scholarly journals Collaborative R&D and Pricing Policy of Supply Chain under the Selection Behavior of Heterogeneous Customer

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Huang ◽  
Thomas L. Saaty ◽  
Yuyu Li
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Lower Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
Selection Behavior ◽  
Total Profit ◽  
The Difference

Considering that a manufacturer and its core part supplier make collaborative R&D on serial products of 3 grades, high-, mid-, and low-grade, and their core parts according to costumers’ preference for the performance, or intrinsic value, of products, we propose a collaborative R&D model based on costumers’ selection behavior to study the collaborative R&D policy and pricing policy of the supply chain. Then we establish a bargaining game model to study how they allocate the profit they earned. We obtain the optimal policies through theoretic and experimental analysis, and we use Apple iPhone case to illustrate the models and conclusions of this paper. It is found that if the aim of the supply chain is only to maximize its total profit, it should only develop the high-grade product and make its price half of its intrinsic value; if the aim of the supply chain is to maximizing profit while increasing the sales and market shares of the serial products, it should at least develop the high-grade and low-grade product; the ratio of price between the higher grade and the lower grade should be greater than the corresponding ratio of the intrinsic value, while the difference of price between higher grade and the lower grade should be less than the corresponding difference of the intrinsic value.

scholarly journals The Difference of Hypoxia Inducible Factor 2α mRNA Expression in High-Grade and Low-Grade Glioma Tissue

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Bagus Ramasha Amangku ◽  
Syaiful Ichwan ◽  
Septelia Inawati Wanandi ◽  
Novi Silvia Hardiany
Keyword(s):  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Hypoxic Condition ◽  
High Grade Glioma ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Lower Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Relative Expression ◽  
Method Of Calculation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Metastasis Therapy

Background: HIF-2α is a transcription factor in hypoxic condition, and high expression levels of it correlate with the concepts of metastasis, therapy opposition and reduced quality of prognosis in various forms of cancerous growth. Due to the exceedingly infiltrative ability of brain glioma cells, gliomas cannot be completely deteriorated with surgery and the relapse rate is high. This study goal to identify the relative expression of HIF-2α gene in the direction of glioma malignancy and its classification. Methods: Specimens used in this research comprise of 20 glioma samples obtained from glioma patients in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Relative expression of HIF-2α was measured by utilizing quantitative Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Cycle threshold (CT) values were achieved correlated with the amplified DNA, and then the relative expression was attained by using Livak method of calculation. Results: The results produced a greater average of relative expression of HIF-2α in the grade III and IV types (18.64; n=7) rather than in the lower grades (5.68; n=13). However, the data is statistically inconsequential. Conclusions: High-grade glioma tends to express HIF-2α mRNA higher compared to the lower grade. Therefore, it is possible to use HIF-2α as a prognostic marker for glioma- diagnosed patients, although additional experiments need to be performed to strengthen these facts.

scholarly journals Expression of FOXP3 in Canine Gliomas: Immunohistochemical Study of Tumor-Infiltrating Regulatory Lymphocytes

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dolors Pi Castro ◽  
Roberto José-López ◽  
Francisco Fernández Flores ◽  
Rosa M Rabanal Prados ◽  
Maria Teresa Mandara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cell ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Human Gliomas ◽  
Forkhead Box ◽  
Astrocytic Gliomas ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Regulatory Lymphocytes ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Dogs develop gliomas with similar histopathological features to human gliomas and share with them the limited success of current therapeutic regimens such as surgery and radiation. The tumor microenvironment in gliomas is influenced by immune cell infiltrates. The present study aims to immunohistochemically characterize the tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) population of naturally occurring canine gliomas, focusing on the expression of Forkhead box P3-positive (FOXP3+) regulatory T-cells (Tregs). Forty-three canine gliomas were evaluated immunohistochemically for the presence of CD3+, FOXP3+, and CD20+ TILs. In low-grade gliomas, CD3+ TILs were found exclusively within the tumor tissue. In high-grade gliomas, they were present in significantly higher numbers throughout the tumor and in the brain-tumor junction. CD20+ TILs were rarely found in comparison to CD3+ TILs. FOXP3+ TILs shared a similar distribution with CD3+ TILs. The accumulation of FOXP3+ Tregs within the tumor was more pronounced in astrocytic gliomas than in tumors of oligodendroglial lineage and the difference in expression was significant when comparing low-grade oligodendrogliomas and high-grade astrocytomas. Only high-grade astrocytomas presented FOXP3+ cells with tumoral morphology. In spontaneous canine gliomas, TILs display similar characteristics (density and distribution) as described for human gliomas, supporting the use of the dog as an animal model for translational immunotherapeutic studies.

