scholarly journals PAX3: A Molecule with Oncogenic or Tumor Suppressor Function Is Involved in Cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashok Arasu ◽  
Sengottuvelan Murugan ◽  
Musthafa Mohamed Essa ◽  
Thirunavukkarasu Velusamy ◽  
Gilles J. Guillemin
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Suppressor ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Tumor Suppressor Function ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Cell Lineages ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disease ◽  
Potential Link

Metastasis is the most deadly aspect of cancer and results from acquired gene regulation abnormalities in tumor cells. Transcriptional regulation is an essential component of controlling of gene function and its failure could contribute to tumor progression and metastasis. During cancer progression, deregulation of oncogenic or tumor suppressive transcription factors, as well as master cell fate regulators, collectively influences multiple steps of the metastasis cascade, including local invasion and dissemination of the tumor to distant organs. Transcription factor PAX3/Pax3, which contributes to diverse cell lineages during embryonic development, plays a major role in tumorigenesis. Mutations in this gene can cause neurodevelopmental disease and the existing literature supports that there is a potential link between aberrant expression of PAX3 genes in adult tissues and a wide variety of cancers. PAX3 function is tissue-specific and could contribute to tumorigenesis either directly as oncogene or as a tumor suppressor by losing its function. In this review, we discuss comprehensively the differential role played by PAX3 in various tissues and how its aberrant expression is implicated in disease development. This review particularly highlights the oncogenic and tumor suppressor role played by PAX3 in different cancers and underlines the importance of precisely identifying tissue-specific role of PAX3 in order to determine its exact role in development of cancer.

Acid ceramidase, a double-edged sword in cancer aggression: A minireview

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Shiphrah Vethakanraj ◽  
Niveditha Chandrasekaran ◽  
Ashok Kumar Sekar
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Tumour Progression ◽  
Acid Ceramidase ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sphingosine 1 Phosphate ◽  
Key Enzyme

: Acid ceramidase (AC), the key enzyme of the ceramide metabolic pathway hydrolyzes pro-apoptotic ceramide to sphingosine, which by the action of sphingosine-1-kinase is metabolized to mitogenic sphingosine-1-phosphate. The intracellular level of AC determines ceramide/sphingosine-1-phosphate rheostat which in turn decides the cell fate. The upregulated AC expression during cancerous condition acts as a “double-edged sword” by converting pro-apoptotic ceramide to anti-apoptotic sphingosine-1-phosphate, wherein on one end, the level of ceramide is decreased and on the other end, the level of sphingosine-1-phosphate is increased, thus altogether aggravating the cancer progression. In addition, cancer cells with upregulated AC expression exhibited increased cell proliferation, metastasis, chemoresistance, radioresistance and numerous strategies were developed in the past to effectively target the enzyme. Gene silencing and pharmacological inhibition of AC sensitized the resistant cells to chemo/radiotherapy thereby promoting cell death. The core objective of this review is to explore AC mediated tumour progression and the potential role of AC inhibitors in various cancer cell lines/models.

scholarly journals miR-205 in Breast Cancer: State of the Art

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Ilaria Plantamura ◽  
Alessandra Cataldo ◽  
Giulia Cosentino ◽  
Marilena V. Iorio
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Normal Breast ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Tumor Tissues ◽  
Breast Physiology ◽  
Cancer Types

Despite its controversial roles in different cancer types, miR-205 has been mainly described as an oncosuppressive microRNA (miRNA), with some contrasting results, in breast cancer. The role of miR-205 in the occurrence or progression of breast cancer has been extensively studied since the first evidence of its aberrant expression in tumor tissues versus normal counterparts. To date, it is known that the expression of miR-205 in the different subtypes of breast cancer is decreasing from the less aggressive subtype, estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor positive breast cancer, to the more aggressive, triple negative breast cancer, influencing metastasis capability, response to therapy and patient survival. In this review, we summarize the most important discoveries that have highlighted the functional role of this miRNA in breast cancer initiation and progression, in stemness maintenance, in the tumor microenvironment, its potential role as a biomarker and its relevance in normal breast physiology—the still open questions. Finally, emerging evidence reveals the role of some lncRNAs in breast cancer progression as sponges of miR-205. Here, we also reviewed the studies in this field.

scholarly journals Tumor Suppressor Function of miR-127-3p and miR-376a-3p in Osteosarcoma Cells

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joerg Fellenberg ◽  
Burkhard Lehner ◽  
Heiner Saehr ◽  
Astrid Schenker ◽  
Pierre Kunz
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Suppressor ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Osteosarcoma Cell ◽  
Tumor Suppressor Function ◽  
Osteosarcoma Cells ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Suppressor Function

