scholarly journals Quantitative Measurement of Path Loss Model Adaptation Using the Least Squares Method in an Urban DVB-T2 System

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Pitak Keawbunsong ◽  
Sarun Duangsuwan ◽  
Pichaya Supanakoon ◽  
Sathaporn Promwong
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Quantitative Measurement ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Model Adaptation ◽  
Loss Model ◽  
Path Loss Model ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Using Data

The aim of this paper was to propose quantitative measurement of path loss model adaptation in urban radio propagation for a second-generation, terrestrial digital video broadcasting standard (DVB-T2) system. The measurement data was analyzed using data processing based on the least squares (LS) method to verify the probabilistic quantitation of realistic data measurement such as mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE), and standard deviation of error (SD), as well as relative error (RE). To distinguish the experimental evaluation, the researchers compared between the conventional Hata path loss model and the proposed model. The result showed that path loss based on the proposed model was more accurate in predicting the quantitative measurement of propagation data properly.

A new path loss model based on the volumetric occupancy rate for the pine forests at 5G frequency band

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Abdullah Genc
Keyword(s):  
Path Loss ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Occupancy Rate ◽  
Loss Model ◽  
Path Loss Model ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Foliage Density ◽  
Reference Measurements

Abstract In this paper, a new empirical path loss model based on frequency, distance, and volumetric occupancy rate is generated at the 3.5 and 4.2 GHz in the scope of 5G frequency bands. This study aims to determine the effect of the volumetric occupancy rate on path loss depending on the foliage density of the trees in the pine forest area. Using 4.2 GHz and the effect of the volumetric occupancy rate contributes to the literature in terms of novelty. Both the reference measurements to generate a model and verification measurements to verify the proposed models are conducted in three different regions of the forest area with double ridged horn antennas. These regions of the artificial forest area consist of regularly sorted and identical pine trees. Root mean square error (RMSE) and R-squared values are calculated to evaluate the performance of the proposed model. For 3.5 and 4.2 GHz, while the RMSEs are 3.983 and 3.883, the values of R-squared are 0.967 and 0.963, respectively. Additionally, the results are compared with four path loss models which are commonly used in the forest area. The proposed one has the best performance among the other models with values 3.98 and 3.88 dB for 3.5 and 4.2 GHz.

scholarly journals Fast Radio Map Construction by using Adaptive Path Loss Model Interpolation in Large-Scale Building

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingxue Bi ◽  
Yunjia Wang ◽  
Zengke Li ◽  
Shenglei Xu ◽  
Jiapeng Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Area ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Kriging Interpolation ◽  
Positioning Accuracy ◽  
Loss Model ◽  
Path Loss Model ◽  
Map Construction ◽  
Radio Map

The radio map construction is usually time-consuming and labor-sensitive in indoor fingerprinting localization. We propose a fast construction method by using an adaptive path loss model interpolation. Received signal strength (RSS) fingerprints are collected at sparse reference points by using multiple smartphones based on crowdsourcing. Then, the path loss model of an access point (AP) can be built with several reference points by the least squares method in a small area. Afterwards, the RSS value can be calculated based on the constructed model and corresponding AP’s location. In the small area, all models of detectable APs can be built. The corresponding RSS values can be estimated at each interpolated point for forming the interpolated fingerprints considering RSS loss, RSS noise and RSS threshold. Through combining all interpolated and sparse reference fingerprints, the radio map of the whole area can be obtained. Experiments are conducted in corridors with a length of 211 m. To evaluate the performance of RSS estimation and positioning accuracy, inverse distance weighted and Kriging interpolation methods are introduced for comparing with the proposed method. Experimental results show that our proposed method can achieve the same positioning accuracy as complete manual radio map even with the interval of 9.6 m, reducing 85% efforts and time of construction.

