scholarly journals Studies on Antibacterial Activity and Diversity of Cultivable Actinobacteria Isolated from Mangrove Soil in Futian and Maoweihai of China

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feina Li ◽  
Shaowei Liu ◽  
Qinpei Lu ◽  
Hongyun Zheng ◽  
Ilya A. Osterman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Protein Biosynthesis ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Reporter System ◽  
Mangrove Soil

Mangrove is a rich and underexploited ecosystem with great microbial diversity for discovery of novel and chemically diverse antimicrobial compounds. The goal of the study was to explore the pharmaceutical actinobacterial resources from mangrove soil and gain insight into the diversity and novelty of cultivable actinobacteria. Consequently, 10 mangrove soil samples were collected from Futian and Maoweihai of China, and the culture-dependent method was employed to obtain actinobacteria. A total of 539 cultivable actinobacteria were isolated and distributed in 39 genera affiliated to 18 families of 8 orders by comparison analysis of partial 16S rRNA gene sequences. The dominant genus was Streptomyces (16.0 %), followed by Microbacterium (14.5 %), Agromyces (14.3 %), and Rhodococcus (11.9 %). Other 35 rare actinobacterial genera accounted for minor proportions. Notably, 11 strains showed relatively low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities (< 98.65 %) with validly described species. Based on genotypic analyses and phenotypic characteristics, 115 out of the 539 actinobacterial strains were chosen as representative strains to test their antibacterial activities against “ESKAPE” bacteria by agar well diffusion method and antibacterial mechanism by the double fluorescent protein reporter system. Fifty-four strains in 23 genera, including 2 potential new species, displayed antagonistic activity in antibacterial assay. Meanwhile, 5 strains in 3 genera exhibited inhibitory activity on protein biosynthesis due to ribosome stalling. These results demonstrate that cultivable actinobacteria from mangrove soil are potentially rich sources for discovery of new antibacterial metabolites and new actinobacterial taxa.

scholarly journals Exploitation of Potentially New Antibiotics from Mangrove Actinobacteria in Maowei Sea by Combination of Multiple Discovery Strategies

Antibiotics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin-Pei Lu ◽  
Jing-Jing Ye ◽  
Yong-Mei Huang ◽  
Di Liu ◽  
Li-Fang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Culture Broth ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Reporter System ◽  
Mangrove Soil ◽  
New Antibiotics

Rediscovery of known antibiotics from actinobacteria, especially Streptomyces, has become a bottleneck issue. Nowadays, more specific identification and dereplication could be acquired by a combination of modern analytic techniques with various databases. In this study, 261 actinobacterial strains were isolated from 8 mangrove soil samples by culture-dependent method. A total of 83 strains were selected to evaluate antibacterial activities and mechanisms by disc diffusion method and a unique double fluorescent protein reporter system (pDualrep2), respectively. Thirty-two strains exhibited antagonistic activity against at least one of the “ESKAPE” pathogens. Four Streptomyces strains (B475, B486, B353, and B98) showed strong inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria and induced DNA damage SOS response. One Micromonospora strain (B704) exhibited inhibitory activity against several pathogens and induced attenuation-based translational inhibitors reporter. Seven members of quinoxaline-type antibiotics including quinomycin A, quinomycin monosulfoxide, and other five putative new analogues were found from the culture broth of strain B475 by a combination of anti-MRSA guide, HPTLC, HPLC-UV, and UPLC-UV-HRESIMS/MS analysis, Chemspider searching, and MS/MS-based molecular networking analysis. In conclusion, this study not only demonstrated that mangrove is a rich source of actinobacteria with the potentially new antibiotics but showed rapid dereplication of known antibiotics in the early stage can improve efficiency for the discovery of new antibiotics.

scholarly journals Potentials of Indigenous Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates from the soil in controlling Fusarium wilt of Cucumber cause by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp cucumerinum

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-137
Author(s):  
P.O. Akintokun ◽  
A.O. Okuwa ◽  
A.R. Oloyede ◽  
S.O. Adebajo ◽  
A.K. Akintokun
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Screen House

