scholarly journals Utilization of Sandy Soil as the Primary Raw Material in Production of Unfired Bricks

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Guilan Tao ◽  
Yuepeng Pan ◽  
Zhaoyang Qiao ◽  
Chaohua Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag ◽  
High Efficient ◽  
Hydrate Products

In this study, attempts were made to use sandy soil as the main raw material in making unfired bricks. The sprayed-cured brick specimens were tested for compressive and flexural strength, rate of water absorption, percentage of voids, bulk density, freezing/thawing, and water immersion resistance. In addition, the microstructures of the specimens were also studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The test results show that unfired brick specimens with the addition of ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) tend to achieve better mechanical properties when compared with the specimens that added cement alone, with GGBS correcting particle size distribution and contributing to the pozzolanic reactions and the pore-filling effects. The test specimens with the appropriate addition of cement, GGBS, quicklime, and gypsum are dense and show a low water absorption rate, a low percentage of voids, and an excellent freezing/thawing and water immersion resistance. The SEM observation and XRD analysis verify the formation of hydrate products C–S–H and ettringite, providing a better explanation of the mechanical and physical behavior and durability of the derived unfired bricks. The results obtained suggest that there is a technical approach for the high-efficient comprehensive utilization of sandy soil and provide increased economic and environmental benefits.

Characterization and A Preliminary Study of TiO2 Synthesis from Lampung Iron Sand

2020 ◽  
Vol 849 ◽  
pp. 113-118
Author(s):  
Yayat Iman Supriyatna ◽  
Slamet Sumardi ◽  
Widi Astuti ◽  
Athessia N. Nainggolan ◽  
Ajeng W. Ismail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Packaging ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Solid Residue ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Leaching Solution ◽  
Ti Content

The purpose of this study is to characterize Lampung iron sand and to conduct preliminary experiments on the TiO2 synthesis which can be used for the manufacturing of functional food packaging. The iron sand from South Lampung Regency, Lampung Province that will be utilized as raw material. The experiment was initiated by sieving the iron sand on 80, 100, 150, 200 and 325 mesh sieves. Analysis using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) to determine the element content and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to observe the mineralization of the iron sand was conducted. The experiment was carried out through the stages of leaching, precipitation, and calcination. Roasting was applied firstly by putting the iron sand into the muffle furnace for 5 hours at a temperature of 700°C. Followed by leaching using HCl for 48 hours and heated at 105°C with a stirring speed of 300 rpm. The leaching solution was filtered with filtrate and solid residue as products. The solid residue was then leached using 10% H2O2 solution. The leached filtrate was heated at 105°C for 40 minutes resulting TiO2 precipitates (powder). Further, the powder was calcined and characterized. Characterization of raw material using XRF shows the major elements of Fe, Ti, Mg, Si, Al and Ca. The highest Ti content is found in mesh 200 with 9.6%, while iron content is about 80.7%. While from the XRD analysis, it shows five mineral types namely magnetite (Fe3O4), Rhodonite (Mn, Fe, Mg, Ca) SiO3, Quart (SiO2), Ilmenite (FeOTiO2) and Rutile (TiO2). The preliminary experiment showed that the Ti content in the synthesized TiO2 powder is 21.2%. The purity of TiO2 is low due to the presence of Fe metal which is dissolved during leaching, so that prior to precipitation purification is needed to remove impurities such as iron and other metals.

scholarly journals Soybean waste in particleboard production

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyn Hoffmamm Martins ◽  
Alan Pereira Vilela ◽  
Rafael Farinassi Mendes ◽  
Lourival Marin Mendes ◽  
Lívia Elisabeth Vasconcellos de Siqueira Brandão Vaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Thickness Swelling ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Hybrid Eucalyptus

ABSTRACT Brazil is the second largest soybean producer in the world, with a yield of around 96.2 million tons per crop. This high yield leads to a great amount of waste resulting from soybean cultivation, which can reach approximately 41 million tons of waste per year. This material has lignocellulosic properties, which may enable its use as a raw material for particleboard production. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of soybean pods in particleboard production. For particleboard manufacture, wood of the hybrid Eucalyptus urophylla and Eucalyptus grandis was used, added with soybean pods, at proportions of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. For particleboard evaluation, a completely randomized design was used, with five treatments and three replicates, using linear regression and the Scott-Knott test at 5% significance for comparison among the different treatments. The properties apparent density, compaction ratio, water absorption after 2 and 24 hours, thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours in water immersion, internal bonding, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity in bending properties were evaluated. The ratio soybean pod waste and eucalyptus particles in the panels led to an increase in water absorption values and thickness swelling, in addition to a decrease in mechanical properties. The production of panels with approximately 23% soybean pods is feasible.

