scholarly journals Assessment of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Using Gene Xpert MTB/RIF Assay and Fluorescent Microscopy and Its Risk Factors at Dessie Referral Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeshi Metaferia ◽  
Abdurahaman Seid ◽  
Genet Mola Fenta ◽  
Daniel Gebretsadik
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Fluorescent Microscopy ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Dessie Referral Hospital ◽  
Xpert Assay

Background.Tuberculosis is a major public health problem and extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) accounts for a significant proportion of tuberculosis cases worldwide.Objective.To determine the magnitude of EPTB, associated risk factors, and agreement of diagnostic techniques at Dessie Referral Hospital.Methods.A cross-sectional study was conducted on consecutive presumptive EPTB cases from March 1 to June 30, 2017. Sociodemographic characteristics and other variables were collected using a structured questionnaire. Clinical specimens were collected and processed using fluorescent microscopy and Gene Xpert assay. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Chi-square test and logistic regression were done and a P value of ≤0.05 was taken as statistically significant.Results.From a total of 353 presumptive EPTB cases the overall prevalence of Gene Xpert assay and smear confirmed patients was 8.8% and 2.5%, respectively. Tuberculosis lymphadenitis was the predominant (33.3%) type followed by pleural (11.9%) and peritoneal (6.7%) tuberculosis. Previous history of pulmonary tuberculosis was significantly associated with extrapulmonary infection (AOR:2.8; 95%CI: 1.05-7.54; p=0.04); however, other variables such as age, residence, sex, marital status, occupation, level of education, and monthly income did not show any association.Conclusion.High proportions (71%) of Gene Xpert assay confirmed EPTB patients were smear-negative. Sensitivity of microscopy should be enhanced in resource limited countries like Ethiopia where Gene Xpert machine is not easily accessible.

scholarly journals Prevalence, Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile, and Associated Risk Factors of Salmonella Isolate among Diarrheal Patients Visiting Dessie Referral Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Samuel Chane Teferi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sensitivity Test ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Old Patients ◽  
Northeast Ethiopia ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Dessie Referral Hospital

Salmonellosis remains an important public health problem worldwide, particularly in the developing countries such as Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility profile, and associated risk factors of Salmonella isolate among diarrheal patients who were visiting Dessie Referral Hospital, Dessie, Northeast Ethiopia, from November 2016 to January 2017. 384 stool samples were collected using sterile stool cups. Out of these, 20 (5.21%) were found to be positive for Salmonella species. The distribution of positive samples among the three age groups indicated that Salmonella species were predominantly prevalent in the age group of three months (0.25 years) to 4 years old patients. Abdominal pain, vomiting, watery consistency of stool, and 1–5 days of diarrhea were the clinical features that were significantly associated with salmonellosis. Eating raw vegetables and fruits, consumption of street-vended foods, cohabitation of animals, using water from the unprotected source, absence of latrine, and consumption of raw products of animals such as eggs and raw milk were the risk factors that were significantly associated with the prevalence of Salmonella species. The antibiotic sensitivity test was performed for the isolated Salmonella species against 5 currently recommended antibiotics. The antimicrobial sensitivity study carried out using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method showed that 100% of Salmonella isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and 80% sensitive to nalidixic acid, respectively. Among them, twenty isolated Salmonella species resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were 100%, 85%, and 80%, respectively. This study revealed that Salmonella species were prevalent among diarrheal patients who were visiting Dessie Referral Hospital, and therefore, routine diagnosis of patients with diarrhea cases is required, and drugs must be prescribed after performing the sensitivity test, or checking the updated information on the local antibiotics pattern is always necessary.

scholarly journals Low Birth Weight Newborns and Associated Factors at Selected Referral Hospital in Rwanda

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-224
Author(s):  
Fatuma Murekatete ◽  
Claudine Muteteli ◽  
Françoise Mujawamariya ◽  
Geldine Chironda
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Premature Baby ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Awareness Campaigns