Path Loss through Pine Forest around Beach for Wireless Sea Wave Energy Sensor Network

2012 ◽  
Vol 433-440 ◽  
pp. 3954-3958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supachai Phaiboon ◽  
Supanuch Seesaiprai
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Network ◽  
Wave Energy ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Loss Model ◽  
Path Loss Model ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Energy Sensor ◽  
Sea Wave ◽  
Good Agreement

This paper presents an empirical path loss model through forest for measuring sea wave energy using 2.4 GHz wireless sensor network (WSN). The empirical path loss model was determined from measurement campaign by using 18 dBm transmitter and the receivers with a low noise amplify. The conventional path loss models for forest environments were carried out such as Weissberger, ITU-R, COST 235 and Torrico models. From the results it is found that the proposed model provides a good agreement and is used for planning WSN.

scholarly journals Path Loss Model with Antenna Height Dependency under Indoor Stair Environment

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Yu ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Wen-Jun Lu ◽  
Hong-Bo Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Loss Model ◽  
Path Loss Model ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Receiving Antenna

A novel, receiving antenna-height-dependent path loss model under indoor stair environment is presented. The effect of a cross-beam in the stairs is also considered. The proposed model can be applied to describe both of the line-of-sight (LOS) and the non-LOS (NLOS) cases. By using least square criterion, the parameters of proposed model are extracted. Finally, using the maximum likelihood estimation, the precision of the proposed model is evaluated by the standard deviation of shadowing.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Distance Error with Bluetooth Low Energy Transmission Model for Indoor Positioning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pichaya Supanakoon ◽  
Sathaporn Promwong
Keyword(s):  
Path Loss ◽  
Multipath Fading ◽  
Indoor Positioning ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Location Based Services ◽  
Loss Model ◽  
Bluetooth Low Energy ◽  
Path Loss Model ◽  
Distance Error ◽  
Proposed Model

Currently, an indoor positioning is a challenge application for location-based services (LBS) and proximity-based services (PBS). However, the indoor channel has dense multipath fading, causing more distance error than outdoor positioning. In this paper, the distance error analysis model is proposed for indoor positioning. The indoor channel is modeled as the sum of path loss model and multipath fading model. The path loss model is a linear regression model (LRM) based on Friis’ transmission formula, used for estimating the distance from received signal strength (RSS). The multipath fading is a Gaussian statistical model with zero mean, used for characterizing the multipath fading effect. The normalized distance error is evaluated and defined. The indoor channel with Bluetooth low energy (BLE) beacons is measured and compared with the proposed model. From the results, the normalized distance error obtained from the proposed model corresponds very well to measurement. This proposed model can be used as a tool for designing an indoor positioning system to obtain the specific distance error.

scholarly journals Investigation of Future 5G-IoT Millimeter-Wave Network Performance at 38 GHz for Urban Microcell Outdoor Environment

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faizan Qamar ◽  
MHD Nour Hindia ◽  
Kaharudin Dimyati ◽  
Kamarul Ariffin Noordin ◽  
Mohammed Bahjat Majed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Spectrum ◽  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Outdoor Environment ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Loss Model ◽  
Path Loss Model

The advent of fifth-generation (5G) systems and their mechanics have introduced an unconventional frequency spectrum of high bandwidth with most falling under the millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum. The benefit of adopting these bands of the frequency spectrum is two-fold. First, most of these bands appear to be unutilized and they are free, thus suggesting the absence of interference from other technologies. Second, the availability of a larger bandwidth offers higher data rates for all users, as there are higher numbers of users who are connected in a small geographical area, which is also stated as the Internet of Things (IoT). Nevertheless, high-frequency band poses several challenges in terms of coverage area limitations, signal attenuation, path and penetration losses, as well as scattering. Additionally, mmWave signal bands are susceptible to blockage from buildings and other structures, particularly in higher-density urban areas. Identifying the channel performance at a given frequency is indeed necessary to optimize communication efficiency between the transmitter and receiver. Therefore, this paper investigated the potential ability of mmWave path loss models, such as floating intercept (FI) and close-in (CI), based on real measurements gathered from urban microcell outdoor environments at 38 GHz conducted at the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Kuala Lumpur campus. The measurement data were obtained by using a narrow band mmWave channel sounder equipped with a steerable direction horn antenna. It investigated the potential of the network for outdoor scenarios of line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) with both schemes of co- (vertical-vertical) and cross (vertical-horizontal) polarization. The parameters were selected to reflect the performance and the variances with other schemes, such as average users cell throughput, throughput of users that are at cell-edges, fairness index, and spectral efficiency. The outcomes were examined for various antenna configurations as well as at different channel bandwidths to prove the enhancement of overall network performance. This work showed that the CI path loss model predicted greater network performance for the LOS condition, and also estimated significant outcomes for the NLOS environment. The outputs proved that the FI path loss model, particularly for V-V antenna polarization, gave system simulation results that were unsuitable for the NLOS scenario.

