scholarly journals The Intricate Link among Gut “Immunological Niche,” Microbiota, and Xenobiotics in Intestinal Pathology

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo Pagliari ◽  
Giovanni Gambassi ◽  
Ciriaco A. Piccirillo ◽  
Rossella Cianci
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Physiological Tolerance ◽  
Inflammatory Pathways ◽  
Abnormal Immune Response ◽  
Mediators Of Inflammation ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
T Cell Subpopulations

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are diseases characterized by various degrees of inflammation involving the gastrointestinal tract. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are characterized by a dysregulated immune response leading to structural gut alterations in genetically predisposed individuals. Diverticular disease is characterized by abnormal immune response to normal gut microbiota. IBDs are linked to a lack of physiological tolerance of the mucosal immune system to resident gut microbiota and pathogens. The disruption of immune tolerance involves inflammatory pathways characterized by an unbalance between the anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells and the proinflammatory Th1/Th17 cells. The interaction among T cell subpopulations and their related cytokines, mediators of inflammation, gut microbiota, and the intestinal mucosa constitute the gut “immunological niche.” Several evidences have shown that xenobiotics, such as rifaximin, can positively modulate the inflammatory pathways at the site of gut immunological niche, acting as anti-inflammatory agents. Xenobiotics may interfere with components of the immunological niche, leading to activation of anti-inflammatory pathways and inhibition of several mediators of inflammation. In summary, xenobiotics may reduce disease-related gut mucosal alterations and clinical symptoms. Studying the complex interplay between gut immunological niche and xenobiotics will certainly open new horizons in the knowledge and therapy of intestinal pathologies.

Ellagitannins, Gallotannins and their Metabolites- The Contribution to the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Food Products and Medicinal Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (37) ◽  
pp. 4946-4967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna K. Kiss ◽  
Jakub P. Piwowarski
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
The Impact

The popularity of food products and medicinal plant materials containing hydrolysable tannins (HT) is nowadays rapidly increasing. Among various health effects attributable to the products of plant origin rich in gallotannins and/or ellagitannins the most often underlined is the beneficial influence on diseases possessing inflammatory background. Results of clinical, interventional and animal in vivo studies clearly indicate the antiinflammatory potential of HT-containing products, as well as pure ellagitannins and gallotannins. In recent years a great emphasis has been put on the consideration of metabolism and bioavailability of natural products during examination of their biological effects. Conducted in vivo and in vitro studies of polyphenols metabolism put a new light on this issue and indicate the gut microbiota to play a crucial role in the health effects following their oral administration. The aim of the review is to summarize the knowledge about HT-containing products’ phytochemistry and their anti-inflammatory effects together with discussion of the data about observed biological activities with regards to the current concepts on the HTs’ bioavailability and metabolism. Orally administered HT-containing products due to the limited bioavailability of ellagitannins and gallotannins can influence immune response at the level of gastrointestinal tract as well as express modulating effects on the gut microbiota composition. However, due to the chemical changes being a result of their transit through gastrointestinal tract, comprising of hydrolysis and gut microbiota metabolism, the activity of produced metabolites has to be taken into consideration. Studies regarding biological effects of the HTs’ metabolites, in particular urolithins, indicate their strong and structure-dependent anti-inflammatory activities, being observed at the concentrations, which fit the range of their established bioavailability. The impact of HTs on inflammatory processes has been well established on various in vivo and in vitro models, while influence of microbiota metabolites on silencing the immune response gives a new perspective on understanding anti-inflammatory effects attributed to HT containing products, especially their postulated effectiveness in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Correlates with Abnormal Immune Response in Moderate COVID-19 Patients with Fever

2021 ◽  
Vol Volume 14 ◽  
pp. 2619-2631
Author(s):  
Yaya Zhou ◽  
Xing Shi ◽  
Wei Fu ◽  
Fei Xiang ◽  
Xinliang He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Abnormal Immune Response ◽  
Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis

Anti-inflammatory effects of purple sweet potato anthocyanin extract in DSS-induced colitis: modulation of commensal bacteria and attenuated bacterial intestinal infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
jingjing Mu ◽  
jingwen xu ◽  
linlin wang ◽  
Caifa Chen ◽  
Ping Chen
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Infection ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Purple Sweet Potato

The purple sweet potato anthocyanin has been acknowledged for its beneficial effects on human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Although the ability of anthocyanin in modulating gut microbiota has been reported,...

