scholarly journals Green Tea Seed Isolated Saponins Exerts Antibacterial Effects against Various Strains of Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria, a Comprehensive Study In Vitro and In Vivo

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Imran Khan ◽  
Abdulatef Ahhmed ◽  
Jin Hyuk Shin ◽  
Jun Soo Baek ◽  
Min Yong Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Green Tea ◽  
Column Chromatography ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Preparative Hplc ◽  
Antibacterial Effects ◽  
Treatment Groups

Bacteria are one of the major causes of severe infections and diseases of plants and animals. Salmonella are crucially important due to infection in poultry leading to huge economical loses. Due to high cost and microbial resistance to the currently available chemical antibiotics, demand of screening natural products with antibiotics effects is increased. Plants are rich sources of natural bioactive compounds with antibiotic effects. Saponins are natural compounds of plant sources having a diverse range of applications. In present study we investigated the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of green tea seed extracted saponins. Green tea seeds crude extract was prepared in 70% ethanol by continuous reflux in heating mantel for 5 hours. Crude saponins were extracted from the crude ethanolic extract of green tea seed by column chromatography using macroporous resin (D101). Saponin mixture in fraction 1 (Fr1) was obtained from crude saponins extract via column chromatography. Fr2 and Fr3 were isolated from saponins mixture by preparative HPLC. Antibacterial activities of the isolated saponins fractions were investigated against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Streptococcus aureus (ATCC 12600), and six serovars of Salmonella. In vitro antibacterial activities were determined by disc-diffusion method and growth inhibition in liquid culture using 96-well plate. Results showed that the green tea isolated saponins fractions possess antibacterial effects in the following order Fr1>Fr2>Fr3. Antibacterial mechanism of saponins was elucidated by cell wall and membrane damaging potential of saponins determined by measuring AKP and soluble proteins levels. Fr1 was further used for in vivo antibacterial activities. Five-week grown chickens were selected for in vivo work, divided into three groups as control, infected, and treatment groups. Infected and treatment groups chickens were infected with bacteria and only treatment group chickens were treated with saponins. The qRT- PCR analysis of the blood and feces samples of the different groups’ animals shows the presence of bacteria only in infected group while reduced expression levels of the bacterial pathogens were found in the samples of treatment group. Our results demonstrated that the green tea seed saponins used in this study possess strong antibacterial activities.

1 ARGININE SUPPLEMENTATION IN VITRO INCREASES PORCINE EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT AND AFFECTSmRNA TRANSCRIPT EXPRESSION

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. K. Bauer ◽  
L. D. Spate ◽  
C. N. Murphy ◽  
R. S. Prather
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Porcine Embryo ◽  
Arginine Supplementation

