scholarly journals Self-Limiting OX513A Aedes aegypti Demonstrate Full Susceptibility to Currently Used Insecticidal Chemistries as Compared to Indian Wild-Type Aedes aegypti

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prabhakargouda B. Patil ◽  
Kevin J. Gorman ◽  
Shaibal K. Dasgupta ◽  
K. V. Seshu Reddy ◽  
Shirish R. Barwale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Type Strains

OX513A Aedes aegypti is a genetically engineered strain carrying a self-limiting gene. Studies in several countries have shown the effectiveness of the strain at reducing pest Aedes aegypti populations. As a component of biosafety assessments relevant to Indian environments, OX513A and two Indian wild-type Ae. aegypti strains (from Aurangabad and Delhi) were tested for susceptibility to a range of commonly used insecticides in India, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), malathion, deltamethrin, and permethrin using World Health Organization (WHO) testing kits and following WHO standard test procedures. Knockdown times (KDT) for all compounds were determined separately for male and female adults of the three mosquito strains. Results indicated that adults of OX513A, Aurangabad, and Delhi strains were resistant to DDT, yielding mortality rates of 90.9, 87.4, and 44.4% and 70.1, 3.0, and 6.0% for male and female adults, respectively. In contrast, adults of all three strains were found to be susceptible to malathion, deltamethrin, and permethrin, exhibiting mortalities between 98 and 100%. The magnitudes of susceptibility, based on the KDT50 values, were greater in the OX513A strain, as compared to wild-type strains of Ae. aegypti for all insecticides tested. The results confirm that, aside from historical resistance to DDT, OX513A has retained full sensitivity to these commonly used compounds and exhibits responses akin to those of susceptible Indian wild-type strains.

scholarly journals Pyrethroid and Etofenprox Resistance in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii from Vegetable Farms in Yaoundé, Cameroon: Dynamics, Intensity and Molecular Basis

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (18) ◽  
pp. 5543
Author(s):  
Michael Piameu ◽  
Philippe Nwane ◽  
Wilson Toussile ◽  
Konstantinos Mavridis ◽  
Nadja Christina Wipf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
World Health ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Metabolic Genes ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae S.L ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The City

Previous studies have indicated widespread insecticide resistance in malaria vector populations from Cameroon. However, the intensity of this resistance and underlying mechanisms are poorly known. Therefore, we conducted three cross-sectional resistance surveys between April 2018 and October 2019, using the revised World Health Organization protocol, which includes resistance incidences and intensity assessments. Field-collected Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from Nkolondom, Nkolbisson and Ekié vegetable farms in the city of Yaoundé were tested with deltamethrin, permethrin, alpha-cypermethrin and etofenprox, using 1× insecticide diagnostic concentrations for resistance incidence, then 5× and 10× concentrations for resistance intensity. Subsamples were analyzed for species identification and the detection of resistance-associated molecular markers using TaqMan® qPCR assays. In Nkolbisson, both An. coluzzii (96%) and An. gambiae s.s. (4%) were found together, whereas only An. gambiae s.s. was present in Nkolondom, and only An. coluzzii was present in Ekié. All three populations were resistant to the four insecticides (<75% mortality rates―MR1×), with intensity generally fluctuating over the time between mod-erate (<98%―MR5×; ≥98%―MR10×) and high (76–97%―MR10×). The kdr L995F, L995S, and N1570Y, and the Ace-1 G280S-resistant alleles were found in An. gambiae from Nkolondom, at 73%, 1%, 16% and 13% frequencies, respectively, whereas only the kdr L995F was found in An. gambiae s.s. from Nkolbisson at a 50% frequency. In An. coluzzii from Nkolbisson and Ekié, we detected only the kdr L995F allele at 65% and 60% frequencies, respectively. Furthermore, expression levels of Cyp6m2, Cyp9k1, and Gste2 metabolic genes were highly upregulated (over fivefold) in Nkolondom and Nkolbisson. Pyrethroid and etofenprox-based vector control interventions may be jeopardized in the prospected areas, due to high resistance intensity, with multiple mechanisms in An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii.

scholarly journals Estimates of mortality rates in people with diabetes and cardiovascular disease using administrative pharmaceutical data

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun Purkiss ◽  
Tessa Keegel ◽  
Hassan Vally ◽  
Dennis Wollersheim
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
World Health ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Medication Discontinuation ◽  
Disease Mortality ◽  
Health Organization

