scholarly journals Cognitive or Cognitive-Motor Executive Function Tasks? Evaluating Verbal Fluency Measures in People with Parkinson’s Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Ferreira Barbosa ◽  
Mariana Callil Voos ◽  
Janini Chen ◽  
Debora Cristina Valente Francato ◽  
Carolina de Oliveira Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Motor Impairments ◽  
Semantic Verbal Fluency ◽  
Trail Making

Introduction. Executive function deficits are observed in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) from early stages and have great impact on daily living activities. Verbal fluency and oral diadochokinesia involve phonarticulatory coordination, response inhibition, and phonological processing and may also be affected in people with PD. This study aimed to describe the performance of PD patients and an age- and education-matched control group on executive function, verbal fluency, and oral diadochokinesia tests and to investigate possible relationships between them. Methods. Forty people with PD and forty controls were evaluated with Trail Making Test (TMT, executive function) and phonemic/semantic verbal fluency and oral diadochokinesia (/pataka/) tests. Groups were compared by ANOVA and relationships were investigated by Pearson tests. Results. People with PD showed longer times in parts A and B of TMT. They also said fewer words in phonemic/semantic verbal fluency tests and less syllables in the diadochokinesia test. Oral diadochokinesia strongly correlated to parts A and B of TMT and to phonemic verbal fluency. Conclusion. Oral diadochokinesia was correlated to executive function and verbal fluency. The cognitive-motor interaction in verbal fluency and oral diadochokinesia must be considered not to overestimate the cognitive or motor impairments in people with PD.

scholarly journals Neuropsychological Characteristics and Their Association with Higher-Level Functional Capacity in Parkinson's Disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayoko Miura ◽  
Mie Matsui ◽  
Shutaro Takashima ◽  
Kortaro Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Functional Capacity ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intellectual Activity ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Neuropsychological Characteristics ◽  
One Year

Background/Aims: Little is known about the relationship between cognitive functions and higher-level functional capacity (e.g. intellectual activity, social role, and social participation) in Parkinson's disease (PD). The purpose of this study was to clarify neuropsychological characteristics and their association with higher-level functional capacity in PD patients. Methods: Participants were 31 PD patients and 23 demographically matched healthy controls. Neuropsychological tests were conducted. One year later, a questionnaire survey evaluated higher-level functional capacity in daily living. Results: The PD group scored significantly lower than the control group in all cognitive domains, particularly executive function and processing. Executive function, processing speed, language, and memory were significantly correlated with higher-level functional capacity in PD patients. Stepwise regression showed that only executive function (Trail Making Test-B), together with disease severity (HY stage), predicted the higher-level functional capacity. Conclusion: Our findings provide evidence of a relationship between executive function and higher-level functional capacity in patients with PD.

Changes in Executive Function After Acute Bouts of Passive Cycling in Parkinson’s Disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela L. Ridgel ◽  
Chul-Ho Kim ◽  
Emily J. Fickes ◽  
Matthew D. Muller ◽  
Jay L. Alberts
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Motor Deficits ◽  
Leg Cycling ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
The Difference ◽  
B Test ◽  
Pharmacologic Therapies

Individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) often experience cognitive declines. Although pharmacologic therapies are helpful in treating motor deficits in PD, they do not appear to be effective for cognitive complications. Acute bouts of moderate aerobic exercise have been shown to improve cognitive function in healthy adults. However, individuals with PD often have difficulty with exercise. This study examined the effects of passive leg cycling on executive function in PD. Executive function was assessed with Trail-Making Test (TMT) A and B before and after passive leg cycling. Significant improvements on the TMT-B test occurred after passive leg cycling. Furthermore, the difference between times to complete the TMT-B and TMT-A significantly decreased from precycling to postcycling. Improved executive function after passive cycling may be a result of increases in cerebral blood flow. These findings suggest that passive exercise could be a concurrent therapy for cognitive decline in PD.

scholarly journals Effects of dance on gait and dual-task gait in Parkinson’s disease

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadeesha Kalyani Hewa Haputhanthirige ◽  
Karen Sullivan ◽  
Gene Moyle ◽  
Sandy Brauer ◽  
Erica Rose Jeffrey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Gait Velocity ◽  
Control Group