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) production is generally low in Nigeria due to continuous soil nutrient limitation and diseases. However, the persistence in the use of agrochemicals for cucumber production in Nigeria is associated with high cost and deleterious effects on man, animal and the environment. This study was conducted to investigate the potentials of indigenous Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a spore-forming bacterium known for its insecticidal properties in controlling Fusarium wilt of cucumber. Bacillus thuringiensis strains were isolated from soil samples collected from different farm sites in Abeokuta, Nigeria, and identified phenotypically and molecularly. The in-vitro antagonistic activity of B. thuringiensis strains on F. oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum was evaluated by dual culture method, followed by pot experiment in the screen house. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on the antagonistic B. thuringiensis to confirm Bt species. The results of the in-vitro antagonistic activity revealed that most indigenous B. thuringiensis strains showed significant growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. cucumerinum. Similarly, application of B. thuringiensis A and C isolates significantly suppressed the incidence of Fusarium wilt of cucumber in the screen house when compared to the control. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique identified the isolates A and C as Bacillus thuringiensis strain LTS-209 and Bacillus thuringiensis strain VITSJ-01, respectively. Hence, indigenous B. thuringiensis A and C isolates should be incorporated into cucumber cultivation for controlling Fusarium wilt disease of cucumber. Keywords: Cucumber, Bacillus thuringiensis, Fusarium wilt, 16S rRNA gene

scholarly journals Bacillus solimangrovi sp. nov., isolated from mangrove soil

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (Pt_5) ◽  
pp. 1622-1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geun-Hye Lee ◽  
Moon-Soo Rhee ◽  
Dong-Ho Chang ◽  
Kae Kyoung Kwon ◽  
Kyung Sook Bae ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Dna Relatedness ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Mangrove Soil

Two novel bacterial strains, GH2-4T and GH2-5, were isolated from mangrove soil near the seashore of Weno island in Chuuk state, Micronesia, and were characterized by a polyphasic approach. The two strains were strictly aerobic, Gram-staining-positive, motile, endospore-forming rods that were catalase- and oxidase-positive. Colonies were circular, convex, stringy and transparent yellowish (GH2-4T) or opaque whitish (GH2-5). The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the two isolates were identical. The most closely related strains in terms of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity were Bacillus kochii WCC 4582T, B. horneckiae DSM 23495T, B. azotoformans LMG 9581T, B. cohnii DSM 6307T and B. halmapalus DSM 8723T (95.6, 95.4, 95.4, 95.2 and 95.2 % similarity, respectively). The partial groEL sequence of strain GH2-4T was identical to that of strain GH2-5 and showed <85 % similarity to those of the most closely related strains. The isolates grew at pH 5–12 (optimal growth at pH 9), at 10–40 °C (optimum 30–35 °C) and at 0–9 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 1–3 % NaCl). The cell-wall peptidoglycan of strains GH2-4T and GH2-5 contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and cell-wall hydrolysates contained ribose as a major sugar. The DNA G+C content was 36 mol%, and DNA–DNA relatedness between the isolates and five related reference strains was 20–24 %. Strain GH2-4T exhibited 81 % DNA–DNA relatedness with strain GH2-5. The major cellular fatty acids of both strains were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C14 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0 and the predominant menaquinone was MK-7. On the basis of the evidence from this polyphasic study, strains GH2-4T and GH2-5 ( = KCTC 33143 = JCM 18995 = DSM 27084) represent a novel species of the genus Bacillus , for which the name Bacillus solimangrovi sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is GH2-4T ( = KCTC 33142T = JCM 18994T = DSM 27083T).

scholarly journals Use of Bromodeoxyuridine Immunocapture To Identify Active Bacteria Associated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Hyphae

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 6208-6215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Artursson ◽  
Janet K. Jansson
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Active Bacteria ◽  
Mycorrhizal Hyphae