scholarly journals A Study on Tannery Sludge as a Raw Material for Cement Mortar

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jurgita Malaiškienė ◽  
Olga Kizinievič ◽  
Viktor Kizinievič
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Cement Mortar ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Tannery Sludge ◽  
Limit Values

The paper analyses the properties (chemical and mineral composition, microstructure, density, etc.) of recycled tannery sludge (TS) and the possibilities for using it in cement mortar mixture. Mortar specimens containing 3–12% of tannery sludge by weight of cement and 3–9% of tannery sludge by weight of sand were tested. Flowability, density, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), flexural and compressive strength, water absorption and sorptivity of the mortar were analysed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of tannery sludge and mortar are presented. The tests revealed that replacement of 6% of cement with tannery sludge in the mix increased flexural and compressive strength and UPV values, whereas water absorption decreased. SEM and XRD analysis revealed that specimens with tannery sludge contained lower amounts of ettringite and higher amounts of portlandite; the obtained structure was denser and contained more calcium hydrosilicates (C-S-H). Chromium leaching values in cement mortars were found not to exceed the limit values set forth in Directive 2003/33/EC.

The Fabrication of Refractory Cordierite from Aluminium Buff Mixture

2016 ◽  
Vol 690 ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
Nuntaporn Kongkajun ◽  
Parinya Chakartnarodom ◽  
Warunee Borwornkiatkaew
Keyword(s):  
Microstructural Analysis ◽  
Secondary Phase ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Batch Composition ◽  
Brazilian Test ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Powder Mixtures ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Properties Of Materials

The aim of this work is to propose the utilization of aluminium buff from aluminium part manufacturer as a raw material for cordierite batch composition. The powder mixtures were compacted by uniaxial pressing. The green compacts were sintered at temperature in the range 1300-1400°C for 2 hours in air. The physical properties were characterized by Archimedes method, Brazilian test and dilatometry. Phase and microstructural analysis were done by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD analysis showed the major phase was cordierite along with sapphirine as a secondary phase. The fired properties of materials were demonstrated that the optimal properties was achieved from the specimen sintered at 1375 °C.

Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan from Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) shell waste as raw material

2021 ◽  
pp. 2757-2762
Author(s):  
Thilagar Gobinath ◽  
Sasikumar Thamizhselvan ◽  
Arumugam Ramakrishnan ◽  
Samuthirapandian Ravichandran
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transforms ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Perna Viridis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Water Binding ◽  
Physiochemical Properties ◽  
Plasma Recalcification Time

Chitosan is extracted from Perna viridis as the staring source via the cycle of chitin deacetylation, which is conducted at 90°C for 6 hours using 40% NaOH. Physiochemical properties such as yield (18%), ash content (0.626%), moisture content (2.9%), and solubility, degree of deacetylation (55), fat binding capability (209%) and water binding ability (254 %) revealed that P.viridis is an important alternative source of chitosan. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed the characteristic peaks of OH at 3400cm-1 and amine at 1660cm-1, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis suggested two critical characteristic peaks at 18° and 34° at (2θ). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to evaluate the surface morphology of isolated chitosan. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTA) was also used to describe the thermal stability of P.viridis chitosan. The procoagulant capacity, plasma recalcification time assays and minimal bactericidal activity verified the hemocompatibility and antibacterial activity of the preparation of chitosan.

Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis for Immobilization of Simulated Radioactive Sandy Soil Waste

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 2797-2801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Gui Qin ◽  
Xian He Mao ◽  
Min Chen ◽  
Xiao Ning Yuan ◽  
Kang Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Crystalline Phase ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Leaching Rate ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Temperature Synthesis ◽  
High Temperature Synthesis ◽  
Solid Form

The immobilization of simulated radioactive sandy soil waste by using self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) was investigated. The products were characterized by density, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope. The leaching rate of tracer element was measured by the method of PCT (product consistency test). The SHS immobilization typically results in products containing amorphous phase and crystalline phase. The volume density of the final product is over 3.0g/cm3. The tracer element Ce in the final product mainly forms crystalline phase of CeAl11O18 and Ce2SiO5 when the amount of CeO2 in the raw material is large than 1%. The leaching rate of Ce for 28 days is about 10-5 g•m-2•d-1，which is much lower than that of the borosilicate glass solid form. the leaching rates of Ca, Si, Al and Fe during 28 days are about 10-3～10-4 g•m-2•d-1

Environmental Durability of Soil-Cement Block Incorporated with Ornamental Stone Waste