scholarly journals Prognostic Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression in Meningioma: A Cross-Sectional Study.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Ahmad Sharifuddin ◽  
Sharifah Emilia Tuan Sharif ◽  
Hasnan Jaafar
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Who Grade ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Immunohistochemical Markers ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Background: Meningioma is the most common intracranial tumor in adults. In addition to the extent of tumor surgical resection and WHO grade, angiogenesis is a prognostic factor that is influenced by MMP-2. Our study examined the association of these prognostic factors with MMP-2 expression in meningioma. Methods: A cross-sectional study of patients diagnosed with meningioma between January 2008 and December 2017 was conducted. All samples were re-reviewed and subjected to immunohistochemical staining for Ki67, MMP-2, and CD34. Pearson’s chi-squared test and Fisher’s exact test were used to examine the association of MMP-2 expression with the WHO grade and microvascular density (MVD). Results: The study included 99 patients aged 23–75. Most patients were female (73.7%). This study included 85 cases of low-grade meningioma (grade I) and 14 cases of high-grade meningioma (grade II, 11; grade III, 3). The most common subtypes were meningothelial, transitional, and fibroblastic. In total, 62 of 85 patients with low-grade meningioma and 10 of 14 patients with high-grade meningioma exhibited high MMP-2 expression, and the difference in the rates between the groups was not significant. Most patients in this study displayed MVD scores of 1+ (54/99) and 2+ (33/99). Of the 54 patients with an MVD score of 1+, 42 exhibited high MMP-2 expression. MMP-2 was expressed by all patients with meningioma. Conclusion: In the future, more samples are required, in high-grade tumors, to prevent bias, and more specific immunohistochemical markers should be used to evaluate angiogenesis.

scholarly journals Intermediate- to high-grade histology of lymphomas carrying t(14;18) is associated with additional nonrandom chromosome changes

Blood ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 444-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
ME Richardson ◽  
QG Chen ◽  
DA Filippa ◽  
K Offit ◽  
A Hampton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytogenetic Study ◽  
Chromosome Abnormalities ◽  
Chromosome 7 ◽  
Hodgkin's Lymphoma ◽  
Memorial Hospital ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Lower Grade ◽  
Chromosome 6 ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Histological Evidence

Abstract We describe additional nonrandom chromosome abnormalities in 18 cases of intermediate- to high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) bearing t(14;18) that were ascertained in a prospective cytogenetic study of all lymphomas seen at Memorial Hospital during the period January 1, 1984, to December 31, 1986. These included seven cases that had histological evidence of transformation from a lower grade and 11 that lacked such evidence. The most common of the additional changes seen in both groups affected chromosomes 6 and 7 and comprised the loss of chromosome 6 or del(6q) and the presence of more than two copies of chromosome 7 or duplication of 7q. Changes affecting these two chromosomes were less frequent in low-grade lymphomas with t(14;18) as well as in lymphomas lacking the translocation. These data suggest that common cytogenetic mechanisms underlie expression of high-grade histologies by lymphomas carrying t(14;18). In addition, they may serve as indicators of transformation when encountered in low-grade lymphomas with t(14;18).

Outcome Features Analysis in Intramedullary Tumors of the Cervicomedullary Junction: A Surgical Series