ABSTRACT Arbuscular mycorrhizae are beneficial for crops grown under low-till management systems. Increasingly, it is becoming apparent that bacteria associated with mycorrhizae can enhance the beneficial relationship between mycorrhizae and plants. However, it has been difficult to study these relationships by conventional techniques. In this study actively growing bacteria were identified in soil from an undisturbed fallow field known to contain arbuscular mycorrhizae by using molecular tools to eliminate the need for cultivation. A thymidine analog, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), was added to the soil and incubated for 2 days. DNA was extracted, and the newly synthesized DNA was isolated by immunocapture of the BrdU-containing DNA. The active bacteria in the community were identified by 16S rRNA gene PCR amplification and DNA sequence analysis. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence information, a selective medium was chosen to isolate the corresponding active bacteria. Bacillus cereus strain VA1, one of the bacteria identified by the BrdU method, was isolated from the soil and tagged with green fluorescent protein. By using confocal microscopy, this bacterium was shown to clearly attach to arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae. This study was the first to use this combination of molecular and traditional approaches to isolate, identify, and visualize a specific bacterium that is active in fallow soil and associates with arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae.

scholarly journals ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POTENTIAL PROBIOTICS FROM FERMENTED RAGI (ELEUSINE CORACANA)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Priscilla Mercy Anitha D ◽  
Periyar Selvam Sellamuthu ◽  
Seema A Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Eleusine Coracana ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽  
Dpph Method

Objective: The aim of this study was to isolate, characterize and identify the potential lactic acid bacteria from fermented ragi millet (Eleusine coracana).Methods: A total of 177 isolates were isolated from the fermented ragi porridge. All the isolates were subjected to preliminary screening (Gram staining and catalase test). The physiological features of the probiotic isolates such as tolerance to pH (2.0, 4.0), phenol (0.3%, 0.5%) and bile salt (0.3%) were carried out. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using disc diffusion method. Free radical scavenging assay was conducted by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The isolates were further characterized for their cholesterol-lowering property. Based on their survival ability and biochemical tests, the selected potent isolates were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence by PCR and phylogenetic analysis. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed that isolates were Lactococcus lactis RS01, Lactobacillus plantarum RS09, Lactobacillus plantarum RS16 and Lactobacillus plantarum RS23.Results: Twenty five isolates were screened from the 177 total isolates based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics (Gram staining and catalase test). All the isolates showed tolerance against acid, phenol and bile salts. However, RS09 and RS23 exhibited maximum viable count and demonstrated good tolerance at the end of 3 h. Highest antioxidant activity was recorded in RS09 ranging from 32-85%. Among the tested strains, the degradation rate of supernatants, RS09 (61.9%), RS23 (60%) and RS01 (58.97%) and RS16 (56.2%) showed the highest cholesterol assimilation rate. In addition, they also found to be resistant and sensitive to few antibiotics.Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, these isolates are ideal in vitro probiotic strains and can be used further for in vivo evaluation.

scholarly journals Bioprospecting of Soil-Derived Actinobacteria Along the Alar-Hotan Desert Highway in the Taklamakan Desert

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaowei Liu ◽  
Ting Wang ◽  
Qinpei Lu ◽  
Feina Li ◽  
Gang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Protein Translation ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Ionization Source ◽  
Taklamakan Desert ◽  
Promising Source ◽  
Desert Highway

