scholarly journals Recent Advances in HBV Reactivation Research

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lixia Guo ◽  
Dan Wang ◽  
Xiping Ouyang ◽  
Ni Tang ◽  
Xuemei Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Hbv Reactivation ◽  
Targeted Drugs ◽  
Occult Hbv Infection ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Important Public Health ◽  
Occult Hbv ◽  
B Virus

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an important public health problem that poses a serious threat to human health. HBV reactivation generally occurs in overt or occult HBV infection patients who suffered DDAs, chemotherapy, or immunosuppressive therapy, especially when some solid tumors and leukemia patients are using hormones such as prednisolone and imatinib. The approximate incidence of HBV reactivation ranged from about 10% to 40%. Scientists often explore the molecular mechanisms from both the virus and the host. But some studies have reported that some drugs (cisplatin, rituximab, imatinib, and glucocorticoid) could induce HBV reactivation directly. However, the specific molecular mechanisms were unclear. With the emergence of new antiviral drugs and molecular targeted drugs, the risk of HBV reactivation will increase significantly. Therefore this review was expected to be used to provide recommendations for future research in HBV reactivation.

scholarly journals COT-06 HBV REACTIVATION DURING AND AFTER THE TREATMENT OF MALIGNANT GLIOMA WITH TEMOZOLOMIDE

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. ii41-ii42
Author(s):  
Masayuki Kanamori ◽  
Ryuta Saito ◽  
Hiroshi Uenohara ◽  
Teiji Tominaga
Keyword(s):  
Malignant Glioma ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Hbv Dna ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Hbv Reactivation ◽  
Occult Hbv Infection ◽  
Occult Hbv ◽  
Pharmacological Prevention ◽  
B Virus

Abstract BACKGROUND It has been reported that temozolomide treatment for malignant glioma can lead to the reactivation of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and fulminant hepatitis. However, the frequency of HBV reactivation and the preventative effect of entecavir remains unclear. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed clinical features of the cases treated by temozolomide for malignant glioma, focusing on the reactivation of HBV and the effect of entecavir. METHODS We screened 129 cases with newly diagnosed and recurrent malignant glioma for HBs antigen, HBs antibody and HBc antibody before the administration of temozolomide. HBV-DNA were quantified by real-time PCR in the HBV carrier and the cases with occult HBV infection. HBV- DNA were monitored every 1–3 months by real-time PCR during temozolomide treatment and 12 months after completion of temozolomide. Entecavir were started before temozolomide treatment to the HB carrier, and if HBV-DNA became detectable at follow-up to the cases with occult HBV infection. Results 2 (1.5%) and 20 (15%) of 129 cases were HB carrier and had occult HBV infection, respectively. HBV- DNA in both of HB carrier turned negative after administration of entecavir, but transiently turned positive again during temozolomide treatment. In the cases with occult HBV infection, 4 (20%) patients had HBV reactivation. HBV- DNA turned negative after starting entecavir without liver dysfunction. CONCLUSION HBV carrier and the cases with occult HBV infection were not rare in Japan, and HBV reactivation developed frequently during temozolomide treatment. Because pharmacological prevention of HBV reactivation with entecavir was effective, the screening and monitoring is indispensable in the treatment of malignant glioma with temozolomide.

scholarly journals Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Reactivation Following Pharmacological Eradication of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariantonietta Pisaturo ◽  
Margherita Macera ◽  
Loredana Alessio ◽  
Federica Calò ◽  
Nicola Coppola
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Clinical Event ◽  
Hbv Reactivation ◽  
Occult Hbv Infection ◽  
Occult Hbv ◽  
B Virus