2014 ◽  
Vol 798-799 ◽  
pp. 548-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Carvalho ◽  
Gustavo de Castro Xavier ◽  
Jonas Alexandre ◽  
Leonardo Gonçalves Pedroti ◽  
Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Ornamental Stone ◽  
Cement Block ◽  
Soil Cement ◽  
Ornamental Stones ◽  
Small Gain ◽  
Limestone Sand

The recycling of industrial wastes such as those produced during processing of ornamental stones is a relevant procedure to mitigate the possibility of environmental pollution. In the present work the durability of soil-cement blocks incorporated with an ornamental granite stone waste was investigated by means of water immersion durability tests as indicated by the Brazilian norm. Preliminarily, the granite waste was characterized by its chemical composition, particle size and X-ray diffraction. The incorporation was carried out in a mixture with limestone, sand, water and cement. After the durability tests, the soil-cement block were tested for the change in strength and water absorption. The results showed a loss in strength for 90 days of immersion cycles together with a relatively small gain in water absorption. The block composition with 60% of waste was able to attend the norm by apparently developing less porosity than the 65% waste incorporated block.

scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of Na2CO3-Activated High-Volume GGBFS Cement Paste

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Taewan Kim ◽  
Yubin Jun
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
Strength Development ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag ◽  
Dry Shrinkage

The use of Na2CO3 to improve the mechanical properties of high-volume slag cement (HVSC) is experimentally investigated in this study. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was replaced with 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) by weight. Na2CO3 was added at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt.% of HVSC (OPC + GGBFS). The compressive strength, water absorption, ultrasonic pulse velocity, dry shrinkage, and X-ray diffraction spectra of the Na2CO3-activated HVSC pastes were analyzed. The results indicate that Na2CO3 was effective for improving the strength of HVSC samples at both early and later ages. There was a trend of increasing HVSC sample strength with increasing Na2CO3 content. The 5% Na2CO3-activated HVSC (50% OPC + 50% GGBFS) paste had the best combination of early to later-age strength development and exhibited the highest UPV and the lowest water absorption among the Na2CO3-activated HVSC samples at later age.

scholarly journals Effect of Water Immersion on Raw and Expanded Ugandan Vermiculite

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Celia Marcos
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Electrical Heating ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Structural Order ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Different Temperatures

Effect of water immersion at different times (from 1/2h to 24 h) on raw and expanded vermiculite from Uganda was investigated. The expansion was carried out by electrical heating at different temperatures and by irradiation with microwaves. After, the expansibility (k) and the water absorption content (WA) were obtained and the samples were characterized. The elemental and mineral composition was determined by X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction, respectively; the thermal behavior by thermal gravimetric analyses; and the textural parameters by BET. The expansibility of Ugandan vermiculite is relatively lower than the other commercial vermiculites due basically to its lower K2O content (0.36%) and higher water content (about 20%). The water absorption capacity of samples significantly increased with the increase in heating temperature. The maximum WA content, about 130 mg/g, was obtained at 900 °C for 24 h. The loss of water during the expansion process in the Ugandan vermiculite caused loss of structural order and crystallinity. Moreover, in the samples expanded and subsequently immersed in water, the structural order and crystallinity increased with increasing WA values. Specific surface area and porosity hardly vary with temperature and are practically independent of vermiculite purity. Expanded commercial vermiculites could be a suitable hygroscopic material, given its efficient water absorption. Microwave expanded commercial vermiculites, in this case, would not be recommended

scholarly journals Utilization of Waste Glass in Autoclaved Silica–Lime Materials

Materials ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 549
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Borek ◽  
Przemysław Czapik
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Quartz Sand ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Waste Glass ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Waste Container

This paper aims to investigate the possibility of using waste glass of different colours as a complete substitute for quartz sand in autoclaved silica–lime samples. On the one hand, this increases the possibility of recycling waste glass; on the other hand, it allows obtaining autoclaved materials with better properties. In this research, reference samples with quartz sand (R) and white (WG), brown (BG), and green (GG) waste container glass were made. Parameters such as compressive strength, bulk density, and water absorption were examined on all samples. The samples were examined using a scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive spectroscopy detector (SEM/EDS) and subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The WG samples showed 187% higher compressive strength, BG by 159%, and GG by 134% compared to sample R. In comparison to the reference sample, volumetric density was 16.8% lower for sample WG, 13.2% lower for BG, and 7.1% lower for GG. Water absorption increased as bulk density decreased. The WG sample achieved the highest water absorption value, 15.84%. An X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the presence of calcite, portlandite, and tobermorite phases. Depending on the silica aggregate used, there were differences in phase composition linked to compressive strength. Hydrated calcium silicates with varying crystallisation degrees were visible in the microstructure image.

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