Background Low birth weight (LBW) is a major public health problem worldwide that is linked to childhood morbidity and mortality. Newborns considered ‘Very LBW’ have a high risk of disease and death during infancy. Maternal socioeconomic status, medical factors, and lifestyle are linked to LBW, but these factors remain unknown in Rwanda is unknown. Objective To describe the factors associated with LBW among newborns at a selected referral hospital in Rwanda. Methods A prospective, cross-sectional design study was used to assess 108 mothers who delivered a low birth weight newborn. Results Mothers had a mean age of 30.6 years, 79.6% married, 23.1% primary educated, 50.6% unemployed, and 61.9% lived in a rural area. The majority of LBW (63%) were in the first category of LBW (2500-1500g), and over a quarter (25.9%) with Very LBW (VLBW). Mothers were 89.7% multigravida, and 88.8% had a previous unsuccessful pregnancy, 81.3% premature birth, 97.9% LBW. Over half, 59.8% had hypertension during pregnancy. Lifestyle included 45.5% doing strenuous work, and 50.9% heavy lifting during pregnancy. The level of education (p=0.009), spouse employment (p=0.017), having previous premature baby (p=0.025), previous history of miscarriage (p=0.028), presence of hypertension (p=0.020) and antenatal care visits (p=0.025) the trimester of miscarriage were significantly associated to type of low birth weight. Conclusion Demographic, pregnancy history and lifestyle factors remain a concern to mothers and neonates born with low birth weight. Educational awareness campaigns among mothers with the factors above are crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality related to low birth weight. Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2020;3(2):214-224

scholarly journals Predictors, Treatment and Prevention of Preterm Labour: A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-63
Author(s):  
Khairun Nahar ◽  
Khodeza Khatun
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Preterm Labour ◽  
Multiple Pregnancy ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Preterm Births ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Neonatal Morbidity ◽  
Corticosteroid Treatment ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Channel Blockers

Preterm labour (PTL) is one of the leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality throughout the world. It is also a major public health problem for its long-term disabilities like cerebral palsy and visual disturbance. Preterm labour is a multifactorial problem and its overall global incidence is 11.1 per 100 live births with a significant regional variation. About 45-50% of preterm deliveries are spontaneous, 30% are associated with preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM) and another 15-25% is induced for maternal and/or foetal risk. Previous history of PTL is an important risk factor; risk is 14.3% after one preterm birth and 28% after two preterm births. Other important risk factors are multiple pregnancy, polyhydramnios, bicornuate uterus, cervical incompetence & bacterial vaginosis. Prediction of PTL is very difficult but identification of risk factors, assessment of cervical length by ultrasonography and detection of foetal fibronectin in cervical secretions are of great help. Advanced cervical dilatation (>3 cm) or PPROM associated with sufficient and frequent uterine contractions confirm the diagnosis of preterm labour. Prevention of PTL has been tried with prophylactic cervical cerclage, antibiotics and progesterone. PTL is treated with various tocolytic agents and glucucorticoids and antibiotics for local or systemic infection. Betamimetics, calcium channel blockers (nifedipine), prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors and magnesium sulfate are the commonly used tocolytics. Nifedipine has significantly fewer maternal adverse effects than betamimetics and magnesium sulphate. Antenatal corticosteroid treatment has been found to lower neonatal mortality, the risk of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage and necrotizing enterocolitis. The ultimate goal of prevention and management of preterm labour is to improve neonatal outcome and to reduce morbidity and mortality.Journal of Science Foundation, July 2017;15(2):57-63

Substance Abuse and Drug-Related Death, Suicidal Ideation, and Suicide: A Review

Crisis ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Mino ◽  
Arnaud Bousquet ◽  
Barbara Broers
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Family Support ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Hiv Epidemic

The high mortality rate among drug users, which is partly due to the HIV epidemic and partly due to drug-related accidental deaths and suicides, presents a major public health problem. Knowing more about prevalence, incidence, and risk factors is important for the development of rational preventive and therapeutic programs. This article attempts to give an overview of studies of the relations between substance abuse, suicidal ideation, suicide, and drug-related death. Research in this field is hampered by the absence of clear definitions, and results of studies are rarely comparable. There is, however, consensus about suicidal ideation being a risk factor for suicide attempts and suicide. Suicidal ideation is also a predictor of suicide, especially among drug users. It is correlated with an absence of family support, with the severity of the psychosocial dysfunctioning, and with multi-drug abuse, but also with requests for treatment. Every clinical examination of a drug user, not only of those who are depressed, should address the possible presence of suicidal ideation, as well as its intensity and duration.

