scholarly journals Drinking Water Quality Status and Contamination in Pakistan

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Daud ◽  
Muhammad Nafees ◽  
Shafaqat Ali ◽  
Muhammad Rizwan ◽  
Raees Ahmad Bajwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Water System ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Water Quality Status ◽  
Quality Status

Due to alarming increase in population and rapid industrialization, drinking water quality is being deteriorated day by day in Pakistan. This review sums up the outcomes of various research studies conducted for drinking water quality status of different areas of Pakistan by taking into account the physicochemical properties of drinking water as well as the presence of various pathogenic microorganisms. About 20% of the whole population of Pakistan has access to safe drinking water. The remaining 80% of population is forced to use unsafe drinking water due to the scarcity of safe and healthy drinking water sources. The primary source of contamination is sewerage (fecal) which is extensively discharged into drinking water system supplies. Secondary source of pollution is the disposal of toxic chemicals from industrial effluents, pesticides, and fertilizers from agriculture sources into the water bodies. Anthropogenic activities cause waterborne diseases that constitute about 80% of all diseases and are responsible for 33% of deaths. This review highlights the drinking water quality, contamination sources, sanitation situation, and effects of unsafe drinking water on humans. There is immediate need to take protective measures and treatment technologies to overcome unhygienic condition of drinking water supplies in different areas of Pakistan.

scholarly journals Rural Drinking Water Quality Status in Central Development Region, Nepal: A Comparative Study of Spring water and Ground water

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
Bishnu Pandey ◽  
Suman Shakya
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Development Region ◽  
Water Quality Status ◽  
Quality Status

This study assesses the rural drinking water quality status in Central Development Region of Nepal. With a total of 250 samples collected from 15 districts of the region, drinking water quality of spring water and ground water representing hill and Terai (lowland) regions were tested and compared for their physicochemical parameters and faecal coliform contamination.None of the spring samples as well as ground water samples violated National Drinking Water Standards (NDWS) for electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), appearance, chloride and nitrate. Similarly none violated the standards for total hardness (TH) indicating soft nature of the water. The spring samples were within the NDWS for manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) whereas 15.4% and 39.0% of the ground water samples violated the standards for manganese and iron, respectively. Gravity water is found to be more alkaline than ground water. Faecal coliforms were the most problematic in both types of sources followed by Ammonia (NH3) and pH in spring sources and by iron, Mn, pH and ammonia in ground water sources, respectively. Spring sources were more contaminated by bacteria than ground water sources. Correlation and regression analysis revealed highly significant correlations between EC and TDS (r=0.979) and between CaH and TH (r=0.988) in ground water suggesting that aquifer chemistry of ground water to be mainly controlled by EC, TDS, TH, and CaH. Similarly, highly significant correlations were found between the following pairs in gravity water: EC and TDS (r=0.983), TA and TDS(r=0.853), CaH and TDS (r=0.912), TH and TDS (r=0.955), EC and CaH (r=0.898), and between CaH and TH (r=0.951).DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v9i0.7074 Hydro Nepal Vol.9 July 2011 52-56

scholarly journals Geospatial mapping and drinking water quality status of fluoride endemic hilly District Doda (J&K), India

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 410-423
Author(s):  
Karan Dev Jamwal ◽  
Deepika Slathia
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Water Quality Status ◽  
Geospatial Mapping ◽  
Quality Status

