scholarly journals Phenolic Analysis for Classification of Mulberry (Morus spp.) Leaves according to Cultivar and Leaf Age

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pitchaya Pothinuch ◽  
Sasitorn Tongchitpakdee
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Healthy Foods ◽  
Mulberry Leaves ◽  
Caffeoylquinic Acid ◽  
Phenolic Analysis

Phenolic compounds in mulberry leaves harvested from three cultivars (Buriram 60, BR 60; Sakonnakhon, SK; and Khunphai, KH) at different leaf ages (tips, young, and old leaves) were identified and quantified using HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI/MS. A total of 13 phenolic compounds, which were mainly as caffeoylquinic acids and flavonol glycosides, were detectable. Predominant phenolic compounds were 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3.5–13.1 mg/g dry weight), 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid (1.3–2.4 mg/g dry weight), and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (1.0–4.4 mg/g dry weight). Qualitative and quantitative differences in phenolic compounds in mulberry leaves were investigated among cultivars and leaf ages. Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were used for classification of the mulberry leaves. Based on the similarity of phenolic compounds, mulberry leaves were clustered into three groups: (1) tips of leaves from all cultivars; (2) young and old leaves of mulberry cv. BR 60; (3) young and old leaves of mulberry cv. SK and KH. Therefore, according to phenolic compounds in mulberry leaves, tips of leaves from all cultivars should be intended for production of functional healthy foods.

Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids in Methanolic Extracts, Infusions and Tinctures from Commercial Samples of Lemon Balm

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1501000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Arceusz ◽  
Marek Wesolowski ◽  
Beata Ulewicz-Magulska
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Melissa Officinalis ◽  
Lemon Balm ◽  
Biochemical Pathways ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Principal Component Analyses

The aim of this study was to quantify the levels of flavonoids (rutin, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol) and phenolic acids (gallic, p-coumaric, rosmarinic, syringic, caffeic, chlorogenic, ellagic, ferulic) in lemon balm ( Melissa officinalis L.) commonly used as a culinary, aromatic and medicinal herb. A rapid and reliable HPLC procedure was developed to determine the phenolic compounds in methanolic extracts, infusions and tinctures prepared from lemon balm. Except for myricetin and quercetin, as well as ellagic, gallic and rosmarinic acids, higher levels of the analytes under study were determined in the methanolic extracts (up to 22 mg/g of dry weight, DW), than in infusions (up to 5 mg/g DW). Tinctures were the poorest in flavonoids and phenolic acids (below 550 μg/g DW), except for ellagic and rosmarinic acids, which were quantified in tinctures at higher levels (mg/g DW). To sum up, the flavonoids were extracted more effectively in the infusions and tinctures than the phenolic acids. Statistically significant correlations were found between phenolic acids, possibly owing to similar biochemical pathways of the compounds. The hierarchical cluster and principal component analyses have also shown that the samples of lemon balm could be differentiated based on the levels of flavonoids and phenolic acids.

scholarly journals Structured Laser Illumination Planar Imaging Based Classification of Ground Coffee Using Multivariate Chemometric Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier K. Bagui ◽  
Kenneth A. Kaduki ◽  
Edouard Berrocal ◽  
Jeremie T. Zoueu
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Planar Imaging ◽  
Reliable Measurement ◽  
Laser Illumination ◽  
Coffee Beans ◽  
Chemometric Techniques ◽  
Ground Coffee

<p class="1Body">Most commercially available ground coffees are processed from Robusta or Arabica coffee beans. In this work, we report on the potential of Structured Laser Illumination Planar Imaging (SLIPI) technique for the classification of five types of Robusta and Arabica commercial ground coffee samples (Familial, Belier, Brazil, Colombia and Malaga). This classification is made, here, from the measurement of the extinction coefficient µ<sub>e</sub> and of the optical depth OD by means of SLIPI. The proposed technique offers the advantage of eliminating the light intensity from photons which have been multiply scattered in the coffee solution, leading to an accurate and reliable measurement of µ<sub>e</sub>. Data analysis uses the chemometric techniques of Principal Component Anaysis (PCA) for variable selection and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) for classification. The chemometric model demonstrates the potential of this approach for practical assessment of coffee grades by correctly classifying the coffee samples according to their species.</p>

scholarly journals HPLC Fingerprint Combined with Quantitation of Phenolic Compounds and Chemometrics as an Efficient Strategy for Quality Consistency Evaluation of Sambucus nigra Berries