MEASLES OUTBREAK IN A RURAL AREA OF A DEVELOPING COUNTRY: A CASE CONTROL STUDY

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-201
Author(s):  
Mir M Hassan Bullo ◽  
Mirza Amir Baig ◽  
Jawad Faisal Malik ◽  
Ejaz Ahmad Khan ◽  
Muazam Abbas Ranjha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Maculopapular Rash ◽  
Healthcare Facility ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
District Health ◽  
Active Case

Background: Measles is highly contagious vaccine preventable disease (VPD), and a major public health problem considered as leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries like Pakistan. An outbreak of measles was reported in Sharifabad Islamabad on 15th of April 2017, and an investigation was launched to assess the magnitude of outbreak, evaluate risk factors and recommend control measures. Methods: A comprehensive house to house active case search along with vaccine coverage survey was conducted from April 19-22, 2017. A case was defined as "onset of maculopapular rash with fever in a resident of Sharifabad with at least one of the following signs/ symptoms, Coryza, Conjunctivitis, Cough, Otitis media or Pneumonia present in between 19 March to 22nd April 2017". Four age & sex matched controls were selected from the neighborhood. Data was collected through interview method using structured questionnaire and vaccination coverage was determined by using Epi survey form. Blood samples were sent for laboratory confirmation. Results: A total of eight cases were identified through active case finding while three were reported by local practitioner. Mean age of cases were 20 months (range 8-36 months). Severely affected age-group was 1-2 years with attack rate of 46%. Around two-third (64%) of cases and a few (16%) of controls were unvaccinated against measles. Contact with measles patient [OR 25.2, CI 3.9-160.1, P=0.00], unvaccinated children [OR 9.2 CI 2.12-40.4, P=0.000], social misconception regarding vaccination [OR 7.8 CI 1.42-42.6, P=0.00], and distance from healthcare facility [OR 5.7 CI 1.15-28.35, P=0.02] were significant risk factors. Vaccine efficacy was 90%. Conclusion: Main reasons of the outbreak were contact with the cases, and low vaccination status. We recommended comprehensive measles vaccination and community awareness sessions. On our recommendations district health authority Islamabad carried out mop up of whole area.

scholarly journals Predictive risk factors towards liver fluke infection among the people in Kamalasai District, Kalasin Province, Thailand

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 205031211984020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woragon Wichaiyo ◽  
Wirat Parnsila ◽  
Wisit Chaveepojnkamjorn ◽  
Banchob Sripa
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Liver Fluke ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The People ◽  
Fluke Infection ◽  
Raw Fish ◽  
Predictive Risk ◽  
Liver Fluke Infection

Background: Liver fluke disease caused by Opisthorchis viverrini remains a major public health problem with its crucial risk factors caused by some individual habits or false beliefs among the people in northeastern Thailand concerning the consumption of raw fish meat dishes. Objectives: This study explores the predictive risk factors for the infection of liver fluke disease. Methods: The sample consisted of 400 people aged 30 years and above in Thanya sub-district, Kamalasai district, Kalasin province. A cross-sectional analytic study, using the χ2 test, odds ratio and 95% confidence interval, was used to find the influence of each variable, along with the use of multiple logistic regression (p = 0.05). A questionnaire form was used as the research instrument. Results: Factors found in the results are as follows: households with a cat were 7.00 times more at risk than households without a cat; eating raw fish dishes prepared by themselves increases the risk of infection by 2.58 times; eating raw fish dishes prepared by family members increases the risk by 4.74 times; and raw fish dishes bought from a community market increases the risk by 2.33 times. Conclusion: A campaign should be launched to educate people not to eat raw or undercooked fish dishes, but to fully cook fish dishes before eating, as the food is still delicious, but also safe, healthy, and free from liver fluke infection.

scholarly journals Six Year Trend Analysis of Malaria Prevalence at University of Gondar Specialized Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, from 2014-2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanuel Mulugeta ◽  
Atsede Assefa ◽  
Atsede Eshetie ◽  
Birhanie Asmare ◽  
Meseret Birhanie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Problem ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Plasmodium Species ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Predominant Species