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Tariciotti ◽  
Giacoma Maria Floriana Brunetto ◽  
Alessandro Landi ◽  
Fabrizio Gregori ◽  
Francesca Santoro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Grade ◽  
Lower Grade ◽  
Functional Evaluation ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Total Resection ◽  
Intramedullary Tumors ◽  
Macroscopic Appearance ◽  
Cervicomedullary Junction ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Object The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of surgery for different cervicomedullary lesions on symptomatic pattern expression and postoperative outcome. We focused on specific outcome features of the early and late postoperative assessments. The former relies on surgery-related transient and permanent morbidity and feasibility of radicality in eloquent areas, whereas the latter on long-term course in lower grade tumors and benign tumorlike lesions (cavernomas, etc.). Material and Methods We retrospectively analyzed 28 cases of intramedullary tumors of the cervicomedullary junction surgically treated at our institution between 1990 and 2018. All cases were stratified for gender, histology, macroscopic appearance, location, surgical approach, and presence of a plane of dissection (POD). Mean follow-up was 5.6 years and it was performed via periodic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional assessments (Karnofsky Performance Scale [KPS] and modified McCormick [MC] grading system). Results In all, 78.5% were low-grade tumors (or benign lesions) and 21.5% were high-grade tumors. Sixty-one percent underwent median suboccipital approach, 18% a posterolateral approach, and 21% a posterior cervical approach. Gross total resection was achieved in 54% of cases, near-total resection (>90%) in 14%, and subtotal resection (50–90%) in 32% of cases. Early postoperative morbidity was 25%, but late functional evaluation in 79% of the patients showed KPS > 70 and MC grade I; only 21% of cases showed KPS < 70 and MC grades II and III at late follow-up. Mean overall survival was 7 years in low-grade tumors or cavernomas and 11.7 months in high-grade tumors. Progression-free survival at the end of follow-up was 71% (evaluated mainly on low-grade tumors). Conclusions The surgical goal should be to achieve maximal cytoreduction and minimal postoperative neurologic damage. Functional outcome is influenced by the presence of a POD, radicality, histology, preoperative status, and employment of advanced neuroimaging planning and intraoperative monitoring.

Price Decisions of Closed-Loop Supply Chain with and without Competition

2011 ◽  
Vol 204-210 ◽  
pp. 1710-1715
Author(s):  
Qiao Lun Gu ◽  
Tie Gang Gao
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Wholesale Price ◽  
Retail Price ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Closed Loop Supply Chain ◽  
Numerical Example ◽  
Optimal Decisions ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
The Difference

In this paper, we focus on the price decisions of the wholesale price, the retail price and the collecting price for the closed-loop supply chain with and without competition. We obtain the optimal decisions based on two models: Model I without competition and Model II with competition. By the analysis of a numerical example, we find that the competition between the manufacturers in model II will affect their prices decisions and their profits; in model II, the two manufacturers would like to halve the market while the retailer hope to increase the difference of their market shares, and the two manufacturers would not like to increase the substitute ratio of their products while the retailer can benefit from that. So, from the manufacturers’ point of view, they should avoid the competition risk by choosing the independent retailers.

scholarly journals Potential Diagnostic Value of the Differential Expression of Histone H3 Variants between Low- and High-Grade Gliomas

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 5261
Author(s):  
Irati Hervás-Corpión ◽  
Andrea Gallardo-Orihuela ◽  
Inmaculada Catalina-Fernández ◽  
Irene Iglesias-Lozano ◽  
Olga Soto-Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Histone H3 ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Lower Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Histone H3 Variant ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
High Grade Gliomas ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Canonical Histone

Glioblastoma (GB) is the most aggressive form of glioma and is characterized by poor prognosis and high recurrence despite intensive clinical interventions. To retrieve the key factors underlying the high malignancy of GB with potential diagnosis utility, we combined the analysis of The Cancer Gene Atlas and the REMBRANDT datasets plus a molecular examination of our own collection of surgical tumor resections. We determined a net reduction in the levels of the non-canonical histone H3 variant H3.3 in GB compared to lower-grade astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas with a concomitant increase in the levels of the canonical histone H3 variants H3.1/H3.2. This increase can be potentially useful in the clinical diagnosis of high-grade gliomas, as evidenced by an immunohistochemistry screening of our cohort and can be at least partially explained by the induction of multiple histone genes encoding these canonical forms. Moreover, GBs showing low bulk levels of the H3.1/H3.2 proteins were more transcriptionally similar to low-grade gliomas than GBs showing high levels of H3.1/H3.2. In conclusion, this study identifies an imbalanced ratio between the H3 variants associated with glioma malignancy and molecular patterns relevant to the biology of gliomas, and proposes the examination of the H3.3 and H3.1/H3.2 levels to further refine diagnosis of low- and high-grade gliomas in future studies.