Since the introduction of high-dose chemotherapy about 35 years ago, survival rates of osteosarcoma patients have not been significantly improved. New therapeutic strategies replacing or complementing conventional chemotherapy are therefore urgently required. MicroRNAs represent promising targets for such new therapies, as they are involved in the pathology of multiple types of cancer, and aberrant expression of several miRNAs has already been shown in osteosarcoma. In this study, we identified silencing of miR-127-3p and miR-376a-3p in osteosarcoma cell lines and tissues and investigated their role as potential tumor suppressors in vitro and in vivo. Transfection of osteosarcoma cells (n = 6) with miR-127-3p and miR-376a-3p mimics significantly inhibited proliferation and reduced the colony formation capacity of these cells. In contrast, we could not detect any influence of miRNA restoration on cell cycle and apoptosis induction. The effects of candidate miRNA restoration on tumor engraftment and growth in vivo were analyzed using a chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Cells transfected with mir-127-3p and miR-376a-3p showed reduced tumor take rates and tumor volumes and a significant decrease of the cumulative tumor volumes to 41% and 54% compared to wildtype cells. The observed tumor suppressor function of both analyzed miRNAs indicates these miRNAs as potentially valuable targets for the development of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of osteosarcoma.

scholarly journals Role of a novel race-related tumor suppressor microRNA located in frequently deleted chromosomal locus 8p21 in prostate cancer progression

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 633-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divya Bhagirath ◽  
Thao Ly Yang ◽  
Z Laura Tabatabai ◽  
Varahram Shahryari ◽  
Shahana Majid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Tumor Suppressor ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Tumor Grade ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Microrna Genes

Abstract The prostate cancer (PCa) genome is characterized by deletions of chromosome 8p21–22 region that increase significantly with tumor grade and are associated with poor prognosis. We proposed and validated a novel, paradigm-shifting hypothesis that this region is associated with a set of microRNA genes—miR-3622, miR-3622b, miR-383—that are lost in PCa and play important mechanistic roles in PCa progression and metastasis. Extending our hypothesis, in this study, we evaluated the role of a microRNA gene located in chromosome 8p—miR-4288—by employing clinical samples and cell lines. Our data suggests that (i) miR-4288 is widely downregulated in primary prostate tumors and cell lines; (ii) miR-4288 expression is lost in metastatic castration-resistant PCa; (ii) miR-4288 downregulation is race-related PCa alteration that is prevalent in Caucasian patients and not in African Americans; (iii) in Caucasians, miR-4288 was found to be associated with increasing tumor grade and high serum prostate-specific antigen, suggesting that miR-4288 downregulation/loss may be associated with tumor progression specifically in Caucasians; (iv) miR-4288 possess significant potential as a molecular biomarker to predict aggressiveness/metastasis; and (v) miR-4288 is anti-proliferative, is anti-invasive and inhibits epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; and (vi) miR-4288 directly represses expression of metastasis/invasion-associated genes MMP16 and ROCK1. Thus, the present study demonstrates a tumor suppressor role for a novel miRNA located with a frequently lost region in PCa, strengthening our hypothesis that this locus is causally related to PCa disease progression via loss of microRNA genes. Our study suggests that miR-4288 may be a novel biomarker and therapeutic target, particularly in Caucasians.

scholarly journals p53 and FBXW7: Sometimes Two Guardians Are Worse than One

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 985
Author(s):  
María Galindo-Moreno ◽  
Servando Giráldez ◽  
M. Cristina Limón-Mortés ◽  
Alejandro Belmonte-Fernández ◽  
Carmen Sáez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Tumor Suppressor ◽  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Cell Development ◽  
Good Thing ◽  
Cancer Disease

Too much of a good thing can become a bad thing. An example is FBXW7, a well-known tumor suppressor that may also contribute to tumorigenesis. Here, we reflect on the results of three laboratories describing the role of FBXW7 in the degradation of p53 and the possible implications of this finding in tumor cell development. We also speculate about the function of FBXW7 as a key player in the cell fate after DNA damage and how this could be exploited in the treatment of cancer disease.

scholarly journals Aberrant Oligodendrogenesis in Down Syndrome: Shift in Gliogenesis?