BackgroundQuantifying the mortality risk for people with diabetes is challenging because of associated comorbidities. The recording of cause specific mortality from accompanying cardiovascular disease in death certificate notifications has been considered to underestimate the overall mortality risk in persons with diabetes. Main AimDevelop a technique to quantify mortality risk from pharmaceutical administrative data and apply it to persons diagnosed with diabetes, and associated cardiovascular disease and dyslipidaemia before death. MethodsPersons with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and dyslipidaemia were identified in a publicly available Australian Pharmaceutical data set using World Health Organization anatomic therapeutic codes assigned to medications received. Diabetes associated multi-morbidity cohorts were constructed and a proxy mortality (PM) event determined from medication and service discontinuation. Estimates of mortality rates were calculated from 2004 for 10 years and compared persons with diabetes alone and associated cardiovascular disease and dyslipidemia. ResultsThis study identified 346,201 individuals within the 2004 calendar year as having received treatments for diabetes (n=51,422), dyslipidaemia (n=169,323) and cardiovascular disease including hypertension (n=280,105). Follow up was 3.3 x 106 person-years. Overall crude PM was 26.1 per 1000 person-years. PM rates were highest in persons with cardiovascular disease and diabetes in combination (47.5 per 100 person years). Statin treatments significantly improved the mortality rates in all persons with diabetes and cardiovascular disease alone and in combination over age groups >44 years (p<.001). Age specific diabetes PM rates using pharmaceutical data correlated well with Australian data from the National Diabetes Service Scheme (r=0.82) ConclusionProxy mortality events calculated from medication discontinuation in persons with chronic conditions can provide an alternative method to estimate disease mortality rates. The technique also allows the assessment of mortality risk in persons with chronic disease multi-morbidity.

Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles stephensi in Somali Region, Eastern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solomon Yared ◽  
Araya Gebressielasie ◽  
Lambodhar Damodaran ◽  
Victoria Bonnell ◽  
Karen Lopez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Pirimiphos Methyl ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background: The movement of malaria vectors into new areas is a growing concern in the efforts to control malaria. The recent report of Anopheles stephensi in eastern Ethiopia has raised the necessity to understand the insecticide resistance status of the vector in the region to better inform vector-based interventions. The aim of this study was to evaluate insecticide resistance in An. stephensi in eastern Ethiopia using two approaches: 1) World Health Organization (WHO) bioassay tests in An. stephensi and 2) genetic analysis of insecticide resistance genes in An. stephensi in eastern Ethiopia. Methods: Mosquito larvae and pupae were collected from Kebridehar. Insecticide susceptibility of An. stephensi was tested with malathion 5%, bendiocarb 0.1%, propoxur 0.1%, deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, Pirimiphos-methyl 0.25% and DDT 4%, according to WHO standard protocols. Results: All An. stephensi samples were resistant to carbamates, with mortality rates 23% and 21% for bendiocarb and propoxur, respectively. Adult An. stephensi was also resistant to pyrethroid insecticides with mortality rates 67% for deltamethrin and 53% for permethrin. Resistance to DDT and malathion was detected in An. stephensi with mortality rates of 32% as well as An. stephensi was resistance to pirimiphos-methyl with mortality rates 14%. Analysis of the voltage gate sodium channel gene (vgsc) revealed the absence of kdr L1014 mutations. Conclusion: Overall, these findings support that An. stephensi is resistant to several classes of insecticides, most notably pyrethroids. However, the absence of the kdr L1014 gene may suggest non-target site resistance mechanisms. Continuous insecticide resistance monitoring should be carried out in the region to confirm the documented resistance and exploring mechanisms conferring resistance in An. stephensi in Ethiopia.

scholarly journals Childbirth care: contributing to the debate on human development

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (spe) ◽  
pp. 792-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Maria Garcia de Lima Parada ◽  
Maria Antonieta de Barros Leite Carvalhaes
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Health System ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Quality Care ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Ministry ◽  
Public Resources ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Childbirth Care

This study aimed to evaluate care during childbirth and neonatal development in the interior of São Paulo in order to support managers responsible for formulating public policies on human development and allocating public resources to the women's healthcare. This epidemiological study focused on the evaluation of health services based on the observation of the assistance delivered by the Single Health System in 12 maternities and 134 delivers. The Brazilian Health Ministry or World Health Organization standards were adopted for comparison. The results revealed problems related to the structure of some maternities, where some well-proven practices in normal childbirth are still little used, whereas other prejudicial or ineffective ones are routinely used. Reversing this picture is essential in order to offer humanized quality care to women with consequent reductions in maternal and neonatal mortality rates, in such a way that the region achieves the millennium goals established for improving human development.