In vitro culture systems are suboptimal as compared to in vivo. Previous next-generation sequencing analysis of in vivo fertilized and in vitro cultured (IVC) or in vivo cultured (IVV) porcine blastocyst stage embryos identified an arginine transporter (SLC7A1) expressed 63 fold higher in IVC compared to IVV blastocysts (Bauer et al. 2010 Biol. Reprod. Epub ahead of print). Arginine catabolism may play important roles in placental and conceptus growth and development as it is a substrate for synthesis of nitric oxide synthase and polyamines. The objective of this study was to determine the effects arginine had on both embryo development and mRNA expression in in vitro fertilized embryos. Cumulus–oocyte complexes were matured for 44 h in M199 supplemented with EGF, FSH, and LH. Oocytes with a visible polar body (metaphase II) were selected and fertilized in modified Tris Buffered Medium for 5 h and then placed into one of 5 treatment groups (Porcine Zygote Medium 3 (PZM3) with 0 mM, 0.12 mM (current concentration of arginine in PZM3), 0.36 mM, 0.72 mM, or 1.69 mM arginine). Twenty-eight hours post-fertilization, cleaved embryos were selected and moved into 25 μL drops of respective culture media and cultured to day 6 in 5% CO2, 5% O2, 90% N2 at 38.5°C. To determine the effect arginine had on development the percent of embryos that made it to the blastocyst stage for each treatment group were analysed using PROC GLM in SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). A least significant difference post test comparison was completed to determine if significant differences existed between treatment groups (a,b,cP < 0.05). The percentage of cleaved embryos on Day 6 that developed to blastocyst was 57.2%b,c, 50.2%c, 67.3%a,b, 67.3%a,b, 70.4%a (N = 147, 163, 150, 120, and 134) in 0 mM, 0.12 mM, 0.36 mM, 0.72 mM, and 1.69 mM arginine, respectively. Real-time PCR was then completed to assess the affect arginine supplementation had on SLC7A1 mRNA expression. Three biological replicates, each containing 10 blastocyst pools to ensure enough starting material, were collected for each treatment group. RNA was isolated from each sample and 5 μL was linearly amplified (NuGEN Ovation Pico WTA System) so multiple genes could be compared and then purified using Bio-Rad MicroSpin Columns. Expression levels were calculated relative to the reference sample and the housekeeping gene, YWHAG. The ΔΔCT values were log-transformed and analysed using PROC GLM in SAS. The expression of SLC7A1 mRNA was decreased (P = 0.0006) compared to PZM3 in the 1.69 mM arginine group. These results illustrate the positive effects that additional arginine may be having on porcine embryo development during culture from the 2-cell to the blastocyst stage. Supplementing arginine to a final concentration of 1.69 mM during culture increases development of porcine embryos to blastocyst compared to PZM3 and also decreases the expression of SLC7A1. Evaluation of the transcriptional profile appears to be a good method of letting the embryo tell us what it needs for development, and in this case arginine. Funded by F21C.

scholarly journals IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF SEEDPOD AND QUERCETIN OF NELUMBO NUCIFERA GAERTN

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Ruvanthika Pn ◽  
Manikandan S
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Nelumbo Nucifera ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
E Coli ◽  
In Vitro Antibacterial Activity

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate whether ethanolic extracts of Nelumbo nucifera (EENN) seedpod and quercetin (active component of NN) possess antibacterial proprieties against Gram (-) bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram (+) bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: Antibacterial activities of EENN seedpod and quercetin were investigated using disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration against E. coli and P. aeruginosa and Gram (+) bacteria such as S. aureus. Results: The antibacterial activity of both EENN seedpod and quercetin was found to be increased in dose-dependent manner. The maximum zone of inhibition was exhibited by both EENN seedpod and quercetin against E. coli (14 mm and 15 mm) and P. aeruginosa (13 mm and 15 mm). Gram-negative bacteria were more susceptible to the EENN seedpod extract and quercetin than Gram-positive bacteria.Conclusion: The results of the present study suggested that the effect of EENN seedpod and quercetin against the tested bacteria in vitro may contribute to the in vivo activities of the EENN seedpod and quercetin.

scholarly journals IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF SEEDPOD AND QUERCETIN OF NELUMBO NUCIFERA GAERTN

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Ruvanthika Pn ◽  
Manikandan S
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Nelumbo Nucifera ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
E Coli ◽  
In Vitro Antibacterial Activity

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate whether ethanolic extracts of Nelumbo nucifera (EENN) seedpod and quercetin (active component of NN) possess antibacterial proprieties against Gram (-) bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram (+) bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: Antibacterial activities of EENN seedpod and quercetin were investigated using disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration against E. coli and P. aeruginosa and Gram (+) bacteria such as S. aureus. Results: The antibacterial activity of both EENN seedpod and quercetin was found to be increased in dose-dependent manner. The maximum zone of inhibition was exhibited by both EENN seedpod and quercetin against E. coli (14 mm and 15 mm) and P. aeruginosa (13 mm and 15 mm). Gram-negative bacteria were more susceptible to the EENN seedpod extract and quercetin than Gram-positive bacteria.Conclusion: The results of the present study suggested that the effect of EENN seedpod and quercetin against the tested bacteria in vitro may contribute to the in vivo activities of the EENN seedpod and quercetin.

