scholarly journals Biomaterial Scaffolds in Regenerative Therapy of the Central Nervous System

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanchao Wang ◽  
Hong Tan ◽  
Xuhui Hui
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Poor Response ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Cns Injury ◽  
Cns Regeneration ◽  
Regeneration Medicine ◽  
Biodegradable Scaffolds ◽  
Biomaterial Scaffolds ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The central nervous system (CNS) is the most important section of the nervous system as it regulates the function of various organs. Injury to the CNS causes impairment of neurological functions in corresponding sites and further leads to long-term patient disability. CNS regeneration is difficult because of its poor response to treatment and, to date, no effective therapies have been found to rectify CNS injuries. Biomaterial scaffolds have been applied with promising results in regeneration medicine. They also show great potential in CNS regeneration for tissue repair and functional recovery. Biomaterial scaffolds are applied in CNS regeneration predominantly as hydrogels and biodegradable scaffolds. They can act as cellular supportive scaffolds to facilitate cell infiltration and proliferation. They can also be combined with cell therapy to repair CNS injury. This review discusses the categories and progression of the biomaterial scaffolds that are applied in CNS regeneration.

scholarly journals Regenerative Potential of Carbon Monoxide in Adult Neural Circuits of the Central Nervous System

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2273
Author(s):  
Eunyoung Jung ◽  
Seong-Ho Koh ◽  
Myeongjong Yoo ◽  
Yoon Kyung Choi
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurotrophic Factors ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Cns Injury ◽  
Cns Regeneration ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Endogenous Neural Stem Cells

Regeneration of adult neural circuits after an injury is limited in the central nervous system (CNS). Heme oxygenase (HO) is an enzyme that produces HO metabolites, such as carbon monoxide (CO), biliverdin and iron by heme degradation. CO may act as a biological signal transduction effector in CNS regeneration by stimulating neuronal intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms as well as mitochondrial biogenesis. CO may give directions by which the injured neurovascular system switches into regeneration mode by stimulating endogenous neural stem cells and endothelial cells to produce neurons and vessels capable of replacing injured neurons and vessels in the CNS. The present review discusses the regenerative potential of CO in acute and chronic neuroinflammatory diseases of the CNS, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease and the role of signaling pathways and neurotrophic factors. CO-mediated facilitation of cellular communications may boost regeneration, consequently forming functional adult neural circuits in CNS injury.

Nogo-A Represses Anatomical and Synaptic Plasticity in the Central Nervous System

Physiology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anissa Kempf ◽  
Martin E. Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Axonal Regeneration ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cns Injury ◽  
Inhibitory Protein ◽  
Growth Inhibitory ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Regulation Of Growth

Nogo-A was initially discovered as a myelin-associated growth inhibitory protein limiting axonal regeneration after central nervous system (CNS) injury. This review summarizes current knowledge on how myelin and neuronal Nogo-A and its receptors exert physiological functions ranging from the regulation of growth suppression to synaptic plasticity in the developing and adult intact CNS.

scholarly journals Olfactory Ensheathing Glia: Drivers of Axonal Regeneration in the Central Nervous System?

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Teresa Moreno-Flores ◽  
Javier Díaz-Nido ◽  
Francisco Wandosell ◽  
Jesús Avila
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Adhesion Molecules ◽  
Neurotrophic Factors ◽  
Axonal Regeneration ◽  
Cns Regeneration ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Large Heterogeneity ◽  
Olfactory Ensheathing Glia ◽  
Glial Scarring

Olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) accompany olfactory growing axons in their entry to the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Due to this special characteristic, considerable attention has been focused on the possibility of using OEG for CNS regeneration. OEG present a large heterogeneity in culture with respect to their cellular morphology and expressed molecules. The specific characteristics of OEG responsible for their regenerative properties have to be defined. These properties probably result from the combination of several factors: molecular composition of the membrane (expressing adhesion molecules as PSA-NCAM, L1 and/or others) combined with their ability to reduce glial scarring and to accompany new growing axons into the host CNS. Their capacity to produce some neurotrophic factors might also account for their ability to produce CNS regeneration.

scholarly journals Impact of Gabapentin and Pregabalin on Neurological Outcome After Central Nervous System Injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleb Morton ◽  
Fen-Lei Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
Cns Injury ◽  
Cell Dysfunction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Short And Long Term

Background and Purpose:   Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) is often detrimental to the health, functionality, and quality of life in both the short- and long-term. Injuries that fall under this umbrella include traumatic brain injury (TBI), traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI), and stroke. These types of injuries vary in what initiates them, but their proposed mechanisms leading to cell dysfunction and death are strikingly similar. There has been pre-clinical and limited retrospective data supporting the idea that gabapentin and pregabalin both have neuroprotective qualities and may alleviate some of the sub-acute damage initiated by these different injuries. The purpose of this study is to determine whether patients taking either gabapentin or pregabalin at the time of their injury tend to have better outcomes than patients with similar injuries who were not taking either one of the two medications.  Methods:  This is a retrospective chart review analysis of 600 patients admitted to Parkview Hospitals from 2016-2019 for TBI, TSCI, or stroke. The outcomes of patients taking either gabapentin or pregabalin with one of the prior diagnoses will be compared to patients with the same diagnosis who were not taking either of the medications mentioned. Statistical analysis will be performed to evaluate if any significant difference exists between the outcomes at discharge of patients taking either medication versus patients who were not.  Results:  Results will be listed as comparisons between patients grouped by injury, and sub-grouped by medication usage. P-values will be included to show significance of comparisons.  Conclusion and Potential Impact:   The main impact of this study is to provide evidence and support leading to a potential method to improve outcomes in patients with CNS injuries. Secondary impacts are providing basis for development of a CNS injury registry and support for developing a unified CNS injury assessment scale to allow comparison of the treatments of different CNS injuries. 

