0.001, OR 95%CI=4.61 (3.13-6.81); rs1805105: P=0.046, OR 95%CI=1.35 (1.00-1.82); and rs370681: P=0.004, OR 95%CI=1.56 (1.15-2.10)). For rs12921862, A allele was an independently protective factor which correlated with a better prognosis in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients (P=0.03, OR 95%CI=0.10 (0.01-0.84)). Stratification analysis demonstrated that rs370681 polymorphism was related with high-grade bladder cancer (P=0.04, OR 95%CI=1.85 (1.04-3.23)). Conclusion. The AXIN1 gene polymorphisms might implicate in BC risk, and rs12921862 could be a potential forecasting factor for prognosis of BC patients.

scholarly journals Associations between Interleukin-32 Gene Polymorphisms rs12934561 and rs28372698 and Susceptibilities to Bladder Cancer and the Prognosis in Chinese Han Population

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jie Yang ◽  
Zhongyu Jian ◽  
Pengfei Shen ◽  
Yunjin Bai ◽  
Yin Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Invasive Bladder Cancer ◽  
Chinese Han ◽  
Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Homozygous Genotype ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Muscle Invasive

The proinflammatory chemokine interleukin-32 is related to various diseases, including cancer. However, it has never been associated with bladder cancer (BC). To detect whether there is a relationship between the IL-32 gene polymorphisms (rs12934561 C/T and rs28372698 T/A) and BC, the study enrolled 170 non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients, 151 muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients, and 437 healthy controls. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was used for the IL-32 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping. Statistical analysis was performed using SNPstats online analysis software and SPSS software. Our data revealed that the CC homozygous genotype of rs12934561 in BC patients was significantly higher than that in controls ( P = 0.03 , OR = 1.47 , 95 % CI = 1.04 ‐ 2.08 ), and the percentage of TC genotype carriers was relatively less than that of controls ( P = 0.001 , OR = 0.61 , 95 % CI = 0.45 ‐ 0.82 ). Furthermore, the TT homozygous genotype of rs28372698 was associated with a significantly lower overall survival rate in MIBC patients ( P = 0.028 , OR = 2.77 , 95 % CI = 1.11 ‐ 6.90 ). The IL-32 gene polymorphism rs12934561 might be associated with increased BC risk, and the rs28372698 might participate in the prognosis of BC patients. Therefore, they could be potential forecasting factors for the prognosis of MIBC patients.

scholarly journals The Association Between the Serotonin Receptor Type 1B (HTR1B) Gene rs13212041 Polymorphism and Trait Anxiety in China Han College Subjects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofei Ruan ◽  
Suwen Fang ◽  
qi zheng ◽  
Senqing Qi ◽  
Yingfang Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Serotonin Receptor ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Receptor Type ◽  
Personality Factor ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Chinese Han ◽  
Development Of Anxiety

Abstract Trait anxiety is a vulnerable personality factor for anxiety and depression. High levels of trait anxiety confer elevated risk for the development of anxiety and other psychiatric disorders. There is evidence that serotonin receptor type 1B (5-HT1B) gene polymorphisms play an important role in emotional disorders. Genotyping for four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) (rs11568817, rs130058, rs6297 and rs13212041) was conducted for 388 high trait-anxious (HTA) individuals and 463 low trait-anxious (LTA) individuals in China Han college subjects. The results showed that the frequency of the C-allele and TC+CC genotype in rs13212041 in the LTA individuals was higher than that in the HTA individuals (p = 0.025 and p = 0.014, respectively). Both the C-allele and TC+CC genotype were associated with trait anxiety decreasing (OR = 0.771 and OR = 0.71, respectively). Furthermore, different gene models analysis also showed that the C allele is a protective factor in trait anxiety in Chinese Han college subjects. These findings suggest that the variance in 5-HT1B gene polymorphisms may play a role in trait anxiety in China Han college subjects. The rs13212014 polymorphism may be involved in decreasing the risk of trait anxiety. These results also provide a novel insight into the molecular mechanism about trait anxiety.

scholarly journals Rs4612666 Polymorphism of the NLRP3 Gene Is Associated with the Occurrence of Large Artery Atherosclerotic Ischemic Strokes and Microembolic Signals

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lufeng Cheng ◽  
Ruihua Yin ◽  
Shaonan Yang ◽  
Xudong Pan ◽  
Aijun Ma
Keyword(s):  
Gene Polymorphism ◽  
Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Direct Sequencing ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Large Artery ◽  
Chinese Han ◽  
Nlrp3 Gene ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Positive Rate