scholarly journals Diffuse Gliomas for Nonneuropathologists: The New Integrated Molecular Diagnostics

2018 ◽  
Vol 142 (7) ◽  
pp. 804-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunhee C. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Krebs Cycle ◽  
Diagnostic Algorithm ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Targeted Next Generation Sequencing ◽  
Idh Mutations ◽  
Diffuse Gliomas ◽  
Conventional Histology ◽  
Krebs Cycle Enzymes ◽  
Health Organization

Diffuse gliomas comprise the bulk of “brain cancer” in adults. The recent update to the 4th edition of the World Health Organization's classification of tumors of the central nervous system reflects an unprecedented change in the landscape of the diagnosis and management of diffuse gliomas that will affect all those involved in the management and care of patients. Of the recently discovered gene alterations, mutations in the Krebs cycle enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDHs) 1 and 2 have fundamentally changed the way the gliomas are understood and classified. Incorporating information on a few genetic parameters (IDH, ATRX and/or p53, and chromosome 1p19q codeletion), a relatively straightforward diagnostic algorithm has been generated with robust and reproducible results that correlate with patients' survival far better than relying on conventional histology alone. Evidence also supports the conclusion that the vast majority of diffuse gliomas without IDH mutations (IDH–wild-type astrocytomas) behave like IDH–wild-type glioblastomas (“molecular GBM”). Together, these changes reflect a big shift in the practice of diagnostic neuropathology in which tumor risk stratification aligns better with molecular information than histology/grading. The purpose of this review is to provide the readers with a brief synopsis of the changes in the 2016 World Health Organization update with an emphasis on diffuse gliomas and to summarize key gene abnormalities on which these classifications are based. Practical points involved in day-to-day diagnostic workup are also discussed, along with a comparison of the various diagnostic tests, including immunohistochemistry, with an emphasis on targeted next-generation sequencing panel technology as a future universal approach.

scholarly journals The Good COPD Guidelines

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-16
Author(s):  
Dennis Bowie
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
The Third ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Prevalent Disease ◽  
Health Organization

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is becoming an increasing problem for health care workers. The World Health Organization predicts that in the year 2020, this disease will be the fifth most prevalent disease worldwide, up from 12th place, and it will be the third most common cause of death, up from sixth place in 1997 (1). Hospitalization and mortality rates for COPD continue to rise in Canada (2). Therefore, the burden of COPD on Canadians, the health care system and physicians is obvious.

scholarly journals Pyrethroid Resistance Status of Aedes (Stegomyia) Aegypti (Linneaus) from Dengue Endemic Areas in Peninsular Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosilawati R ◽  
Lee HL ◽  
Nazni WA ◽  
Nurulhusna AH ◽  
Roziah A ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
World Health ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Health Organization

Vector control is still the principal method to control dengue and chemical insecticides, especially the pyrethroids such as permethrin are the forerunners of mosquito control agent. Intensive and extensive use of pyrethroids often result in resistance, thereby hampering control efforts. The present study was conducted to evaluate the susceptible status of Aedes aegypti, the primary vector of dengue against permethrin. A nationwide mosquito sampling via ovitrapping was conducted in 12 dengue hotspots across 5 states in Peninsular Malaysia. Field collected Aedes eggs were hatched and reared until L3 larval and further identified it species. Adult F0 Aedes aegypti were reared until F1 progeny and the female were used in adult assay, performed according to World Health Organization (WHO) protocol as to determine the resistance level. The laboratory strain maintained for more than 1000 generations that were susceptible to permethrin served as the control strain. Evaluation of resistance ratio was assessed by comparing the knockdown rate with laboratory susceptible strain. In this present study, 70% ofAe. aegypti population from dengue hotspots was highly resistance to permethrin. The study clearly demonstrated that widespread of permethrin resistant Ae. aegypti in Malaysian mosquito’s population, indicating the need of implementing an efficient pyrethroid resistance management.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Psychological Disorders in Patients with COVID-19 Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzin Bagheri Sheykhangafshe
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Psychological Disorders ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
World Health ◽  
Definitive Treatment ◽  
High Infection ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