scholarly journals The Role of Astrocytes in the Central Nervous System Focused on BK Channel and Heme Oxygenase Metabolites: A Review

Antioxidants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonghee Kim ◽  
Jinhong Park ◽  
Yoon Kyung Choi
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Heme Oxygenase ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Nitrosative Stress ◽  
Bk Channel ◽  
Cns Injury ◽  
Antioxidant Agents ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Astrocytes outnumber neurons in the human brain, and they play a key role in numerous functions within the central nervous system (CNS), including glutamate, ion (i.e., Ca2+, K+) and water homeostasis, defense against oxidative/nitrosative stress, energy storage, mitochondria biogenesis, scar formation, tissue repair via angiogenesis and neurogenesis, and synapse modulation. After CNS injury, astrocytes communicate with surrounding neuronal and vascular systems, leading to the clearance of disease-specific protein aggregates, such as β-amyloid, and α-synuclein. The astrocytic big conductance K+ (BK) channel plays a role in these processes. Recently, potential therapeutic agents that target astrocytes have been tested for their potential to repair the brain. In this review, we discuss the role of the BK channel and antioxidant agents such as heme oxygenase metabolites following CNS injury. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of astrocytes’ functions in the healthy and diseased brains will greatly contribute to the development of therapeutic approaches following CNS injury, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and stroke.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms of Central Nervous System Axonal Regeneration and Remyelination: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 8116
Author(s):  
Akiko Uyeda ◽  
Rieko Muramatsu
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Motor Deficits ◽  
Cns Injury ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Cns Regeneration ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Extracellular Environment ◽  
Injury Causes

Central nervous system (CNS) injury, including stroke, spinal cord injury, and traumatic brain injury, causes severe neurological symptoms such as sensory and motor deficits. Currently, there is no effective therapeutic method to restore neurological function because the adult CNS has limited capacity to regenerate after injury. Many efforts have been made to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying CNS regeneration and to establish novel therapeutic methods based on these mechanisms, with a variety of strategies including cell transplantation, modulation of cell intrinsic molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic targeting of the pathological nature of the extracellular environment in CNS injury. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms that regulate CNS regeneration, highlighting the history, recent efforts, and questions left unanswered in this field.

Role of Immune Cells in the Course of Central Nervous System Injury: Modulation with Natural Products

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 701-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thea Magrone ◽  
Matteo Antonio Russo ◽  
Emilio Jirillo
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Cns Injury ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Functional Activities ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Immune cells actively participate to the central nervous system (CNS) injury either damaging or protecting neural tissue with release of various mediators. Residential microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages play a fundamental role within the injured CNS and, here, special emphasis will be placed on M1 and M2 macrophages for their different functional activities. On the other hand, peripheral T regulatory (Treg) cells exert antiinflammatory activities in the diseased host. In this respect, activation of Treg cells by nutraceuticals may represent a novel approach to treat neuroinflammation. Omega-3 fatty acids and polyphenols will be described as substances endowed with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, taking into account that Treg cells act in the later phase of CNS injury, favoring immune suppression, manipulation of host immune system with both substances requires caution to avoid undesired side effects.

Changes in the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio as predictors of outcome in pediatric patients with central nervous system tumors undergoing surgical resection

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Al Flores-Bustamante ◽  
Laura Hernández-Regino ◽  
Manuel-De-Jesús Castillejos-López ◽  
Daniel Martínez-Rodríguez ◽  
Arnoldo Aquino-Gálvez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Surgical Resection ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Poor Response ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Central Nervous System Tumors ◽  
Nervous System Tumors ◽  
Lymphocyte Ratio

BACKGROUND: Changes in neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (ΔNLR) have been used as a clinical tool for stratification and prognosis of patients with solid tumors, there is scarce evidence of their clinical relevance in patients with tumors of the central nervous system who have also undergone surgical resection. OBJECTIVE: Determine if (ΔNLR) are associated with poor response to treatment and worse prognosis in pediatric patients with central nervous system tumors (CNST) who underwent surgical resection. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study; demographic, clinical, and hematological variables were evaluated, Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards regression model were performed to evaluate prognosis. RESULTS: The ΔNLR cutoff value obtained through the third interquartile range was 4.30; The probability of survival and complete response to treatment was different between patients with high ΔNLR when compared to patients with low ΔNLR (p= 0.013, p=≪ 0.001, respectively). A high ΔNLR behaved as an independent predictor of worse Overall Survival (HR 2,297; 95% CI: 1,075–4.908, p= 0.032). CONCLUSION: An elevated ΔNLR was a predictor of poor response to treatment and a prognostic factor for worse Overall Survival in pediatric patients with CNST undergoing surgical resection.

scholarly journals Activation and Regulation of Cellular Inflammasomes: Gaps in Our Knowledge for Central Nervous System Injury

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari ◽  
W Dalton Dietrich ◽  
Robert W Keane
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Cns Injury ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Cns Trauma ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord

The inflammasome is an intracellular multiprotein complex involved in the activation of caspase-1 and the processing of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β) and IL-18. The inflammasome in the central nervous system (CNS) is involved in the generation of an innate immune inflammatory response through IL-1 cytokine release and in cell death through the process of pyroptosis. In this review, we consider the different types of inflammasomes (NLRP1, NLRP2, NLRP3, and AIM2) that have been described in CNS cells, namely neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. Importantly, we focus on the role of the inflammasome after brain and spinal cord injury and cover the potential activators of the inflammasome after CNS injury such as adenosine triphosphate and DNA, and the therapeutic potential of targeting the inflammasome to improve outcomes after CNS trauma.

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