scholarly journals Flavone-Rich Fractions and Extracts from Oroxylum indicum and Their Antibacterial Activities against Clinically Isolated Zoonotic Bacteria and Free Radical Scavenging Effects

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1773
Author(s):  
Patchima Sithisarn ◽  
Piyanuch Rojsanga ◽  
Pongtip Sithisarn
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Total Flavonoid ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Antibacterial Effects ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Young Fruit ◽  
Oroxylum Indicum ◽  
Zoonotic Bacteria

Oroxylum indicum extracts from the seeds collected from Lampang and Pattani provinces in Thailand, and young fruits and flowers exhibited in vitro display antioxidant and antibacterial activities against clinically isolated zoonotic bacteria including Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus suis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, β-hemolytic Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The orange crystals and yellow precipitates were obtained from the preparation processes of the seed extracts. The orange-red crystals from the seeds collected from Lampang province exhibited strong in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging effects (EC50 value = 25.99 ± 3.30 μg/mL) and antibacterial effects on S. intermedius and β-hemolytic E. coli while the yellow precipitate from the same source exhibited only antioxidant activity. Quantitative analysis of phytochemicals in O. indicum samples by spectrophotometric and HPLC techniques showed that they contained different amounts of total phenolic, total flavonoid and three major flavones; baicalin, baicalein and chrysin contents. Young fruit extract, which contained low amounts of flavone contents, still promoted antibacterial effects against the tested bacteria with IC50 values lower than 1 mg/mL and MIC values between 4 to 10 mg/mL in S. intermedius, S. aureus and S suis while higher IC50 and MIC values against P. aeruginosa and β-hemolytic E. coli were found. From scanning electron microscopy, the extract of the young fruit of O. indicum promoted morphological changes in the bacterial cells by disrupting the bacterial cell walls, inducing leakage of the cellular content, and generating the abnormal accumulation of cells. The mechanism of action of the extract for this antibacterial effect may be the disruption of the cell membrane and abnormal cell aggregations. Regression analysis of the results suggests the correlation between total phenolic and total flavonoid contents and antioxidant and antibacterial effects. Baicalin was found to have a high correlation with an inhibitory effect against β-hemolytic E. coli while three unidentified peaks, which could be flavones, showed high correlations with an inhibitory effect against S. intermedius, S. suis, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus.

scholarly journals Filociclovir Is an Active Antiviral Agent against Ocular Adenovirus Isolates In Vitro and in the Ad5/NZW Rabbit Ocular Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Eric G. Romanowski ◽  
Islam T. M. Hussein ◽  
Steven C. Cardinale ◽  
Michelle M. Butler ◽  
Lucas R. Morin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Topical Treatment ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Ocular Infections ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Eye Infection

Presently, there is no FDA- or EMA-approved antiviral for the treatment of human adenovirus (HAdV) ocular infections. This study determined the antiviral activity of filociclovir (FCV) against ocular HAdV isolates in vitro and in the Ad5/NZW rabbit ocular model. The 50% effective concentrations (EC50) of FCV and cidofovir (CDV) were determined for several ocular HAdV types using standard plaque reduction assays. Rabbits were topically inoculated in both eyes with HAdV5. On day 1, the rabbits were divided into four topical treatment groups: (1) 0.5% FCV 4x/day × 10 d; (2) 0.1% FCV 4x/day × 10 d; (3) 0.5% CDV 2x/day × 7 d; (4) vehicle 4x/day × 10 d. Eyes were cultured for virus on days 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 14. The resulting viral eye titers were determined using standard plaque assays. The mean in vitro EC50 for FCV against tested HAdV types ranged from 0.50 to 4.68 µM, whereas those treated with CDV ranged from 0.49 to 30.3 µM. In vivo, compared to vehicle, 0.5% FCV, 0.1% FCV, and 0.5% CDV produced lower eye titers, fewer numbers of positive eye cultures, and shorter durations of eye infection. FCV demonstrated anti-adenovirus activity in vitro and in vivo.

