scholarly journals Fuzzy Logic Based Coverage and Cost Effective Placement of Serving Nodes for 4G and Beyond Cellular Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthi Murugadass ◽  
Arulmozhivarman Pachiyappan
Keyword(s):  
Site Selection ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Transmission Quality ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Coverage Holes

The densification of serving nodes is one of the potential solutions to maximize the spectral efficiency per unit area. This is preposterous on account of conventional base stations (BS) for which site procurement is costly. Long term evolution-advanced (LTE-A) defines the idea of heterogeneous networks (HetNets), where BSs with different coverage and capacity are utilized to guarantee the quality of service (QoS) requirements of the clients. To maximize the transmission quality of the clients in the coverage holes, LTE-A also defines multihop relay (MHR) networks, where the relay stations (RSs) are also placed along with the BSs. Unfortunately, the placement approaches for HetNet and MHR serving nodes are not standardized. In this work, two different approaches like site selection with maximum service coverage (SSMSC) and site selection with minimum placement cost (SSMPC) are proposed, which identifies the required number of serving nodes, their types, and the placement locations to maximize the coverage and to maintain the placement cost (PC) within the limits of the total placement budget. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approaches are computationally less complex and offer enhanced performance in terms of aggregate PC, coverage, and power proportion compared to the other conventional approaches.

scholarly journals Co-Channel Interference Suppression for LTE Passive Radar Based on Spatial Feature Cognition

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Haitao Wang ◽  
Xiaoyong Lyu ◽  
Kefei Liao
Keyword(s):  
Interference Suppression ◽  
Reference Signal ◽  
Spatial Spectrum ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Passive Radar ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Reference Signals ◽  
Simulation Results

Passive radars based on long-term evolution (LTE) signals suffer from sever interferences. The interferences are not only from the base station used as the illuminator of opportunity (BS-IoO), but also from the other co-channel base stations (CCBS) working at the same frequency with the BS-IoO. Because the reference signals of the co-channel interferences are difficult to obtain, cancellation performance degrades seriously when traditional interference suppression methods are applied in LTE-based passive radar. This paper proposes a cascaded cancellation method based on the spatial spectrum cognition of interference. It consists of several cancellation loops. In each loop, the spatial spectrum of strong interferences is first recognized by using the cyclostationary characteristic of LTE signal and the compressed sensing technique. A clean reference signal of each interference is then reconstructed according to the spatial spectrum previously obtained. With the reference signal, the interferences are cancelled. At the end of each loop, the energy of the interference residual is estimated. If the interference residual is still strong, then the cancellation loop continues; otherwise it terminates. The proposed method can get good cancellation performance with a small-sized antenna array. Theoretical and simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

scholarly journals Enhanced ABSF Algorithm with a Relay Function in LTE Heterogeneous Networks

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1343
Author(s):  
Lehung Nguyen ◽  
Sungoh Kwon
Keyword(s):  
User Satisfaction ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
System Throughput ◽  
Intercell Interference ◽  
Scheduling Policy ◽  
The Third ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Almost Blank Subframe

In this study, we enhance the almost blank subframe (ABSF) algorithm in a Long Term Evolution (LTE) heterogeneous network (HetNet) by providing a relay function. The ABSF is a technique proposed by the Third Generation Partnership Project to reduce interference in a HetNet. Despite the fact that the ABSF effectively mitigates intercell interference, it has two major disadvantages. First, the ABSF algorithm alters the scheduling policy of macro base stations. Second, it degrades the capacity of users served by femto base stations. Our proposed enhanced algorithm applies a relay function to assist victim macro user equipment (VMUE), and it reduces the side effects caused by the ABSF algorithm. Taking resource allocation and power control into account, the relay function assists VMUE in such a way that interference with other users is minimized. Via simulation results, the proposed algorithm exhibits improvements of 18% and 8% for system throughput and user satisfaction, respectively, in comparison with the conventional ABSF.

scholarly journals INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES AS A PROSPECTIVE DIRECTION OF PLANNING ACTIVITIES OF HOTEL AND RESTAURANT ENTERPRISES OF UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljudmila Neshchadym ◽  
Svetlana Тymchuk
Keyword(s):  
Internal State ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Restaurant Industry ◽  
Product Portfolio ◽  
Innovative Strategies ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
Fierce Competition ◽  
High Level