In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the drinking water quality status of various surface and ground water sources and the supplied water from two water filtration plants supplying drinking water to Doda town and its adjoining areas by using Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WQI) and geospatial mapping techniques. Doda is fluoride endemic district of Jammu and Kashmir State where groundwater fluoride concentration upto 7.0 mg/L is recorded. Water samples collected from about twenty two drinking water sources from two blocks of Doda district (Bhagwah and Doda blocks) were analyzed at pre-determined locations marked using handheld GPS(Montana 650). These locations formed the attribute database for the study based on which fluoride distribution maps have been derived and integrated with Arithmetic WQI through Inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation technique. Prepared thematic maps have confirmed the vulnerability of the drinking water sources and water supply systems in the study area, thus, posing a serious public health concern. Based on the WQI, water quality status of Beoli filtration plant (WQI=43.26) falls under the category of good water whereas that of Moochan filtration plant (WQI=157.41) has been classified as unfit for drinking. The geochemical evolution of the water studied using Piper’s diagram has shown mixed type of hydrochemical facies. Coefficient of correlation(r) between different parameters has indicated significant correlation between several parameters.  The study urges the concerned government authorities to make provisions for providing safe drinking water to public which is free of turbidity and low in fluoride concentration.

scholarly journals Influence of an Extended Domestic Drinking Water System on the Drinking Water Quality

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Zlatanović ◽  
Aleksandra Knezev ◽  
Jan van der Hoek ◽  
Jan Vreeburg
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water System

scholarly journals Investigating the Status of Cadmium, Chromium and Lead in the Drinking Water Supply Chain to Ensure Drinking Water Quality in Malaysia

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2653
Author(s):  
Minhaz Farid Ahmed ◽  
Mazlin Bin Mokhtar ◽  
Lubna Alam ◽  
Che Abd Rahim Mohamed ◽  
Goh Choo Ta
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Northeast Monsoon ◽  
Langat River ◽  
The Status

Prolonged persistence of toxic cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) in the aquatic environment are due to its nonbiodegradable characteristic. A few studies have reported higher concentrations of these metals in the transboundary Langat River, Malaysia. This study determined the spatial and temporal distributions of Cd, Cr and Pb concentrations (2005–2015) in the Langat River along with assessing the status of these metals in the drinking water supply chain at the basin. Water samples were collected once in 2015 from the drinking water supply chain, i.e., from the river, treated water at plants, taps and filtration water at households. Determined mean concentrations of Cd, Cr and Pb by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in the Langat River were within the drinking water quality standard of Malaysia and the WHO, except for the Pb (9.99 ± 1.40 µg/L) concentration, which was at the maximum limit, 10 µg/L. The spatial and temporal distribution of these metals’ concentrations indicate dilution of it downstream, along with the increasing trend in rainfall and water flow, especially during the northeast monsoon. Significant correlation and regression analysis of the Cd, Cr and Pb concentrations also indicate that the sources of this metal pollution are mainly the natural weathering of minerals along with anthropogenic activities in the basin. The determined overall water quality of the Langat River is categorized Class IIA (i.e., clean), which requires conventional treatment before drinking; however, the maximum removal efficiency of these metals by the plants at the basin was about 90.17%. Therefore, the proactive leadership roles of the local authorities will be appropriate to reduce the pollution of this river as well as introducing a two-layer water filtration system at the Langat River Basin to accelerate the achievement of a sustainable drinking water supply.

scholarly journals The Storage and Water Quality Characteristics of Rungiri Quarry Reservoir in Kiambu, Kenya, as a Potential Source of Urban Water

Hydrology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winfred Kilonzo ◽  
Patrick Home ◽  
Joseph Sang ◽  
Beatrice Kakoi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Water Quality Status ◽  
Quality Status