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Reiche ◽  
Patrick Küry ◽  
Peter Göttle
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Cell Lineages ◽  
Cns Malformations ◽  
Current Experience

Down syndrome (DS), or trisomy 21, is the most prevalent chromosomal anomaly accounting for cognitive impairment and intellectual disability (ID). Neuropathological changes of DS brains are characterized by a reduction in the number of neurons and oligodendrocytes, accompanied by hypomyelination and astrogliosis. Recent studies mainly focused on neuronal development in DS, but underestimated the role of glial cells as pathogenic players. Aberrant or impaired differentiation within the oligodendroglial lineage and altered white matter functionality are thought to contribute to central nervous system (CNS) malformations. Given that white matter, comprised of oligodendrocytes and their myelin sheaths, is vital for higher brain function, gathering knowledge about pathways and modulators challenging oligodendrogenesis and cell lineages within DS is essential. This review article discusses to what degree DS-related effects on oligodendroglial cells have been described and presents collected evidence regarding induced cell-fate switches, thereby resulting in an enhanced generation of astrocytes. Moreover, alterations in white matter formation observed in mouse and human post-mortem brains are described. Finally, the rationale for a better understanding of pathways and modulators responsible for the glial cell imbalance as a possible source for future therapeutic interventions is given based on current experience on pro-oligodendroglial treatment approaches developed for demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis.

scholarly journals MiR-1188 at the imprinted Dlk1-Dio3 domain acts as a tumor suppressor in hepatoma cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1416-1427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Cui ◽  
Zhijun Huang ◽  
Hongjuan He ◽  
Ning Gu ◽  
Geng Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Suppressor ◽  
Normal Liver ◽  
Hepatoma Cells ◽  
Genomic Region ◽  
Migration And Invasion ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Profiling Analysis

The aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) has frequently been reported in cancer studies; miRNAs play roles in development, progression, metastasis, and prognosis. Recent studies indicate that the miRNAs within the Dlk1-Dio3 genomic region are involved in the development of liver cancer, but the role of miR-1188 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the pathway by which it exerts its function remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that miR-1188 is significantly down-regulated in mouse hepatoma cells compared with normal liver tissues. Enhanced miR-1188 suppresses cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and inhibits the tumor growth of HCC cells in vivo. Moreover, overexpressed miR-1188 promotes apoptosis, enhances caspase-3 activity, and also up-regulates the expression of Bax and p53. MiR-1188 directly targets and negatively regulates Bcl-2 and Sp1. Silencing of Bcl-2 and Sp1 exactly copies the proapoptotic and anti-invasive effects of miR-1188, respectively. The expression of apoptosis- and invasion-related genes, such as Vegfa, Fgfr1, and Rprd1b, decreases after enhancement of miR-1188, as determined by gene expression profiling analysis. Taken together, our results highlight an important role for miR-1188 as a tumor suppressor in hepatoma cells and imply its potential role in cancer therapy.

Polycomb Group Member Rybp Is a Functional Tumor Suppressor Repressed By Mir-9 in MLL-Rearranged AML

Blood ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 871-871
Author(s):  
Colles Price ◽  
Ping Chen ◽  
Shenglai Li ◽  
Zejuan Li ◽  
Yuanyuan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Suppressor ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Polycomb Group ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Molecular Abnormalities ◽  
Group Member

Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs), are small non-coding RNA molecules known to be important regulators of cancer biology. Notably, we and others have shown that miRNAs play important roles in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), a heterogeneous malignancies with multiple chromosomal and molecular abnormalities. Patients with chromosomal rearrangements involving mixed lineage leukemia (MLL), the mammalian homology of trithorax gene, are associated with poor survival. Previously, we have found that MLL-rearranged AML drives aberrant expression of several miRNAs, most notably microRNA-9 (miR-9). Expression of miR-9 with MLL-AF9, a common MLL-translocation, was sufficient to promote transformation normal hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro and leukemogenesis in vivo. We previously found that miR-9 reduces expression of several genes but we did not know which genes were critical tumor suppressors. We found that the polycomb group member RING1- and YY1-Bindin Protein (RYBP) was consistently inhibited upon miR-9 expression. To assess the regulation of RYBP we used publically available data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and looked at genome-wide Illumina 450K methylation data. We did not find a strong correlation with methylation and RYBP expression, suggesting that expression of RYBP is likely not regulated by the DNA methylation machinery in patients. Upon looking at copy number alterations we found that a small population of AML patients contained either homozygous or heterozygous loss of RYBP, suggesting a potential role of RYBP in leukemia pathogenesis. To assess the role of RYBP we did a series of in vitro experiments. We found that expression of RYBP was sufficient to attenuate colony-forming growth driven by MLL- AF9. Furthermore, RYBP expression was able to reduce proliferation, increase apoptosis, and significantly reduce immature cell population. To determine the role of RYBP expression in vivo, we transplanted lethally irradiated mice with progenitors retrovirally transduced with MLL-AF9 compared to MLL-AF9 and RYBP. We found that expression of RYBP was sufficient to reduce leukemia burden in vivo as well as induce differentiation as shown by flow cytometry and histological analysis. Thus, this demonstrates that RYBP is a functional tumor suppressor in MLL-rearranged AML. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that chromosomal rearrangements involving MLL, the mammalian homology of trithorax, downregulates a member of the polycomb complex through upregulation of miR-9. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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