The coronavirus 2019 first broke out on December 17, 2019 in Wuhan, China, and on March 11, 2020, it was announced as a worldwide pandemic by the World Health Organization. Despite nutritious diets and promising vaccines, health tips such as wearing a mask, social distancing, home quarantine, and not traveling are still the best ways to control the spread of COVID-19.While the widespread prevalence of COVID-19, severe restrictions, lack of definitive treatment, and the high infection and mortality rates have led to cognitive psychological disorders among the general population of the world. One of the epidemic consequences of COVID-19 syndrome in people who have defeated the coronavirus was psychological disorders. Considering the role of mental health in boosting the immune system, improving the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine and accelerating the treatment process of patients, it is suggested that in the post-COVID era, more attention be paid to the psychological health of the community.

scholarly journals Kerentanan larva Aedes aegypti di Jawa Timur terhadap Temephos komersial dengan dosis berbeda

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Firas Khaleyla ◽  
Etik Ainun Rohmah ◽  
Kris Cahyo Mulyatno
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Organization

Pengendalian populasi nyamuk Ae. Aegypti di Indonesia dilakukan sebagai upaya untuk menekan penularan virus dengue, salah satunya dengan penaburan larvasida temephos. Dosis operasional penggunaan temephos di Indonesia (1 mg/L) lebih tinggi dibandingkan dosis yang disarankan World Health Organization (WHO) (0,012 mg/L). Di Jawa Timur, terdapat temephos yang beredar komersial dengan perbedaan pada dosis penggunaan, yaitu10 gram/100 L air (10 G) dan 8 gram/100 L air (8G). Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memeriksa kerentanan populasi larva Ae. aegypti yang berasal dari Jember (JEM), Surabaya (SBY), dan koleksi Laboratorium Entomologi Universitas Airlangga (LAB) terhadap temephos10G dan 8G pada dosis pemakaian tinggi (1 mg/L) hingga rendah (0,015625 mg/L). Uji mortalitas pada larva dilakukan sesuai dengan ketentuan WHO dengan replikasi 4 kali. Data dianalisis secara statistik. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ketiga kelompoklarva Ae. aegypti mengalami >90% mortalitas dengan penambahan temephos pada dosis rendah (0,015625 mg/L) pada ambang waktu 240 menit, baik untuk temephos10 G maupun 8 G. Perbedaan respon mortalitas yang signifikan antara dosis tertinggi (1 mg/L) dan dosisterendah (0,015625 mg/L) ditemukan pada kelompok JEM pada dosis 8 G dan 10 G serta LAB pada dosis 8 G. Kelompok JEM dan SBY memiliki rasio resistensi 95 (RR95) temephos dengan kategori rendah (<5) dibandingkan dengan kelompok LAB. Semua kelompok masih memiliki kerentanan pada temephoskomersial pada dosis rendah (0,015625 mg/L). Dari hasil penelitian ini, kami menyarankan untuk menurunkan dosis operasional larvasida temephos yang digunakan untuk pengendalian populasi larva Ae. aegypti di Jawa Timur.

scholarly journals Leukemia mortality in children from Latin America: Trends and predictions to 2030

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Smith Torres-Roman ◽  
Bryan Valcarcel ◽  
Pedro Guerra-Canchari ◽  
Camila Alves Dos Santos ◽  
Isabelle Ribeiro Barbosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Annual Percent Change ◽  
Universal Healthcare ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Universal Healthcare Coverage

Abstract Background: Reports suggest that Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries have not reduced in leukemia mortality compared to high-income countries. However, updated trends remain largely unknown in the region. Given that leukemia is the leading cause of cancer-related death in LAC children, we evaluated mortality trends in children (0-14y) from 15 LAC countries for the period 2000-2017 and predicted mortality to 2030.Methods: We retrieved cancer mortality data using the World Health Organization Mortality Database. Mortality rates (standardized to the world standard SEGI population) were analyzed for 15 LAC countries. We evaluated the average mortality rates for the last 5 years (2013-2017). Joinpoint regression analysis was used to evaluate leukemia mortality trends and provide an estimated annual percent change (EAPC). Nordpred was utilized for the calculation of predictions until 2030.Results: Between 2013 and 2017, the highest mortality rates were reported in Venezuela, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Mexico, and Peru. Upward mortality trends were reported in Nicaragua (EAPC by 2.9% in boys, and EAPC by 2.0% in girls), and Peru (EAPC by 1.4% in both sexes). Puerto Rico experienced large declines in mortality among both boys (EAPC by −9.7%), and girls (EAPC by −6.0%). Leukemia mortality will increase in Argentina, Ecuador, Guatemala, Panama, Peru, and Uruguay by 2030.Conclusion: Leukemia mortality is predicted to increase in some LAC countries by 2030. Interventions to prevent this outcome should be tailor to reduce the socioeconomic inequalities and ensure universal healthcare coverage.

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