Taklamakan desert is known as the largest dunefield in China and as the second largest shifting sand desert in the world. Although with long history and glorious culture, the Taklamakan desert remains largely unexplored and numerous microorganisms have not been harvested in culture or taxonomically identified yet. The main objective of this study is to explore the diversity, novelty, and pharmacological potential of the cultivable actinomycetes from soil samples at various sites along the Alar-Hotan desert highway in the Taklamakan desert. A total of 590 actinobacterial strains were recovered by the culture-dependent approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences unveiled a significant level of actinobacterial diversity with 55 genera distributed in 27 families of 12 orders. Thirty-six strains showed relatively low 16S rRNA similarities (&lt;98.65%) with validly described species, among which four strains had already been characterized as novel taxa by our previous research. One hundred and forty-six actinobacterial isolates were selected as representatives to evaluate the antibacterial activities and mechanism of action by the paper-disk diffusion method and a double fluorescent protein reporter “pDualrep2” system, respectively. A total of 61 isolates exhibited antagonistic activity against the tested “ESKAPE” pathogens, among which seven strains could produce bioactive metabolites either to be able to block translation machinery or to induce SOS-response in the pDualrep2 system. Notably, Saccharothrix sp. 16Sb2-4, harboring a promising antibacterial potential with the mechanism of interfering with protein translation, was analyzed in detail to gain deeper insights into its bioactive metabolites. Through ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-quadrupole time-of-flight (QToF)-MS/MS based molecular networking analysis and databases identification, four families of compounds (1–16) were putatively identified. Subsequent bioassay-guided separation resulted in purification of four 16-membered macrolide antibiotics, aldgamycin H (8), aldgamycin K (9), aldgamycin G (10), and swalpamycin B (11), and their structures were elucidated by HR-electrospray ionization source (ESI)-MS and NMR spectroscopy. All compounds 8–11 displayed antibacterial activities by inhibiting protein synthesis in the pDualrep2 system. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that Taklamakan desert is a potentially unique reservoir of versatile actinobacteria, which can be a promising source for discovery of novel species and diverse bioactive compounds.

scholarly journals The potency of actinomycetes extracts isolated from Pramuka Island, Jakarta, Indonesia as antimicrobial agents

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Setiawati Setiawati ◽  
Titik Nuryastuti ◽  
Eti Nurwening Sholikhah ◽  
Puspita Lisdiyanti ◽  
Sylvia Utami Tunjung Pratiwi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Culture Collection ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Streptomyces Olivaceus

Abstract. Setiawati S, Nuryastuti T, Sholikhak EN, Lisdiyanti P, Pratiwi SUT, Sulistiyanti TR, Ratnakomala S, Jumina, Mustofa. 2021. The potency of actinomycetes extracts isolated from Pramuka Island, Jakarta, Indonesia as antimicrobial agents. Biodiversitas 22: 1104-1111. Actinomycetes are one of the Gram-positive bacteria which are widely distributed and produce many secondary metabolites including those known as antibiotics, antifungals, anticancer, and antimalarials agents. The secondary metabolites of actinomycetes are abundant, which include many active compounds that have been identified because of the large diversity in the actinomycetes phylum. This study aimed to identify and screen collected by Indonesian Culture Collection (InaCC) from Bojong Gede and Pramuka Island, Jakarta, Indonesia as antibacterial and antifungal agents. Primary screening was done on 16 actinomycetes isolates by well-agar diffusion method. Antimicrobial activity was tested by using micro broth dilution methods to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Molecular identification into level genera and species was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Out of 16 actinomycetes isolates used, 4 isolates have activity against Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Bacillus subtilis BTCC B-612, and Escherichia coli BTCC B-614, specifically InaCC A758, InaCC A759, InaCC A760 and InaCC A765 isolates. InaCC A758 have highest antimicrobial activity against mentioned microbial with MIC value at 50 μg/mL, 6.25 μg/mL, 31.25 μg/mL and 3.125 μg/mL, respectively. Three genera were found from the samples: i.e. Streptomyces (80%), Microbispora (13%) and Nocardia (6%). Based on 16S rRNA gene identification, the active isolates of actinomycetes InaCC A758, InaCC A759, InaCC A760 and InaCC A765 were similar to Streptomyces badius, Streptomyces olivaceus, Streptomyces sanyensis, and Nocardia otitidiscaviarum, respectively. The secondary metabolites of actinomycetes extracts from Pramuka Island can be potentially developed as antifungal and antibacterial agents.

scholarly journals Amaricoccus solimangrovi sp. nov., isolated from mangrove soil

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 5389-5393 ◽  
Author(s):  
kun-lian mo ◽  
Hui-qin Huang ◽  
Qing-juan Wu ◽  
Yong-hua Hu
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Mangrove Soil ◽  
Motile Cells ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Pr China ◽  
Type Strains