The benign helminth Hymenolepis diminuta ameliorates chemically induced colitis in a rat model system

Parasitology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 145 (10) ◽  
pp. 1324-1335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kateřina Jirků Pomajbíková ◽  
Milan Jirků ◽  
Jana Levá ◽  
Kateřina Sobotková ◽  
Evan Morien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Type 2 Immune Response ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta is a model for the impact of helminth colonization on the mammalian immune system and a candidate therapeutic agent for immune mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). In mice, H. diminuta protects against models of inflammatory colitis by inducing a strong type 2 immune response that is activated to expel the immature worm. Rats are the definitive host of H. diminuta, and are colonized stably and over long time periods without harming the host. Rats mount a mild type 2 immune response to H. diminuta colonization, but this response does not generally ameliorate colitis. Here we investigate the ability of different life cycle stages of H. diminuta to protect rats against a model of colitis induced through application of the haptenizing agent dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (DNBS) directly to the colon, and monitor rat clinical health, systemic inflammation measured by TNFα and IL-1β, and the gut microbiota. We show that immature H. diminuta induces a type 2 response as measured by increased IL-4, IL-13 and IL-10 expression, but does not protect against colitis. In contrast, rats colonized with mature H. diminuta and challenged with severe colitis (two applications of DNBS) have lower inflammation and less severe clinical symptoms. This effect is not related the initial type 2 immune response. The gut microbiota is disrupted during colitis and does not appear to play an overt role in H. diminuta-mediated protection.

Mucosal Immunity

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 111 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 1595-1600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Mucosal Immune Response ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Food Allergies ◽  
Abnormal Immune Response ◽  
Mucosal Immune Responses ◽  
Cell Subpopulations ◽  
T Cell Subpopulations

Food allergy is the manifestation of an abnormal immune response to antigen delivered by the oral route. Normal mucosal immune responses are generally associated with suppression of immunity. A normal mucosal immune response relies heavily on a number of factors: strong physical barriers, luminal digestion of potential antigens, selective antigen sampling sites, and unique T-cell subpopulations that effect suppression. In the newborn, several of these pathways are not matured, allowing for sensitization rather than suppression. With age, the mucosa associated lymphoid tissue matures, and in most individuals this allows for generation of the normal suppressed tone of the mucosa associated lymphoid tissue. As a consequence, food allergies are largely outgrown. This article deals with the normal facets of mucosal immune responses and postulates how the different processes may be defective in food-allergic patients.

scholarly journals The Gut Microbiota and Inflammation: An Overview

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 7618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahraa Al Bander ◽  
Marloes Dekker Nitert ◽  
Aya Mousa ◽  
Negar Naderpoor
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutrient Metabolism ◽  
Inflammatory Pathways ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Diverse Community ◽  
Immune System Regulation ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Inflammatory Molecules

The gut microbiota encompasses a diverse community of bacteria that carry out various functions influencing the overall health of the host. These comprise nutrient metabolism, immune system regulation and natural defence against infection. The presence of certain bacteria is associated with inflammatory molecules that may bring about inflammation in various body tissues. Inflammation underlies many chronic multisystem conditions including obesity, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus and inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammation may be triggered by structural components of the bacteria which can result in a cascade of inflammatory pathways involving interleukins and other cytokines. Similarly, by-products of metabolic processes in bacteria, including some short-chain fatty acids, can play a role in inhibiting inflammatory processes. In this review, we aimed to provide an overview of the relationship between the gut microbiota and inflammatory molecules and to highlight relevant knowledge gaps in this field. Based on the current literature, it appears that as the gut microbiota composition differs between individuals and is contingent on a variety of factors like diet and genetics, some individuals may possess bacteria associated with pro-inflammatory effects whilst others may harbour those with anti-inflammatory effects. Recent technological advancements have allowed for better methods of characterising the gut microbiota. Further research to continually improve our understanding of the inflammatory pathways that interact with bacteria may elucidate reasons behind varying presentations of the same disease and varied responses to the same treatment in different individuals. Furthermore, it can inform clinical practice as anti-inflammatory microbes can be employed in probiotic therapies or used to identify suitable prebiotic therapies.

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