The article monitors and analyzes the main strategies for the development of hotel and restaurant enterprises and, accordingly, increase their efficiency and competitiveness; the process of organization and economic planning of hotel and restaurant enterprises has been improved. It is investigated that the enterprises of hotel and restaurant industry of Ukraine partially provide the necessary quality indicators for the provided services, and this is the reason for the insufficient level of competitiveness of services in the domestic market and in European countries. An urgent problem of planning and organizing the activities of hotel and restaurant enterprises is the use of innovative strategies and areas of long-term development to increase the level of competitiveness and quality of services provided. This will intensify innovation processes in Ukraine in the field of services. Innovative strategies and promising areas of development of hotel and restaurant enterprises are extremely important in the management of hotel and restaurant complexes. Innovative strategies in the hotel and restaurant industry are cost-effective and feasible provided a high level of profitability, improving the service process, expanding the range of services, reducing costs, increasing competitiveness, improve and optimize the work of all hotel or restaurant services. The application of innovative strategies in the process of hotel and restaurant enterprises allows them to compete in the field of service. In conditions of fierce competition and rapidly changing market conditions, it is very important not only to focus on the internal state of affairs of the enterprise, but also to develop a long-term strategy. Economic activity requires constant innovation. All services offered by hotel and restaurant enterprises must be introduced in modern innovative ways. This is the basis for successful business, maintaining a consistently high level of competitiveness and improving the quality of service. The selection of the optimal innovation strategy for a hotel or restaurant company is carried out by its management based on the analysis of key factors that characterize its condition and the state of the product portfolio.

The economic benefits of rehabilitation for neurological conditions

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Rory J. O’Connor
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Healthcare Intervention ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
Economic Analyses

Rehabilitation programmes are highly cost-effective interventions that restore people’s independence, dignity, and quality of life. In the past there was an impression that they appeared expensive, which resulted in a lack of enthusiasm to develop them by funding bodies and commissioners. However, the evidence demonstrating the long-term cost-effectiveness of rehabilitation is robust. Many people with long-term neurological conditions will live for many years after the onset of the condition and investment in their physical and psychological functioning early on will, over that person’s lifetime, will result in substantial savings. Nevertheless, calculating economic evaluations can be complicated and the correct measure must be chosen to identify the change produced by the rehabilitation intervention. These data must then be handled appropriately, and any ancillary costs included. The economic impact of the rehabilitation programme is wider than a purely healthcare intervention and will include potential earnings and reduced costs to social care. The economic analyses will also include housing, education, and vocational outcomes, and the effect of the long-term condition on family members who may have a caring role.

Rail Highway Grade Crossing Roughness Quantitative Measurement Using 3D Technology

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teng (Alex) Wang ◽  
Reginald R. Souleyrette ◽  
Daniel Lau ◽  
Peng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Actual Condition ◽  
Subjective Rating ◽  
3D Surface ◽  
Grade Crossing ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance

Quality of surface is an important aspect affecting both the safety and the performance of at-grade rail-highway crossings. Roughness may increase the risk of crashes for both trains and automobiles. Varying grades in crossing profiles increase the likelihood of high-centered crossing collisions between train and truck [1]. The US DOT Railroad Highway Grade Crossing Handbook [2] suggests that rough surfaces could distract a driver’s attention from oncoming trains and that the unevenness of the crossing could result in a driver losing control of their vehicle resulting in a crash. No quantitative method currently exists to quickly and economically assess the condition of rail crossings in order to evaluate the long term performance of crossings and set a quantitative trigger for their rehabilitation. The conventional method to measure the surface of quality of crossings is based on expert judgment, whereby crossing surfaces are classified as poor, fair or good after an inspector visits and drives over the crossing. However, actual condition of the crossing could be different from the subjective rating. Poor condition rating crossings may not always present the most cost-effective locations for preventive maintenance to lower overall life-cycle costs. Conventional ratings may derive from driving a passenger car of pickup once over the crossing. Effects of various speed, on various vehicles (suspension), and at various places (laterally) cannot be determined or even estimated except at the smoothest of crossings. A quantifiable and extensible procedure is desired. With rapid advances in computer science, 3D sensing and imaging technologies, it seems logical that a cost-effective quantitative method could be developed to determine the need to rehabilitate rail crossings and assess long term performance. Fundamental to the quantification of crossing condition is the acquisition of an accurate 3D surface model of the crossing in its present state. This paper reports on the development of an accurate, low cost and readily deployable sensor capable of rapid collection of this 3D surface. The research is seen as a first step towards automating the crossing inspection process, ultimately leading to the quantification and estimation of future performance of rail crossing.

scholarly journals Long-Term Evolution of Quality of Life and Symptoms Following Surgical Treatment for Endometriosis: Different Trajectories for Which Patients?