scholarly journals Computer-assisted quantitative analysis of Ki-67 antigen in dysplasia: Associated lesions or masses in ulcerative colitis

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 753-758
Author(s):  
Vesna Zivkovic ◽  
Aleksandar Petrovic ◽  
Biljana Djordjevic ◽  
Vuka Katic ◽  
Jasmina Gligorijevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunohistochemical Staining ◽  
Staining Intensity ◽  
High Grade Dysplasia ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Associated Lesions ◽  
Low Grade Dysplasia ◽  
The Difference

Background/Aim. The aim of this study was to apply computer- assisted methodology in assessment of Ki-67 positivity in "adenoma-like" dysplasia associated lesions or masses (DALMs), and carcinoma in ulcerative colitis (UC), and to determine a new approach to grading of Ki-67 staining intensity. Methods. Immunohistochemical slides were quantitatively analyzed for estimation of proportion and intensity of Ki-67 positive-stained cells in a total of 50 "adenoma-like" DALMs (27 with low-grade dysplasia and 23 with high-grade dysplasia), and 17 adenocarcinomas associated with UC. The four grades of immunohistochemical staining intensity were established by an automated classification of nuclear optical densities. Results. The Ki-67 labeling index (LI) in low-grade dysplasia was significantly lower than in high-grade dysplasia, and carcinoma (p < 0.001). The Ki-67 LI of carcinomas was not significantly different from the value obtained in highgrade dysplasia (p > 0.05), however having the difference in percentage values of the moderate stained nuclei (p < 0.05). The overall average values of chromogene nuclear optical density, showed statistically significant differences between DALMs and carcinoma (p < 0.05), although not between normal mucosa and low-grade dysplasia (p > 0.05). Conclusion. The obtained results imply, according to the overall percentage of labeled nuclei, that high-grade dysplasia is very close to carcinoma, while there is the difference in the percentage of moderately stained nuclei. We showed that Ki-67 positivity have a different internal distribution which could be useful in analysing these lesions. These findings also, indicate the important biological differences between low-grade dysplasia and carcinoma in UC, and a low proliferative potential of the former. Automated image analysis permits an objective estimation of Ki-67 immunohistochemical staining in UCassociated dysplasia and carcinoma.

scholarly journals Intermediate- to high-grade histology of lymphomas carrying t(14;18) is associated with additional nonrandom chromosome changes

Blood ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 444-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
ME Richardson ◽  
QG Chen ◽  
DA Filippa ◽  
K Offit ◽  
A Hampton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytogenetic Study ◽  
Chromosome Abnormalities ◽  
Chromosome 7 ◽  
Hodgkin's Lymphoma ◽  
Memorial Hospital ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Lower Grade ◽  
Chromosome 6 ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Histological Evidence

We describe additional nonrandom chromosome abnormalities in 18 cases of intermediate- to high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) bearing t(14;18) that were ascertained in a prospective cytogenetic study of all lymphomas seen at Memorial Hospital during the period January 1, 1984, to December 31, 1986. These included seven cases that had histological evidence of transformation from a lower grade and 11 that lacked such evidence. The most common of the additional changes seen in both groups affected chromosomes 6 and 7 and comprised the loss of chromosome 6 or del(6q) and the presence of more than two copies of chromosome 7 or duplication of 7q. Changes affecting these two chromosomes were less frequent in low-grade lymphomas with t(14;18) as well as in lymphomas lacking the translocation. These data suggest that common cytogenetic mechanisms underlie expression of high-grade histologies by lymphomas carrying t(14;18). In addition, they may serve as indicators of transformation when encountered in low-grade lymphomas with t(14;18).

Supply Chain Competition with Information Sharing

2011 ◽  
Vol 486 ◽  
pp. 309-312
Author(s):  
Rong Yao He ◽  
Zhong Kai Xiong ◽  
Yu Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Optimal Pricing ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Supply Chain Competition ◽  
Demand Information ◽  
Total Profit

Given the case of two competing supply chains each consisting of one manufacturer and one retailer, we explore whether the retailers should share the market demand information they know with their manufacturers when the manufacturers do not know the same specific demand information. We also determine the optimal pricing policy and total profit for the retailers when each chain either shares or does not share market demand information. We find that sharing information is always more profitable for both retailer and supply chain.

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