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1601101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Viapiana ◽  
Marek Wesolowski
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Syringic Acid ◽  
Sambucus Nigra ◽  
Hplc Fingerprint ◽  
Efficient Strategy ◽  
Hplc Profiles ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Consistency Evaluation

Sambucus nigra L. berries have been traditionally used as culinary and medicinal ingredients. To ensure the highest quality of elderberry plant products for consumers, the objective of this study was to develop a HPLC fingerprint procedure for quality consistency evaluation of S. nigra berries obtained from various herbal manufacturers in Poland. The HPLC profiles of thirteen batches of elderberries showed more than sixty peaks in each chromatogram, including fourteen well-resolved common peaks. Four of these were assigned to caffeic acid, syringic acid, myricetin and quercetin. Based on the chromatographic profiles of all the samples, the reference HPLC fingerprint and similarity values were calculated by Matlab 9.1 software. Quantitation of phenolic compounds (flavonols and phenolic acids) revealed that the S. nigra samples with the highest quantity differ to a small extent with regard to the mean content of phenolic compounds. On the other hand, in batches of elderberries with lower similarity values, higher differences in the mean phenolic compound content were observed. The results of hierarchical cluster and principal component analyses showed that samples classified into one group are associated with a similar chemical composition, reflected in fourteen common HPLC peaks and similarity values. Chromatographic fingerprint combined with quantitation of plant bioactive compounds and unsupervised data analysis techniques can be a useful and efficient strategy for monitoring the quality consistency of elderberry fruits.

scholarly journals Classification of Red Wines Produced from Zweigelt and Rondo Grape Varieties Based on the Analysis of Phenolic Compounds by UPLC-PDA-MS/MS

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Stój ◽  
Ireneusz Kapusta ◽  
Dorota Domagała
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster Analysis ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Malolactic Fermentation ◽  
Red Wines ◽  
Grape Variety ◽  
Grape Varieties

The authentication of grape variety from which wine is produced is necessary for protecting a consumer from adulteration and false labelling. The aim of this study was to analyze phenolic compounds in red monovarietal wines produced from Zweigelt (Vitis vinifera) and Rondo (non-Vitis vinifera) varieties while using the UPLC-PDA-MS/MS method and to assess whether these wines can be classified according to grape variety that is based on chemometric analysis. Fifty-five phenolic compounds belonging to five classes—anthocyanins, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, phenolic acids, and stilbenes—were identified and quantified in Zweigelt and Rondo wines. The wines of the Zweigelt variety were characterized by lower concentrations of phenolic compounds than those of the Rondo variety. Furthermore, wines of the Zweigelt variety contained the highest concentrations of flavan-3-ols, and wines of the Rondo variety—the highest concentrations of anthocyanins. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) revealed that Zweigelt wines and Rondo wines formed two separate groups. The Rondo group was divided into two subgroups, differing in type of malolactic fermentation (spontaneous or induced). Phenolic compounds analysis by means of UPLC-PDA-MS/MS combined with HCA is a useful tool for the classification of red wines that were produced from Zweigelt and Rondo grape varieties, regardless of yeast strain and type of malolactic fermentation.

scholarly journals Comparison of Phenolic Compounds and the Antioxidant Activities of Fifteen Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cv. ‘Hangbaiju’ in China

Antioxidants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinyan Gong ◽  
Bingquan Chu ◽  
Lingxiao Gong ◽  
Zhongxiang Fang ◽  
Xiaoxu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽  
Caffeoylquinic Acids ◽  
Caffeoylquinic Acid ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium Ramat

This study investigated the phenolic compounds of 15 Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cv. ‘Hangbaiju’, including 6 ‘Duoju’ and 9 ‘Taiju’, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant activities of these ‘Hangbaiju’ were estimated by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. Results show that a total of 14 phenolic compounds were detected in these flowers, including 3 mono-caffeoylquinic acids, 3 di-caffeoylquinic acids, 1 phenolic acid and 7 flavonoids. ‘Duoju’ and ‘Taiju’ possess different concentrations of phenolic compounds, and ‘Taiju’ exhibits higher caffeoylquinic acids and stronger antioxidant activities than ‘Duoju’. Caffeoylquinic acids show a strong correlation with the antioxidant activities of the samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) reveals an obvious separation between ‘Duoju’ and ‘Taiju’, using phenolic compounds as variables. Apigenin-7-O-glucoside, 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, luteolin and acacetin were found to be the key phenolic compounds to differentiate ‘Duoju’ from ‘Taiju’.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and Taxonomic Studies of Allium Akaka and A. Elburzense Native to Iran Using Morphological Characters