scholarly journals In Vitro and In Vivo Antibacterial Activities of DW-224a, a New Fluoronaphthyridone

2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 2261-2264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee-Soo Park ◽  
Hyun-Joo Kim ◽  
Min-Jung Seol ◽  
Dong-Rack Choi ◽  
Eung-Chil Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vitro Activity ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
In Vitro Activity ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

ABSTRACT DW-224a showed the most potent in vitro activity among the quinolone compounds tested against clinical isolates of gram-positive bacteria. Against gram-negative bacteria, DW-224a was slightly less active than the other fluoroquinolones. The in vivo activities of DW-224a against gram-positive bacteria were more potent than those of other quinolones.

scholarly journals In VitroActivities of Daptomycin-, Vancomycin-, and Teicoplanin-Loaded Polymethylmethacrylate against Methicillin-Susceptible, Methicillin-Resistant, and Vancomycin-Intermediate Strains of Staphylococcus aureus

2011 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 5480-5484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhan Chang ◽  
Wen-Chien Chen ◽  
Pang-Hsin Hsieh ◽  
Dave W. Chen ◽  
Mel S. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Bone Cements ◽  
Antibacterial Effects ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effects of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cements loaded with daptomycin, vancomycin, and teicoplanin against methicillin-susceptibleStaphylococcus aureus(MSSA), methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA), and vancomycin-intermediateStaphylococcus aureus(VISA) strains. Standardized cement specimens made from 40 g PMMA loaded with 1 g (low-dose), 4 g (middle-dose) or 8 g (high-dose) antibiotics were tested for elution characteristics and antibacterial activities. The patterns of release of antibiotics from the cement specimens were evaluated usingin vitrobroth elution assay with high-performance liquid chromatography. The activities of broth elution fluid against differentStaphylococcus aureusstrains (MSSA, MRSA, and VISA) were then determined. The antibacterial activities of all the tested antibiotics were maintained after being mixed with PMMA. The cements loaded with higher dosages of antibiotics showed longer elution periods. Regardless of the antibiotic loading dose, the teicoplanin-loaded cements showed better elution efficacy and provided longer inhibitory periods against MSSA, MRSA, and VISA than cements loaded with the same dose of vancomycin or daptomycin. Regarding the choice of antibiotics for cement loading in the treatment ofStaphylococcus aureusinfection, teicoplanin was superior in terms of antibacterial effects.

scholarly journals Aloe-Emodin Relieves High-Fat Diet Induced QT Prolongation via MiR-1 Inhibition and IK1 Up-Regulation in Rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1961-1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Bai ◽  
Zhenli Su ◽  
Hanqi Sun ◽  
Wei Zhao ◽  
Xue Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Action Potential ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Qt Prolongation ◽  
Electrical Remodeling ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Aloe Emodin