The US Food and Drug Administration issued a black box warning related to the risk of reactivation of overt/occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection during direct acting-antivirals (DAA) treatment. This review evaluated the prevalence of HBV reactivation after hepatitis C virus (HCV) pharmacological suppression and hypothesized the management and prevention of this reactivation. During and after DAA-based treatment, reactivation of HBV infection is common in patients with detectable serum HBsAg (from 2% to 57%) and very low (less than 3%) in individuals with isolated anti-HBc antibodies. The severity of hepatic damage may range from HBV reactivation without hepatitis to fulminant hepatic failure requiring liver transplantation. Thus, HBsAg-positive patients should receive nucleo(s)tide analog (NA) treatment or prophylaxis at the same time as DAA therapy. For those patients with occult B infection, there are no sufficient recommendations to start prophylactic treatment. Reactivation of overt or occult HBV infection during or after eradication of HCV infection is an issue to consider, and additional studies would help to determine the best management of this virological and clinical event.

scholarly journals Algorithms for the Testing of Tissue Donors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis B Virus, and Hepatitis C Virus

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Axel Pruß ◽  
Akila Chandrasekar ◽  
Jacinto Sánchez-Ibáñez ◽  
Sophie Lucas-Samuel ◽  
Ulrich Kalus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Tissue Donors ◽  
Occult Hbv Infection ◽  
Occult Hbv ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Although transmission of pathogenic viruses through human tissue grafts is rare, it is still one of the most serious dreaded risks of transplantation. Therefore, in addition to the detailed medical and social history, a comprehensive serologic and molecular screening of the tissue donors for relevant viral markers for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) is necessary. In the case of reactive results in particular, clear decisions regarding follow-up testing and the criteria for tissue release must be made. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Based on the clinical relevance of the specific virus markers, the sensitivity of the serological and molecular biological methods used and the application of inactivation methods, algorithms for tissue release are suggested. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Compliance with the preanalytical requirements and assessment of a possible hemodilution are mandatory requirements before testing the blood samples. While HIV testing follows defined algorithms, the procedures for HBV and HCV diagnostics are under discussion. Screening and decisions for HBV are often not as simple, e.g., due to cases of occult HBV infection, false-positive anti-HBc results, or early window period positive HBV NAT results. In the case of HCV diagnostics, modern therapies with direct-acting antivirals, which are often associated with successful treatment of the infection, should be included in the decision. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> In HBV and HCV testing, a high-sensitivity virus genome test should play a central role in diagnostics, especially in the case of equivocal serology, and it should be the basis for the decision to release the tissue. The proposed test algorithms and decisions are also based on current European recommendations and standards for safety and quality assurance in tissue and cell banking.

The association between hepatitis B virus mutations and the risk of liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Akrami ◽  
Mohammad Rafiee Monjezi ◽  
Shahrzad Ilbeigi ◽  
Farshid Amiri ◽  
Mohammad Reza Fattahi
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Vaccine Failure ◽  
Occult Hbv Infection ◽  
Occult Hbv ◽  
B Virus ◽  
The World

: Hepatitis B virus [HBV], the best-described hepadnavirus, distributed all around the world and may lead to chronic and acute liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite the advancement in treatment against HBV, an error-prone reverse transcriptase which is require for HBV replication as well as host immune pressure lead to constant evolution and emergence of genotypes, sub-genotypes and mutant viruses; so, HBV will be remained as a major healthcare problem around the world. This review article mainly focuses on the HBV mutations which correlated to occult HBV infection, Immune scape, vaccine failure and eventually liver cirrhosis and HCC. Current study indicated that preS/S region mutations are related to vaccine failure, immune escape, occult HBV infection and the occurrence of HCC. Whereas, P region Mutations may lead to drug resistance to NA antivirals. PreC/C region mutations are associated to HBeAg negativity, immune escape, and persistent hepatitis. Moreover, X region Mutations play an important role in HCC development.

scholarly journals Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Review Update

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Arifa Akram
Keyword(s):  
Dna Amplification ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Hbv Dna ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Hbv Reactivation ◽  
Occult Hbv Infection ◽  
Occult Hepatitis ◽  
Occult Hbv