scholarly journals A Deep Neural Network-Based Multi-Frequency Path Loss Prediction Model from 0.8 GHz to 70 GHz

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5100
Author(s):  
Chi Nguyen ◽  
Adnan Ahmad Cheema
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Deep Neural Network ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Loss Model ◽  
Path Loss Model ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Loss Prediction ◽  
Path Loss Prediction ◽  
Loss Models

Large-scale fading models play an important role in estimating radio coverage, optimizing base station deployments and characterizing the radio environment to quantify the performance of wireless networks. In recent times, multi-frequency path loss models are attracting much interest due to their expected support for both sub-6 GHz and higher frequency bands in future wireless networks. Traditionally, linear multi-frequency path loss models like the ABG model have been considered, however such models lack accuracy. The path loss model based on a deep learning approach is an alternative method to traditional linear path loss models to overcome the time-consuming path loss parameters predictions based on the large dataset at new frequencies and new scenarios. In this paper, we proposed a feed-forward deep neural network (DNN) model to predict path loss of 13 different frequencies from 0.8 GHz to 70 GHz simultaneously in an urban and suburban environment in a non-line-of-sight (NLOS) scenario. We investigated a broad range of possible values for hyperparameters to search for the best set of ones to obtain the optimal architecture of the proposed DNN model. The results show that the proposed DNN-based path loss model improved mean square error (MSE) by about 6 dB and achieved higher prediction accuracy R2 compared to the multi-frequency ABG path loss model. The paper applies the XGBoost algorithm to evaluate the importance of the features for the proposed model and the related impact on the path loss prediction. In addition, the effect of hyperparameters, including activation function, number of hidden neurons in each layer, optimization algorithm, regularization factor, batch size, learning rate, and momentum, on the performance of the proposed model in terms of prediction error and prediction accuracy are also investigated.

scholarly journals An Empirical Propagation Model for Corridors in Office Buildings

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Paweł Kosz
Keyword(s):  
Radio Wave ◽  
Wave Attenuation ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Propagation Model ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
Propagation Path ◽  
Loss Model ◽  
Path Loss Model ◽  
Special Approach

Abstract This paper presents an empirical propagation path loss model for corridors in office buildings. The proposed model estimates changeable character of radio signal attenuation, based on a special approach as a combination of the simple free-space model with the author’s model. The measurement stand and measurement scenario are described. The propagation path loss research have been made in corridor for different frequencies in range 30 MHz to 290 MHz. A significant number of measurement results were allowed an analysis of the radio wave propagation conditions in the environment. In general, the propagation path loss increases for each measurement frequencies with length of propagation route. Based on measurement data, the new empirical propagation path loss model was developed. For this purpose, the regression analysis was made. The novelty of this model is that it could be used for estimate propagation path loss in measured environment for different radio wave frequencies. At the end, in order to justification the practical usefulness of described method for estimate a radio wave attenuation, the statistical evaluation was made. Thus, the results of the statistical analysis (ME, SEE and R2 values) are satisfactory for each measured radio wave frequency.

Path Loss Model in Crowded Outdoor Environments Considering Multiple Human Body Shadowing of Multipath at 4.7GHz and 26.4GHz

2019 ◽  
Vol E102.B (8) ◽  
pp. 1676-1688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuki NAKAMURA ◽  
Motoharu SASAKI ◽  
Wataru YAMADA ◽  
Naoki KITA ◽  
Takeshi ONIZAWA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Loss Model ◽  
Path Loss Model ◽  
Outdoor Environments
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