Abstract Background Gait impairments in Parkinson’s disease (PD) limit independence and quality of life. While dance based interventions could improve gait, further studies are needed to determine if the benefits generalise to different terrains and when dual-tasking. The aim was to perform a feasibility study of the effects of a dance intervention, based on the Dance for PD®(DfPD®) program, on gait under different dual-tasks (verbal fluency, serial subtraction) and surfaces (even, uneven), and to determine if a larger scale follow-up RCT is warranted.Methods A dance group (DG; n = 17; age = 65.8 ± 11.7 years) and a control group (CG: n = 16; age = 67.0 ± 7.7 years) comprised of non-cognitively impaired (Addenbrooke’s score: DG = 93.2 ± 3.6, CG = 92.6 ± 4.3) independently locomoting people with PD (Hoehn & Yahr I-III) participated in the study. The DG undertook a one-hour DfPD®based class, twice weekly for 12 weeks. The CG had treatment as usual. Gait analysis was performed at baseline and post-intervention while walking on two surfaces (even, uneven) under three conditions (regular walking; dual-task: verbal-fluency, serial-subtraction). The data was analysed by means of a linear mixed model. ResultsThe DG improved significantly compared to the CG in gait velocity, cadence, step-length, and stride-length when even surface walking, with and without a dual-task. On the uneven surface the DG walked more cautiously during regular walking but had improved gait velocity, cadence and step-length when performing serial-subtractions. Conclusions DfPD®-based classes produced clinically significant improvement on spatiotemporal gait parameters under dual-task conditions and on uneven surfaces. This could arise from improved movement confidence and coordination; emotional expression; cognitive skills (planning, multitasking), and; utilisation of external movement cues. A large-scale RCT of this program is warranted.Trial registration A protocol for this study has been registered retrospectively at Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry on 12.11.2018. Identifier: ACTRN12618001834246.

Automated Indices of Clustering and Switching of Semantic Verbal Fluency in Parkinson’s Disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1047-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delaram Farzanfar ◽  
Marta Statucka ◽  
Melanie Cohn
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Neuropsychological Measures ◽  
Semantic Verbal Fluency ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Computational Data

AbstractObjectives: Deficits in semantic verbal fluency (SVF) can stem from dysfunction of an executive control system and/or of semantic knowledge. Previous analyses of SVF responses were devised to characterize these two components including switching and mean cluster size (MCS) indices, but these rely on subjective experimenter-based assessment of the words’ relatedness. To address this limitation, computational data-driven SVF indices have been developed. Our aim is to assess the validity and usefulness of these automated indices in the context of cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Methods: This is a retrospective study including 50 advanced PD patients with (n=28) or without (n=22) mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI). We analyzed animal SVF outputs using an automated computational approach yielding switching, MCS, and cumulative relatedness (CuRel) indices. We compared these indices to the classic experimenter-based switching and MCS indices to assess concurrent validity, and against neuropsychological measures of executive functioning and semantic knowledge to assess construct validity. We also examined whether these indices were impaired and predicted PD-MCI. Results: Automated switching indices, but not MCS or CuRel, showed evidence of concurrent and construct validity, and characterized individual difference in advanced PD. Automated switching indices also outperformed the experimenter-dependent index in predicting the presence of PD-MCI. Conclusion: Computational methods hold promise as fine-grained, unbiased indices reflecting the executive component of SVF, but none of the methods provided valid measures of semantic knowledge in PD. Our data also confirm that SVF are not adequate tests of semantic memory in patients with executive dysfunction such as PD. (JINS, 2018, 24, 1047–1056)

scholarly journals Semantic and Phonemic Verbal Fluency in Parkinson’s Disease: Influence of Clinical and Demographic Variables

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Obeso ◽  
Enrique Casabona ◽  
Maria Luisa Bringas ◽  
Lázaro Álvarez ◽  
Marjan Jahanshahi
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Semantic Verbal Fluency ◽  
Phonemic Fluency ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Depression Education ◽  
Deep Brain