Occult HBV infection (OBI) is defined as HBV DNA detection in serum or in the liver by sensitive diagnostic tests in HbsAg negative individuals with or without serologic markers of previous viral exposure. Since OBI was first described in the late 1970s, there has been increasing concern in this topic. OBI can be both a source of virus contamination in blood and organ donations and the reservoir for full blown hepatitis after reactivation. HBV reactivation depends on viral and host factors but these associations have not been analyzed thoroughly. Although the exact mechanism of OBI yet not proved, intrahepatic persistence of viral covalently closed circular DNA under the host’s strong immune suppression of HBV replication and gene expression seems to be a cause. Current evidence suggests that OBI can favour the progression of fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and post transfusion hepatitis (PTH). Epidemiological data regarding the global prevalence of OBI vary due to the use of detection methods of different sensitivity and specificity. Appropriate diagnostic techniques must be adopted. Sensitive HBV DNA amplification assay is the gold standard assay for detection of OBI.Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases 2018;5(1):32-38

scholarly journals Risk and Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation during Immunosuppression for Non-Oncological Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 5201
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Onorato ◽  
Mariantonietta Pisaturo ◽  
Clarissa Camaioni ◽  
Pierantonio Grimaldi ◽  
Alessio Vinicio Codella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drugs ◽  
Hbv Reactivation ◽  
Virus Reactivation ◽  
Occult Hbv Infection ◽  
Occult Hbv ◽  
Oncological Patients ◽  
Oncological Diseases ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Few Data

Reactivation of overt or occult HBV infection (HBVr) is a well-known, potentially life-threatening event which can occur during the course of immunosuppressive treatments. Although it has been described mainly in subjects receiving therapy for oncological or hematological diseases, the increasing use of immunosuppressant agents in non-oncological patients observed in recent years has raised concerns about the risk of reactivation in several other settings. However, few data can be found in the literature on the occurrence of HBVr in these populations, and few clear recommendations on its management have been defined. The present paper was written to provide an overview of the risk of HBV reactivation in non-neoplastic patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs, particularly for rheumatological, gastrointestinal, dermatological and neurological diseases, and for COVID-19 patients receiving immunomodulating agents; and to discuss the potential strategies for prevention and treatment of HBVr in these settings.

TETANUS OF THE NEWBORN INFANT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37
Author(s):  
Dacio Pinheiro
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Important Public Health ◽  
Pediatric Service ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The University

Tetanus in the newborn infant is still a most important public health problem in Brazil. An analysis of 238 cases, admitted in a two-year period to the pediatric service of the University Hospital in Sao Paulo, is presented. It is suggested that prognosis is related more closely to amount of tetanospasmin produced and absorbed by the central nervous system than to some of the more traditional indices of clinical severity. The plan of treatment in use is presented, since the over-all recovery rate compares very favorably with other published reports.

E-Ophthalmology in the Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Chronic Glaucoma

2013 ◽  
pp. 88-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Andonegui ◽  
Aitor Eguzkiza ◽  
Mikel Auzmendi ◽  
Luis Serrano ◽  
Ane Zurutuza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Important Public Health ◽  
Chronic Glaucoma

e-Ophthalmology is the use of information and telecommunications technologies to provide or support a group of activities related to ophthalmic care. Chronic glaucoma is an ocular disease characterized by optic neuropathy that leads to progressive loss of the visual fields and often is associated with elevated intraocular pressure levels. Glaucoma is an important public health problem because it is one of the main causes of blindness worldwide and generates an important demand for ophthalmologic consultations. The aim of this chapter is to discuss the application e-Ophthalmology-based models in the diagnosis and follow-up of chronic glaucoma. The authors describe the current status of the use of e-Ophthalmology-based models in the screening and follow-up of chronic glaucoma, the main advantages of these models, the technologic requirements for their implementation, and future trends in this field.

Leprosy (Hansen’s disease)

2010 ◽  
pp. 836-848
Author(s):  
Diana N.J. Lockwood
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Chronic Granulomatous Disease ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Mycobacterium Leprae ◽  
Granulomatous Disease ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Important Public Health

Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, an acid-fast intracellular organism not yet cultivated in vitro. It is an important public health problem worldwide, with an estimated 4 million people disabled by the disease. Transmission of M. leprae is only partially understood, but untreated lepromatous patients discharge abundant organisms from their nasal mucosa into the environment....

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