Purpose. Large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) ischemic stroke (IS) is the most common IS subtype, and microemboli are clinically important for indicating an increased risk of IS. Nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between NLRP3 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility for LAA IS and microembolic signals (MES) in the Chinese Han population. Methods. We studied 293 patients diagnosed with LAA IS and 265 controls. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) was used to monitor the MES in all of the patients. Depending on the presence or absence of MES, the patients were divided into MES-positive and MES-negative subgroups. PCR-RFLP or direct sequencing were used to analyze three NLRP3 gene polymorphisms. Results. Seventy-six patients presented with MES and the MES-positive rate was 25.94%. Logistic regression analysis showed that the TT genotype frequency for the rs4612666 gene polymorphism was higher in study patients than in the controls (adjusted P=0.001) and higher in MES-positive patients compared to MES-negative patients (adjusted P=0.015). The T allele of rs4612666 was associated with an increased risk for developing LAA IS and MES (P=0.001; P=0.015, resp.). Prevalence of the CCC haplotype was higher in the controls than in the patients (P=0.009) and prevalence of the TGT haplotype was lower in the controls than in the patients (P=0.019). Conclusions. The NLRP3 rs4612666 gene polymorphism may be related to the occurrence of LAA IS and MES, suggesting that the NLRP3 gene polymorphism increases the susceptibility of LAA IS by changing the plaque vulnerability.

scholarly journals G-1639A but Not C1173TVKORC1Gene Polymorphism Is Related to Ischemic Stroke and Its Various Risk Factors in Ukrainian Population

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yevhen I. Dubovyk ◽  
Viktoriia Yu. Harbuzova ◽  
Alexander V. Ataman
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Vitamin K ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Pcr Rflp

Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) is integral 163-amino acid long transmembrane protein which mediates recycling of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide to vitamin K hydroquinone and it is necessary for activation of vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs). Herein, the association between G-1639A (rs9923231) and C1173T (rs9934438) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of theVKORC1gene and ischemic stroke (IS) was tested in Ukrainian population. Genotyping was performed in 170 IS patients and 124 control subjects (total 294 DNA samples) using PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction with following restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis) method. Our data showed that G-1639A but not C1173T polymorphism was related to IS, regardless of adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, and arterial hypertension. The risk for IS in -1639A allele carriers (OR = 2.138,P=0.015) was higher than in individuals with G/G genotype. Haplotype analysis demonstrated that -1639G/1173T and -1639A/1173C were related to increased risk for IS (OR = 3.813,P=0.010,and OR = 2.189,P=0.011, resp.), while -1639G/1173C was a protective factor for IS (OR = 0.548,P<0.001). Obtained results suggested that -1639A allele can be a possible genetic risk factor for IS in Ukrainian population.

scholarly journals A new discovery of genetic polymorphisms of important genes in WNT pathway (LPR5 and AXIN1) associated with osteoporosis susceptibility in Chinese Han population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongsheng Cui ◽  
Xinglv Hu ◽  
Chen Zhang ◽  
Kunzheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factor ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Chinese Han Population ◽  
Candidate Snps ◽  
Classical Pathway ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Chinese Han ◽  
Clinical Indicators ◽  
Han Population ◽  
Potential Association

Abstract Background: genetic factors play a critical role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. The imbalance of WNT/β-catenin will cause the occurrence of osteoporosis. LPR5 and AXIN1 play an important role in the classical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Our study was aimed to determine the association between 5 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of LPR5 or AXIN1 and osteoporosis susceptibility in Chinese Han population. Methods: the association analysis was conducted between 5 candidate SNPs and osteoporosis susceptibility among 1198 participants. Agena MassARRAY was used to genotype SNPs. The association between SNPs and osteoporosis susceptibility in different genetic models was analyzed by logistic regression analysis. Multi-factor dimension reduction (MDR) was used to analyze the interaction of SNP-SNP in the osteoporosis risk. The difference of clinical indicators under different genotypes was completed by one-way analysis of variance.Results: we found that LPR5 rs11228240, AXIN1 rs2301522 and rs9921222 were significantly associated with the osteoporosis susceptibility. The results of subgroup analysis showed that LPR5 rs11228240 (protective factor) and AXIN1 rs2301522 (risk factor) were significantly associated with the susceptibility of osteoporosis among participants who were age > 60 years, female or BMI≤24; AXIN1 rs9921222 significantly increased the risk of osteoporosis among participants with BMI≤24. The results of Haplotype analysis showed that Ars2301522Crs9921222 could increase the susceptibility of osteoporosis. We also found that LRP5 rs11228219, AXIN1 rs2301522 and rs9921222 showed a potential association with some clinical indicators of osteoporosis.Conclusion: the SNPs of LPR5 and AXIN1 which are important genes in WNT classical pathway, have a potential association with osteoporosis susceptibility in Chinese Han population.

scholarly journals Genetic Polymorphisms ofIL1B, IL6,andTNFαin a Chinese Han Population with Pulmonary Tuberculosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shouquan Wu ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Miaomiao Zhang ◽  
Saurav S. Shrestha ◽  
Minggui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Chinese Han ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Latent Tb ◽  
Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Latent Tb Infection ◽  
The Relationship