Strain HB172011T was isolated from mangrove soil sampled at the Bamenbay mangrove forest, PR China. Cells were easily recognized under the microscope as cocci that were usually arranged in distinctive tetrads. Results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the isolate belongs to the genus Amaricoccus and has 95.6–96.3% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to the four Amaricoccus type strains. The strain was aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, Gram-stain-negative and non-motile. Cells were found to grow at 10–40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 6.0–9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and with 0–9.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2–4%). Major fatty acids were feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c and/or C18:1 ω6c), C16:0, C19:0 cyclo ω8c and summed feature 2 (C16:1 iso I and/or C14:0–3 OH). Genome sequencing revealed a genome size of 4.87 Mbp and a DNA G+C content of 69.9 mol %. Based on these data, strain HB172011T represents a novel species of Amaricoccus , for which the name Amaricoccus solimangrovi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HB172011T (=CGMCC 1.16728T=JCM 33334T).

scholarly journals ANTIBIOGRAM AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF VIBRIO CHOLERAE ISOLATED FROM MARINE FISH

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 146
Author(s):  
Rwarinda U Angelo ◽  
Samiraj Ramesh Ramesh
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Marine Fish ◽  
Microscopic Observation ◽  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Biochemical Tests

Objective: Molecular identification and antibiotic susceptibility evaluation of Vibrio cholerae from marine fish available in local fish market Thanjavur, Tamil nadu, India.Methods: inoculation was done by using nutrient agar as general media and TCBS agar as selective media and confirmed as V.cholerae by Gram stain (Microscopic Observation), Growth characteristics of different media, Biochemical tests like Methyl Red Test, Nitrate Reduction Tests, Indole Test etc. Sensitivity (drug sensitivity) was done in Muller Hinton Agar (MH Agar) using disc diffusion method ten different antibiotics were used to evaluate the antibiogram profile, molecular detection was done by targeting 16S rRNA gene by using a universal primer.Results:  V.cholerae is present in marine fish samples, as showed by culture method and microscopic observation as well biochemical tests. PCR amplification of 16S rRNA gene showed the amplification of targeted gene and antibiogram profile showed that isolates are more sensitive to Ampicillin in comparison with others antibiotics used in this study. Ampicillin can be used for V.cholerae infection by the physicians and amoxicillin must be avoided which is resistant.Conclusion: Molecular detection is safe and rapid methods for bacteria identification as revealed by PCR amplification of 16S rRNA gene. As the isolates are more sensitive to Ampicillin in comparison with others antibiotics used in this study. Ampicillin can be used for V.cholerae infection by the physicians and amoxicillin and nitrofurantoin must be avoided.      

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Edwardsiella tarda isolated from Farmed Nile Tilapia and African Catfish from Wakiso, Uganda

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64
Author(s):  
Mary Nantongo ◽  
Ernatus Martin Mkupasi ◽  
Denis Karuhize Byarugaba ◽  
Samuel Posian Wamala ◽  
Robinson H. Mdegela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Edwardsiella Tarda ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Survival ◽  
Biochemical Tests

This study was conducted to isolate and characterize Edwardsiella tarda (E. tarda) and assess its antimicrobial susceptibility. The bacterium was isolated in Wakiso District, Uganda, from symptomatic and asymptomatic Nile tilapia and African catfish raised in earthen ponds, tanks and cages between September 2016 and February 2017. The bacterium was then identified using conventional biochemical tests and API 20E test kits and characterized by sequencing 16S rRNA gene. The antibiotic susceptibility of 16 drugs was established using the Kirby BeurDisc diffusion method. Eight E. tarda isolates were identified using conventional biochemical tests but only one isolate was confirmed to be E. tarda by PCR. Phylogenetic analysis indicated a distant relationship with other 16S rRNA gene sequences retrieved from the GenBank. Six virulence genes (CitC, muk, gadB, katB, esaV, and fimA) that enhance bacterial survival and pathogenesis in the host were detected. The isolate registered low levels of antibiotic resistance as it was resistant only to Oxacillin, Vancomycin and Penicillin, to which it is intrinsically resistant. This implies low antibiotic usage in aquaculture in the area. Despite its low occurrence, presence of virulent genes in E. tarda indicates its potential to affect fish and human health.

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