Changes of cognitive function in PD have been extensively documented and defined as a ‘frontal’ type executive dysfunction. One of the main components of this executive dysfunction is the impairment of verbal fluency. The aim of the present study was to assess semantic and phonemic fluency in a large sample of PD patients and to investigate the effect of clinical and sociodemographic variables on verbal fluency in this patient group.Three hundred patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease who were consecutive referrals to our clinic and 50 age and education matched healthy controls completed the phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tasks. Both phonemic and semantic verbal fluency were significantly impaired in PD patients relative to matched controls. Stage of illness, presence of depression, education and age influenced verbal fluency measures. Regression analyses established that global measures of cognitive ability (MMSE) and executive function (FAB) and side of onset of motor symptoms predicted 36–37% of variance of phonemic or semantic verbal fluency measures. Thus, future studies aimed at assessing cognitive functioning in PD patients treated by deep brain stimulation (DBS) should adequately take into account several factors (stage of illness, depression, executive functioning) which may potentially influence performance on verbal fluency tasks.

scholarly journals Executive Functions in Parkinson’s Disease

Psico-USF ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-449
Author(s):  
Tainá Rossi ◽  
Mariane Bernardi Trevisol ◽  
Daiane Santos de Oliveira ◽  
Daiana Meregalli Schütz ◽  
Manuela Polidoro Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
And Control

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate executive functions (EFs) in older adults with Parkinson’s disease (PD). It was a cross-sectional and comparative study, composed of 62 participants divided into PD group (n = 31; M age = 75.26; SD age = 7.26) and control group (n = 31; M age = 74.03; SD age = 6.95), aged 61 to 93 years, recruited for convenience in 5 cities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The instruments used were a sociodemographic data questionnaire; MMSE; GDS-15; BIS-11; verbal fluency tasks (FAS and animals), DEX; WCST-64 and FDT. Descriptive analyzes and Student’s t and Chi-square tests were used. The PD group had a lower performance in the WCST-64 and FDT tests compared to controls, indicating worse performance in tasks that required reasoning, cognitive flexibility and processing speed, in addition, showed difficulties in performing tasks that require EF (DEX).

scholarly journals Executive Function and Postural Instability in People with Parkinson’s Disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Xu ◽  
Michael H. Cole ◽  
Kerrie Mengersen ◽  
Peter A. Silburn ◽  
Feng Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Gait Performance ◽  
Functional Reach ◽  
Inhibition Response ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
And Gender

The specific aspects of cognition contributing to balance and gait have not been clarified in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Twenty PD participants and twenty age- and gender-matched healthy controls were assessed on cognition and clinical mobility tests. General cognition was assessed with the Mini Mental State Exam and Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Exam. Executive function was evaluated using the Trail Making Tests (TMT-A and TMT-B) and a computerized cognitive battery which included a series of choice reaction time (CRT) tests. Clinical gait and balance measures included the Tinetti, Timed Up & Go, Berg Balance, and Functional Reach tests. PD participants performed significantly worse than the controls on the tests of cognitive and executive function, balance, and gait. PD participants took longer on Trail Making Tests, CRT-Location, and CRT-Colour (inhibition response). Furthermore, executive function, particularly longer times on CRT-Distracter and greater errors on the TMT-B, was associated with worse balance and gait performance in the PD group. Measures of general cognition were not associated with balance and gait measures in either group. For PD participants, attention and executive function were impaired. Components of executive function, particularly those involving inhibition response and distracters, were associated with poorer balance and gait performance in PD.

Aerobic Exercise Improves Mood, Cognition, and Language Function in Parkinson’s Disease: Results of a Controlled Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 878-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori J.P. Altmann ◽  
Elizabeth Stegemöller ◽  
Audrey A. Hazamy ◽  
Jonathan P. Wilson ◽  
Dawn Bowers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group