Abstract Background: Malaria is disease caused by plasmodium species and transmitted by the bite of female anopheles mosquito. Globally, it is still the major public health problem that causes morbidity and mortality especially in tropical and sub-tropical African countries including Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to assess the Six year trend of malaria at University of Gondar Specialized Referral Hospital, northwest Ethiopia, from 2014-2019Method: A retrospective study was conducted by reviewing the laboratory registration logbook at University of Gondar Specialized Referral Hospital by using data extraction tool. The data was analysized by SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the socio-demographic characteristics of study participants and presented by graphs, tables and texts. The binary logistic regression was also used test the association of trend of malaria and different factors like sex, age, year, and season. Result: From a total 17,500 malaria suspected patients, 1341 (7.7%) were confirmed for malaria and (47.2%), (45.6%) and (7.2%) were P.vivax, P. falciparum and mixed infection, respectively. P.vivax was the predominant species in the first three years and P. falciparum became the predominant species in the last three years. The trend prevalence was showed a fluctuated significantly decrement. It decreased by 68%, 60% and 69% in the year of 2017, 2018 and 2019 compare to 2014, respectively. The positivity rate were significantly higher in the males (1.41 times higher) than females. It was also significantly higher in lower age groups compare to the older age groups (> 54 years old). It was 1.60, 1.64, 2.45 and 1.82 times higher in the age group of < 5, 5-14, 15-24 and 25-54 years old, respectively.Conclusion: There has been a significant declining trend of malaria in the study area. However, it is still a major health problem and requires extra efforts for further reduction. Even, autumn was the season when the highest peak of malaria cases in was observed, there was high fluctuation from year to year. Therefore, control activities should be continued and strengthened manner in the study area considering these variability.

scholarly journals Sero-epidemiology and risk factors of syphilis in Makassar, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
Maryam Kusumawaty ◽  
Khairuddin Djawad ◽  
Muh Nasrum Massi ◽  
Andi Muhammad Adam ◽  
Siswanto Wahab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sexual Relationships ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Introduction. Syphilis is an infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum spirochete and is mainly transmitted by sexual contact. Syphilis has the potential to cause serious complications and is closely related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection thus making syphilis still a major public health problem. In Indonesia, surveys of high-risk populations in 2007 and 2011 reported an increase in the prevalence of syphilis, especially in men who have sexual relationships with other men (MSM). Moreover, studies have described risk factors for HIV transmission including MSM, heterosexual contacts, Intravenous (IV) drug use, and infected partners. Objectives. To assess the epidemiological aspects and risk factors for syphilis in Makassar, as well as the correlation with a coinfection of other sexually transmitted infections. Material and Methods. This study is a multi-centre cross-sectional descriptive study with consecutive sampling. We evaluated cases for eligibility by confirming the diagnosis based on the serological result using rapid plasma reagin assay (RPR), Treponema pallidum haemagglutination (TPHA), and HIV screening kit. The cases were analyzed based on epidemiological features, risk factors and clinical findings, co-infection with other sexually transmitted infection (ST), and stadium of the disease. Results. A total of 79 serologically confirmed syphilis cases were collected between January 2017 and December 2018 in Makassar, the capital city of South Sulawesi province in Indonesia. Of the 63 male subjects (79.7%), 38 (48.1%) were homosexual/MSM, and in 41 cases of HIV-infected subjects, 25 (60.9%) of them were also MSM. Conclusion. Our study showed there was a significant correlation between syphilis and an increased risk of HIV transmission in MSM groups. The higher number of cases of syphilis and HIV co-infection among MSM can increase transmission of both infections and should be considered a major risk factor for syphilis in Makassar.

scholarly journals Obesity and Overweight in Relation to Hypertension and Associated Risk in School Children

2021 ◽  
pp. 80-86
Author(s):  
Gorantla Naresh Babu ◽  
P. Jameela ◽  
S. Jafar Sharif ◽  
A. Ramya ◽  
K. Ziyaul Haq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
School Children ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Cardiovascular Risks ◽  
Obesity And Overweight ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Aim: Hypertension is a major public health problem worldwide and is associated with high mortality and morbidity. The main aim of this study is to assess obesity and overweight in school children and their relationship to hypertension and associated risk factors. Study Design: Population based cross sectional study. Results and Discussion: A total number of 712 students with age group between 7-12 years from different school were screened for their height, weight and body mass index. The present study was aimed to assess obesity and overweight in school children and their relationship to hypertension and associated risk factors.  Under weight and healthy weight children are engaged in physical activities like playing in ground and thus they are healthy where the children who found as overweight and obese were not engaged in physical activities regularly and thus this might be the reason for their overweight and obesity. At the same time the children who found as obese and overweight were said that they were having fast foods twice a day. Conclusion: In order to get rid of these risks and their associated cardiovascular risks, their food habits must be changed and physical activities needs to be improved.

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