Background/Aims: High-fat diet (HFD) causes cardiac electrical remodeling and increases the risk of ventricular arrhythmias. Aloe-emodin (AE) is an anthraquinone component isolated from rhubarb and has a similar chemical structure with emodin. The protective effect of emodin against cardiac diseases has been reported in the literature. However, the cardioprotective property of AE is still unknown. The present study investigated the effect of AE on HFD-induced QT prolongation in rats. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, HFD, and AE-treatment groups. Normal diet was given to rats in the control group, high-fat diet was given to rats in HFD and AE-treatment groups for a total of 10 weeks. First, HFD rats and AE-treatment rats were fed with high-fat diet for 4 weeks to establish the HFD model. Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were measured to validate the HFD model. Afterward, AE-treatment rats were intragastrically administered with 100 mg/kg AE each day for 6 weeks. Electrocardiogram monitoring and whole-cell patch-clamp technique were applied to examine cardiac electrical activity, action potential and inward rectifier K+ current (IK1), respectively. Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) were subjected to cholesterol and/or AE. Protein expression of Kir2.1 was detected by Western blot and miR-1 level was examined by real-time PCR in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Results: In vivo, AE significantly shortened the QT interval, action potential duration at 90% repolarization (APD90) and resting membrane potential (RMP), which were markedly elongated by HFD. AE increased IK1 current and Kir2.1 protein expression which were reduced in HFD rats. Furthermore, AE significantly inhibited pro-arrhythmic miR-1 in the hearts of HFD rats. In vitro, AE decreased miR-1 expression levels resulting in an increase of Kir2.1 protein levels in cholesterol-enriched NRVMs. Conclusions: AE prevents HFD-induced QT prolongation by repressing miR-1 and upregulating its target Kir2.1. These findings suggest a novel pharmacological role of AE in HFD-induced cardiac electrical remodeling.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Inhibitory Effects of Punica Granatum Gel on Cariogenic Bacteria: An in vitro Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grazielle Millo ◽  
Apa Juntavee ◽  
Ariya Ratanathongkam ◽  
Natsajee Nualkaew ◽  
Peerapattana, Jomjai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Punica Granatum ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Cariogenic Bacteria ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition ◽  
Time Kill

ABSTRACT Aim This study evaluated the in vitro antibacterial effects of the formulated Punica granatum (PG) gel against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Lactobacillus casei. Materials and methods The PG extract was dissolved in water at 500 mg/mL. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for identification and quantification of chemical marker punicalagin. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and time-kill assay (TKA) were investigated. Antibacterial activities of the formulated PG gel, 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel and blank gel were tested by measuring the zones of inhibition through agar well diffusion method. Results The HPLC results showed presence of punicalagin at 2023.58 ± 25.29 μg/mL in the aqueous PG extract and at 0.234% (w/w) in the formulated PG gel. The MBC for S. mutans, S. Sanguinis, and L. casei were 250, 125, and 500 mg/mL respectively. The TKA of 500 mg/mL aqueous PG extract showed total inhibition of S. mutans, S. Sanguinis, and L. casei at 6, 1, and 24 hours contact time respectively. Agar well diffusion revealed that for S. mutans, CHX gel > PG gel > blank gel; for S. sanguinis, CHX gel = PG gel > blank gel; for L. casei, CHX gel > PG gel = blank gel. Comparison of the PG gel potency showed that S. sanguinis = S. mutans > L. casei. Conclusion The PG gel equivalent to 0.234% punicalagin (w/w) inhibited S. mutans and S. sanguinis but not L. casei within 24 hours incubation period and has the potential to be used for caries prevention. How to cite this article Millo G, Juntavee A, Ratanathongkam A, Nualkaew N, Peerapattana J, Chatchiwiwattana S. Antibacterial Inhibitory Effects of Punica Granatum Gel on Cariogenic Bacteria: An in vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):152-157.

scholarly journals Subinhibitory Antimicrobial Concentrations: A Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Data

1992 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
George G Zhanel ◽  
Daryl J Hoban ◽  
Godfrey KM Harding
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Bacterial Virulence ◽  
Antibacterial Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Immune Defences

Antimicrobial activity is not an ‘all or none’ effect. An increase in the rate and extent of antimicrobial action is usually observed over a wide range of antimicrobial concentrations. Subinhibitory antimicrobial concentrations are well known to produce significant antibacterial effects, and various antimicrobials at subinhibitory concentrations have been reported to inhibit the rate of bacterial growth. Bacterial virulence may be increased or decreased by subinhibitory antimicrobial concentrations by changes in the ability of bacteria to adhere to epithelial cells or by alterations in bacterial susceptibility to host immune defences. Animal studies performed in rats, hamsters and rabbits demonstrate decreased bacterial adherence, reduced infectivity and increased survival of animals treated with subinhibitory antimicrobial concentrations compared to untreated controls. The major future role of investigation of subinhibitory antimicrobial concentrations will be to define more fully, at a molecular level, how antimicrobials exert their antibacterial effects.

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