Background. The factors that predispose to pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) are not fully understood. Previous studies have shown that cytokine gene polymorphisms were associated with PTB.Objectives. In this study, we have investigated the relationship betweenILB,IL6,andTNFαpolymorphisms and a predisposition toMycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB) infection and PTB.Methods. A total of 209 cases of PTB, 201 subjects with latent TB infection (LTBI), and 204 healthy controls (HCS) were included in this study. Logistic regression analyses under allelic, homozygous, and heterozygous models were used to calculatePvalues, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for assessing the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and disease risk, adjusting for sex and age. Genotyping was conducted using the improved multiplex ligase detection reaction (iMLDR) method.Results. When comparing PTB patients with LTBI subjects, significant associations with disease development were observed for SNPs ofIL6andTNFα. When comparing LTBI subjects with HCS,IL1Bpolymorphisms were significantly associated with LIBI. Haplotype analyses suggested that the CGG haplotype ofIL1Bwas associated with an increased risk of PTB (P=0.039, OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.01–1.76), while the TTGCG haplotype ofTNFαwas a protective factor against PTB (P=0.039, OR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.44–0.98).Conclusion. Our study demonstrated thatIL1Bvariants were related to LTBI andIL6andTNFαvariants were associated with PTB.

scholarly journals Polymorphism of IL37 gene as a protective factor for autoimmune thyroid disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni Yan ◽  
Shuai Meng ◽  
Rong-Hua Song ◽  
Qiu Qin ◽  
Xuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Disease ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Chinese Han ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Gender Stratification ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Increased Risk

Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) comprises Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). IL37 has been recently proved to be a natural suppressor for innate immunity and acquired immunity. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the association of IL37 genetic polymorphisms with AITD in Chinese Han population. Polymorphisms of rs3811046/rs3811047/rs2723176/rs272186 in the IL37 gene were assessed in a case–control study comprising 701 GD patients, 301 HT patients and 939 controls. Genetic variants were genotyped by multiplex polymerase chain reaction and ligase detection reaction. The frequencies of the minor allele A of rs2723176 and A of rs2723186 were significantly lower in the GD patients than in the controls (P=0.014, OR=0.774; P=0.014, OR=0.777). After gender stratification, the rs3811046 G allele and the rs3811047/rs2723186 A allele were both significantly associated with a decreased risk of GD in female patients (P=0.030, OR=0.777; P=0.023, OR=0.774; P=0.029, OR=0.761). However, none of the four single nucleotide polymorphisms of IL37 gene showed any significant association with HT. Moreover, haplotype analysis revealed the GCG haplotype conferred increased risk for GD as a whole and in female GD patients (OR=1.213; OR=1.320). The ACG haplotype was associated with an increased risk of HT as a whole (OR=1.567) and in male GD patients (OR=1.820). In contrast, the AAA haplotype showed a protective role for GD as a whole (OR=0.760) and in female GD patients (OR=0.765). Our study strongly supports that the IL37 gene variants are associated with the susceptibility to AITD.

scholarly journals Association between Genetic Polymorphisms of MIR3142HG and the Risk of Steroid-Induced Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head in the Population of Northern China

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Tiantian Wang ◽  
Huiqiang Wu ◽  
Menghu Sun ◽  
Tingting Liu ◽  
Feimeng An ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Head ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Dominant Model ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Chinese Han ◽  
Aseptic Necrosis ◽  
Increased Risk

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is aseptic necrosis of the femoral head caused by glucocorticoid use. Once necrotic femoral head necrosis occurs, it irreversibly affects the quality of life seriously. Studies have shown that the susceptibility to steroid-induced ONFH is likely to be related to the variation of miRNA-coding genes. Therefore, this study aimed was to investigate the effect of <i>MIR3142HG</i> on steroid-induced ONFH. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Agena MassARRAY was used to genotype <i>MIR3142HG</i> gene rs1582417, rs2431689, rs7727155, and rs17057846 in 199 patients and 725 healthy people. A genetic model and haplotype analysis were used to evaluate the relationship between the <i>MIR3142HG</i> polymorphism and the risk of steroid-induced ONFH. The odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals were obtained through logistic regression to assess the influence of gene polymorphisms on the occurrence of steroid-induced ONFH. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The consequences show that rs7727115 is a protective factor, it could reduce the risk of steroid-induced ONFH, and rs1582417 could increase the risk of steroid-induced ONFH. In the genetic model, rs1582417 was associated with increased risk of alcohol-induced ONFH in dominant model and log-additive model. rs7727115 showed a decreased risk in codominant model, dominant model, and log-additive model. In addition, rs2431689 is related to HDL-C (<i>p</i> = 0.012) and ApoA1 (<i>p</i> = 0.010) levels, and rs17057846 (<i>p</i> = 0.024) is related to ApoB levels. Thelinkage analysis indicated 3 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs2431689, rs7727115, and rs17057846) in <i>MIR3142HG</i> with significant chain imbalance. In addition, haplotype “GGG” of <i>MIR3142HG</i> was found out and is harmful for steroid-induced ONFH. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Our results first confirm that the genetic polymorphism of <i>MIR3142HG</i> is associated with steroid-induced ONFH susceptibility in Chinese Han population.