AbstractObjectives: Parkinson’s disease (PD) results in a range of non-motor deficits that can affect mood, cognition, and language, and many of these issues are unresponsive to pharmacological intervention. Aerobic exercise can improve mood and cognition in healthy older adults, although only a few studies have examined exercise effects on these domains in PD. The current study assesses the effects of aerobic exercise on aspects of cognition, mood, and language production in people with PD. Methods: This study compares the effects of aerobic exercise to stretch-balance training and a no-contact control group in participants with idiopathic PD. The aerobic and stretch-balance groups trained three times a week for 16 weeks, while controls continued normal activities. Outcome measures included disease severity, mood, cognition (speed of processing, memory, and executive function), and language production (picture descriptions). Cognition and language were assessed in single and dual task conditions. Results: Depressive symptoms increased only in the control group (p<.02). Executive function improved in the aerobic exercise group only in the single task (p=.007) and declined in controls in the dual task. Completeness of picture descriptions improved significantly more in the aerobic group than in the stretch-balance group (p<.02). Conclusions: Aerobic exercise is a viable intervention for PD that can be protective against increased depressive symptoms, and can improve several non-motor domains, including executive dysfunction and related aspects of language production. (JINS, 2016, 22, 878–889)

scholarly journals Executive cognitive tests for the evaluation of patients with Parkinson's disease

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Silva Tavares Sobreira ◽  
Marina Ceres Silva Pena ◽  
José Humberto Silva Filho ◽  
Carolina Pinto Souza ◽  
Guiomar Nascimento Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Perseverative Errors ◽  
Test Category

Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by changes in movement, which are later followed by cognitive, behavioral and psychological changes. The objective of the present study was to correlate different tests used to examine executive functions in PD patients followed at a specialized outpatient clinic. Methods: Thirty-five patients with idiopathic PD aged 63.0 years on average and with mean schooling of 5.5±4.2 years, were examined using the following tests: Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS), Scales for Outcomes of Parkinson's Disease-Cognition (SCOPA-COG), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), Digit Span - Inverse Order (IO) (a subtest of the WAIS III) and Verbal Fluency Test (category animals). Results: Significant correlations were detected between FAB and MDRS Conceptualization (0.814), MDRS Initiation/Perseveration (I/P) and SCOPA-COG Executive Function (0.643), FAB and MDRS I/P (0.601), FAB and Verbal Fluency (0.602), MDRS I/P and MDRS Conceptualization (0.558), Verbal Fluency and MDRS I/P (0.529), MDRS Attention and SCOPA-COG Executive Function (0.495), MDRS Conceptualization and SCOPA-COG Executive Function (0.520), FAB and Digit Span (OI) (0.503), Verbal Fluency and MDRS Conceptualization (0.501), and WCST perseverative errors and FAB (-0.379), WCST perseverative errors and MDRS Conceptualization (0.445), WCST perseverative errors and MDRS I/P (-0.407) and WCST categories completed and MDRS Conceptualization (0.382). Discussion: The results demonstrated strong correlations between most of the tests applied, but no associations were detected between the WCST and the other tests, a fact that may be explained by the heterogeneity of scores obtained in the tests by the patients evaluated. A difficulty of the present study was the lack of a control groups for the establishment of adequate standards for this population.

scholarly journals Cognitive Reserve, Executive Function, and Memory in Parkinson’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 992
Author(s):  
Andrea M. Loftus ◽  
Natalie Gasson ◽  
Nicole Lopez ◽  
Michelle Sellner ◽  
Carly Reid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
The Relationship

Cognitive impairment is acknowledged as a feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and the most common cognitive declines are in executive function (EF) and memory. Cognitive reserve (CR) may offer some protection against cognitive dysfunction in PD. The present study used two proxies of CR (years of education, premorbid IQ) to examine the relationship between CR and (i) EF (ii) memory in a large PD sample (n = 334). Two aspects of EF were examined, including verbal fluency and planning skills. Two aspects of verbal memory were examined, including immediate recall and delayed recall. For EF, both CR proxies significantly predicted verbal fluency, but only years of education predicted planning skills. Years of education significantly predicted immediate recall, but premorbid IQ did not. Neither CR proxy predicted delayed recall. These findings suggest that CR, in particular years of education, may contribute to EF and memory function in those with PD. A key finding of this study is the varying contribution of CR proxies to different aspects of the same cognitive domain. The findings indicate that using only one proxy has the potential to be misleading and suggest that when testing the relationship between CR and cognition, studies should include tasks that measure different aspects of the cognitive domain(s) of interest.

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