Urbanization has caused limitations on water resources, while climate change has reduced amounts of surface water in some parts of the world. Kikuyu, a suburban area in Kiambu county, Kenya, is facing this challenge. The major challenge in the study is scarcity of potable water, resulting in inadequate water supply to Kikuyu residents. Currently, only 63.6% of the population is being supplied with water by Kikuyu Water Company, the company mandated to supply water to the area. Water demand was 2972 m3/day in 2015 and was projected to be 3834 m3/day by 2025. This has put pressure on the already exploited clean water resources, making it necessary to seek additional sources of domestic water. Storage capacity and water quality of surface water bodies, especially small reservoirs whose water can be used to ease the demand, need to be assessed for supplemental water supply. This study aimed at assessing the suitability of the abandoned quarry reservoir as a source of potable urban water by determining its storage capacity characteristics and water quality status. Volume characteristics were determined using bathymetry survey in January 2019. Water samples were collected in January and August 2019 and analyzed for chemical, physical, and bacteriological quality, as per the American Public Health Association (APHA) standard methods for water and wastewater. Parameters were evaluated based on World Health Organization (WHO) and Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) guidelines for drinking water, and rated based on the drinking water quality index (WQI). The reservoir’s maximum storage capacity was found to be 128,385 m3, the surface area was 17,699 m2, and the maximum depth was 15.11 m. Nineteen of the twenty-five investigated parameters were within the acceptable standards. However, the concentrations of manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), turbidity, total coliforms, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) were above the acceptable limits. Manganese and iron levels increased with depth. The overall WQI of the reservoir was 82.51 and 85.85 in January and August, respectively. Therefore, based on WQI rating, the water scored a good quality rating and could be used for domestic supply upon treatment. The original achievement of this study is establishment of the volume of the water in the quarry as an additional source of water to the nearby community, along with water quality status.

Water Quality Analysis on Haizhou Bay Water Area of China Using the PPCM-PCAM Method

2012 ◽  
Vol 554-556 ◽  
pp. 2116-2119
Author(s):  
Ben Lin Dai ◽  
Fei Hu Mu ◽  
Ning Xu
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Water Quality Analysis ◽  
Haizhou Bay ◽  
Water Quality Status ◽  
Quality Status ◽  
Offshore Region

The offshore region of Haizhou Bay is characterized by intense anthropogenic activities. And the study on water quality status analysis in this offshore region has attracted more and more attention of the researchers and decision-makers. In this paper, an improved method (the PPCM-PCAM) which combines projection pursuit cluster model (PPCM) with principal component analysis method (PCAM) was developed to analysis water quality status. By using this improved method, water quality analysis of Haizhou Bay water area from January 2007 to December 2007 was studied. The analysis results show that the samples in Haizhou Bay water area can be described into 4 "category 1”, 4 “category 2” and 2 “category 3” states in 2007.

scholarly journals Spatial Variations in Groundwater Quality Around Dumpsite in Igando

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-186
Author(s):  
Akoteyon ◽  
S Isaiah
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Spatial Variations ◽  
T Test ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Wet Season

Water samples collected from fifteen hand dug wells in November (dry season), 2011 and July (Wet season), 2012 using random sampling technique. In situ parameters were measured for pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids using portable meters. Heavy metals were analyzed for; Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cr using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The study aimed at examining the spatial variations in groundwater quality around dumpsite in Igando using paired sample T-test statistical technique. The result shows that the measured pH values were below the minimum WHO standard for drinking water quality in wet and dry seasons in about73.3% and 26.7% respectively. Also, approximately, 13.3% of EC, and 6.7% exceeded the prescribed standard limit of WHO in dry and wet seasons respectively. Concentration of Fe exceeded drinking water quality in all the sampling locations during wet season and only about 46.7% in dry season. Pb, Zn, and Cu exceeded WHO limit in about 86.7%, 80%, and 26.7% respectively in dry season. Concentration of Pb, Cd , Cu and Cr were under detection limit in all the locations except at locations G2 for Cu in wet season. The paired samples statistics and correlation revealed that the mean values of all the parameters were higher in dry season with the exception of Fe. No significant correlations exist among the paramet er for both seasons at p<0.05. The paired T-test show significant seasonal variations among four heavy metals including Fe, Cd, Pb and Zn.The study concluded that, samples in dry season are of low quality compared to wet. The study recommends public enlightenment on solid waste disposal, controlled anthropogenic activities, and treatment /recycling of waste to prevent heavy metal from leaching unto the sub-surface.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i1.22063 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 6(1): 179-186 2013

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document