scholarly journals Combination of GP88 Expression in Tumor Cells and Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells Is an Independent Prognostic Factor for Bladder Cancer Patients

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1796
Author(s):  
Markus Eckstein ◽  
Verena Lieb ◽  
Rudolf Jung ◽  
Danijel Sikic ◽  
Katrin Weigelt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Prognostic Factor ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Poor Prognostic Factor ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Muscle Invasive ◽  
Disease Specific

Urothelial bladder cancer (BCa) is the ninth most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide and accounts for approximately 3% of global cancer diagnoses. We are interested in prognostic markers that may characterize tumor cells (TCs) and immune cells (ICs) and their relationship in BCa. A potential candidate marker that meets these criteria is progranulin (GP88), which is expressed separately in TCs and ICs. We analyzed GP88 expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 196 muscle-invasive BCa samples using a tissue microarray. The immunoreactive score for GP88 staining in TCs and the percentage of GP88-positive ICs was determined. An easy cutoff for the staining status of TCs (positive vs. negative) and ICs (0% vs. >0%) and, more generally, negative vs. positive GP88 staining could be applied. We detected 93 patients (47.4%) and 92 patients (46.9%) with GP88-positive TCs or ICs, respectively. The IHC results were correlated with clinicopathological and survival data. Positive GP88 staining in TCs appeared to be an independent poor prognostic factor for disease-specific survival (DSS) (RR (relative risk) = 1.74; p = 0.009) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) (RR = 1.92; p = 0.002). In contrast, negative GP88 staining in ICs was an independent negative predictor for overall survival (OS) (RR = 2.18; p < 0.001), DSS (RR = 2.84; p < 0.001) and RFS (RR = 2.91; p < 0.001) in multivariate Cox’s regression analysis. When combining GP88 staining in TCs and ICs, a specific combination of GP88-positive TCs and GP88-negative ICs was associated with a 2.54-fold increased risk of death, a 4.21-fold increased risk of disease-specific death and a 4.81-fold increased risk of recurrence compared to GP88-negative TCs and GP88-positive ICs. In summary, GP88 positivity in TCs is a negative prognostic factor for DSS and RFS. In addition, GP88 positivity can mark ICs that are associated with a good prognosis (OS, DSS and RFS). The combination of GP88 staining in TCs and ICs appears to be a significant independent prognostic biomarker in muscle-invasive BCa.

Gene polymorphisms associated with an increased risk of exudative age-related macular degeneration in a Spanish population

2021 ◽  
pp. 112067212110026
Author(s):  
Pablo Gili ◽  
Leyre Lloreda Martín ◽  
José-Carlos Martín-Rodrigo ◽  
Naon Kim-Yeon ◽  
Laura Modamio-Gardeta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Spanish Population ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Exudative Amd ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Increased Risk

Purpose: To identify the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CFH, ARMS2, HTRA1, CFB, C2, and C3 genes and exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a Spanish population. Methods: In 187 exudative AMD patients and 196 healthy controls (61% women, mean age 75 years), 12 SNPs as risk factors for AMD in CFH (rs1410996, rs1061170, r380390), ARMS2 (rs10490924, rs10490923), HTRA1 (rs11200638), CFB (rs641153), C2 (rs547154, rs9332739), and C3 (rs147859257, rs2230199, rs1047286) genes were analyzed. Results: The G allele was the most frequent in CFH gene (rs1410996) with a 7-fold increased risk of AMD (OR 7.69, 95% CI 3.17–18.69), whereas carriers of C allele in CFH (rs1061170) showed a 3-fold increased risk for AMD (OR 3.22, 95% CI 1.93–5.40). In CFH (rs380390), the presence of G allele increased the risk for AMD by 2-fold (OR 2.52, 95% CI 1.47–4.30). In ARMS2 (rs10490924), the T-allele was associated with an almost 5-fold increased risk (OR 5.49, 95% CI 3.23–9.31). The A allele in HTRA1 (rs11200638) was more prevalent in AMD versus controls (OR 6.44, 95% CI 3.62–11.47). In C2 gene (rs9332739) the presence of C increased risk for AMD by 3-fold (OR 3.10, 95% CI 1.06–9.06). Conclusion: SNPs in CFH, ARMS2, HTRA1, and C2 genes were associated in our study with an increased risk for exudative AMD in Spanish patients.

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