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajad Jafari ◽  
Mohammad Reza Hassandokht ◽  
Mahdi Taheri ◽  
Abdolkarim Kashi
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Seed Length ◽  
Allium Species ◽  
Fresh Vegetables ◽  
Wild Accessions

AbstractTwo Allium species (A. akaka S.G. Gmelin and A. elburzense W.) native to Iran are used locally as the fresh vegetables and in medical therapy. They are not cultivated, but are collected from the wild, thus, will soon be threatened with extinction. In this study, the diversity of 15 wild accessions (4 accessions of A. elburzense endemic of Iran and 11 accessions of A. akaka) collected from the north-western part of Iran were evaluated with the use of 16 qualitative and 16 quantitative characteristics. The morphological characters with high heritability included leaf length, flower number in umbel, inflorescence diameter, leaf dry weight, bulb fresh weight, weight of 100 seeds, seed length and seed length/width. Results of the principal component analysis indicated that 92.52% of the observed variability was explained by the first six components. The first two components explained about 64.74% of the total observed variability. The first and third hierarchical cluster analysis included all accessions of A. akaka. The accessions of A. elburzense, except one, were placed in a separate cluster. These morphological descriptors can successfully apply for evaluating morphological diversity of Allium wild accessions and can help in horticultural usage.

scholarly journals Geochemical classification of groundwater using multivariate statistical analysis in Latvia

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 799-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inga Retike ◽  
Andis Kalvans ◽  
Konrads Popovs ◽  
Janis Bikse ◽  
Alise Babre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Ion Chemistry ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Methods ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Gypsum Dissolution ◽  
Major Ion

Multivariate statistical methods – principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) – are applied to identify geochemically distinct groundwater groups in the territory of Latvia. The main processes observed to be responsible for groundwater chemical composition are carbonate and gypsum dissolution, fresh and saltwater mixing and ion exchange. On the basis of major ion concentrations, eight clusters (C1–C8) are identified. C6 is interpreted as recharge water not in equilibrium with most sediment forming minerals. Water table aquifers affected by diffuse agricultural influences are found in C3. Groundwater in C4 reflects brine or seawater admixture and gypsum dissolution in C5. C7 and C2 belong to typical bicarbonate groundwater resulting from calcite and dolomite weathering. Extremely low Cl− and SO42− are observed in C8 and described as pre-industrial groundwater or a solely carbonate weathering result. Finally, C1 seems to be a poorly defined subgroup resulting from mixing between other groups. This research demonstrates the validity of applying multivariate statistical methods (PCA and HCA) on major ion chemistry to distribute characteristic trace elements in each cluster even when incomplete records of trace elements are present.

scholarly journals Antioxidant Responses of Phenolic Compounds and Immobilization of Copper in Imperata cylindrica, a Plant with Potential Use for Bioremediation of Cu Contaminated Environments

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catalina Vidal ◽  
Antonieta Ruiz ◽  
Javier Ortiz ◽  
Giovanni Larama ◽  
Rodrigo Perez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Phenolic Compound ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
Antioxidant Responses ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Caffeoylquinic Acid ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Accumulator Plant

This work examined the capability of Imperata cylindrica to respond, tolerate and accumulate Cu when growing at high Cu concentration (300 mg kg−1 of substrate) at different times of exposure (2, 14 and 21 days). The Cu accumulation in plants was examined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and Cu localized by Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy. Additionally, the phenolic compound identifications and concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Our results showed that root biomass decreased significantly at high Cu levels, with a greater decrease at 21 days (39.8% less biomass in comparison to control). The root showed 328 mg Cu kg−1 dry weight at 21 days of exposure to Cu, being the tissue that accumulates most of the Cu. Lipid peroxidation was a clear indicator of Cu stress, principally in shoots. The exposure to Cu significantly increased the synthesis of phenolic compounds in shoots of plants exposed 21 days to Cu, where 5-caffeoylquinic acid reached the highest concentrations. Our results support that I. cylindrica is a Cu accumulator plant in root organs with a medium level of accumulation (between 200–600 mg Cu kg−1 biomass), which can tolerate the exposure to high Cu levels by means of increasing the synthesis of phenolic compound in shoots, suggesting a potential use as phytoremediation tool in Cu polluted environments.

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