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2461
Author(s):  
Aurélie Comptour ◽  
Céline Lambert ◽  
Pauline Chauvet ◽  
Claire Figuier ◽  
Anne-Sophie Gremeau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Long Term Evolution ◽  
Epidemiological Methods ◽  
Multicenter Cohort Study ◽  
Term Evolution

Many studies have shown a global efficacy of laparoscopic surgery for patients with endometriosis in reducing painful symptoms and improving quality of life (QoL) in the short and long-term. The aim of this study was to analyze the different trajectories of long-term evolution in QoL and symptoms following surgical treatment for endometriosis, and to identify corresponding patient profiles. This prospective and multicenter cohort study concerned 962 patients who underwent laparoscopic treatment for endometriosis. QoL was evaluated using the Short Form (SF)-36 questionnaire and intensity of pain was reported using a visual analog scale prior to surgery and at 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months after surgery. Distinctive trajectories of pain and QoL evolution were identified using group-based trajectory modeling, an approach which gathers individuals into meaningful subgroups with statistically similar trajectories. Pelvic symptom trajectories (models of the evolution of dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia and chronic pelvic pain intensity over years) correspond to (1) patients with no pain or pain no longer after surgery, (2) patients with the biggest improvement in pain and (3) patients with continued severe pain after surgery. Our study reveals clear trajectories for the progression of symptoms and QoL after surgery that correspond to clusters of patients. This information may serve to complete information obtained from epidemiological methods currently used in selecting patients eligible for surgery.

Treatment with rhEPO Decreases the Need for Transfusion in Patients with βThalassemia.

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 3778-3778
Author(s):  
Dora Bachir ◽  
Anoosha Habibi ◽  
Serge Pissard ◽  
Zohra Ourabah ◽  
Frederic Galacteros
Keyword(s):  
Iron Chelation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Folic Acid Supplementation ◽  
Red Blood Cell Transfusion ◽  
Recombinant Erythropoietin ◽  
Human Recombinant Erythropoietin ◽  
Small Series ◽  
Transfusion Requirements

Abstract The usage of human recombinant erythropoietin (rhEPO) in βthalassemia shows in many sudies, that not only it increases the synthesis of γ chains, but it also improves erythroid parameters. Among our population of thalassemic patients, eight patients with βthalassemia intermedia that were regulary transfused, were given escalating doses of rhEPO mostly darpoietin-α. Before receiving rhEPO, all patients had undergone splenectomy, also received iron chelation therapy, and folic acid supplementation. No patient received iron supplementation together with rhEPO. With rhEPO, two patients were able to discontinue their requirements for transfusions. In the others, haemoglobin level was maintained above 8 g/dl. Four patients experienced bone pain which was successfully treated with hydroxyurea. All patients had improvement in their quality of life. This small series illustrates that rhEPO may be useful and cost effective in the long term (considering the risks of red blood cell transfusion) in some selected splenectomized transfusion-dependent patients with βthalassemia intermedia. Results Transfusion requirements (ml/kg/year) Patients Year of birth Sex Final doses of rhEPO (UI*kg/week) Follow-up (months) Before After Hydroxyurea * interruption of rhEPO because of participation to ICL 670 A 0107 protocol 1 1975 M 970 33 150 75 + 2 1973 F 1365 34 125 0 + 3 1965 M 820 33 130 0 + 4 1959 F 650 27 125 98 + 5 1979 F 715 15 210 160 * + 6 1978 M 1035 7 255 90 − 7 1987 F 450 3 135 80 − 8 1974 M 900 7 190 75 +

The Quality of Military Grade Electronic Parts

1986 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-45
Author(s):  
Howard Perlstein
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Component Part ◽  
Screen Program ◽  
Full Support ◽  
Electronic Parts ◽  
Effective Component

What greater pay-off is there than to detect defects at the lowest level? One of the answers to that question is to have cost-effective component part screening. This paper provides both the premises and the results of a long term comprehensive parts screen program. Evidence is presented to prove its cost effectiveness. This program is active and continuing at present and has the full support of Litton management.

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