scholarly journals Correlation between CH2DS2-VASc Score and Serum Leptin Levels in Cardioembolic Stroke Patients: The Impact of Metabolic Syndrome

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Szczepańska-Szerej ◽  
Jacek Kurzepa ◽  
Aneta Grabarska ◽  
Joanna Bielewicz ◽  
Ewa Wlizło-Dyś ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Cardioembolic Stroke ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
The Impact

Objective. To determine adipokines levels in patients with different etiologic subtypes of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) status.Methods. Serum adiponectin, leptin, and resistin levels were determined by ELISA in 99 AIS patients and 59 stroke-free control group subjects. Stroke patients were grouped based on MetS, modified TOAST classification, and CHA2DS2-VASc scale in case of cardioembolic stroke following atrial fibrillation.Results. No differences were found in all adipokine serum levels between AIS patients and appropriately matched control group. MetS-AIS patients had significantly higher leptin levels (22.71 ± 19.01 ng/ml versus 8.95 ± 9.22 ng/ml,p<0.001) and lower adiponectin levels (10.71 ± 8.59 ng/ml versus 14.93 ± 10.95 ng/ml,p<0.05) than non-MetS-AIS patients. In patients with cardioembolic stroke, leptin levels were significantly higher than in remaining stroke cases (19.57 ± 20.53 ng/ml versus 13.17 ± 12.36 ng/ml,p<0.05) and CHA2DS2-VASc score positively correlated with leptin levels only (p<0.001). Analysis of individual components of CHA2DS2-VASc score showed that hypertension, female gender, and diabetes had greatest impact on elevated serum leptin level.Conclusion. This pilot study revealed that leptin could be a potential biomarker for risk stratification of cardioembolic stroke in MetS patients and that heterogeneity of stroke subtypes should be considered for more refined and precise clinical stroke studies.

scholarly journals Investigation of insulin-like growth factors/insulin-like growth factor binding proteins regulation in metabolic syndrome patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Somayeh Pouriamehr ◽  
Haleh Barmaki ◽  
Mozhdeh Rastegary ◽  
Farzaneh Lotfi ◽  
Mohsen Nabi Afjadi
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Igfbp 3 ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factors

Abstract Objective The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their binding proteins (IGFBPs) are thought to play a significant role in metabolic pathways and glucose metabolism. Unregulated levels of IGFs/IGFBPs have been associated with the development of glucose intolerance and metabolic syndrome X (MSx). We hypothesized that change of IGFs/IGFBPs levels could increase the risk of MSx; thus, this study aimed to evaluate the serostatus of IGFs/IGFBPs in individuals with MSx. Results After adjustment for metabolic parameters, MSx patients had a lower level of IGF-1, IGFBP-1, and IGFBP-2 compared with subjects in the control group. Further analysis revealed a positive correlation between serum levels of IGF-1 and IGF-2 (p < 0.05), as well as serum IGFBP-3 and IGF-2 (p < 0.05). Also, the statistical analysis showed a negative association of serum IGF-1 with plasma glucose and total cholesterol levels (p < 0.05). Besides, a negative relationship was found between serum concentrations of IGF-1/IGF-2 and the risk of developing MSx. These data indicated that some components of IGFs/IGFBPs are linked with the pathogenesis of MSx. In conclusion, these inverse associations showed a possible linkage between the IGF/IGFBP signaling pathway and the development of MSx. It seems the decreased concentrations of IGFs edmay be regarded as a potential biomarker for early diagnosis or even prognosis of MSx but need more systematic studies to confirmed it.

Clinical correlates of thrombodynamics in men with metabolic syndrome: the impact of insulin resistance

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 24-25
Author(s):  
Anastasya A. Baranova ◽  
Ilya G. Pochinka ◽  
Leonid G. Strongin ◽  
Ksenia N. Jurkova ◽  
Maya I. Dvornikova
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Control Group ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Clinical Correlates ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Background. Hypercoagulation is one of the cardiovascular risk factors in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). It results from various factors including hyperhomocysteinemia, endothelial dysfunction, non-enzymatic glycation of proteins etc.The aim of this study was to assess clinical correlates of thrombodynamics in insulin resistant and non insulin resistant men with metabolic syndrome.Methods. We investigated 79 patients with MS diagnosed in accordance with IDF criteria (2009). The main group consisted of 44 men with MS including insulin resistance. The control group consisted of 35 men with MS not including insulin resistance. In addition to routine clinical tests we performed thrombodynamics assay and measured serum levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and homocysteine. Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearmen’s correlation coefficient (rs) were used for statistical analysis.Results. There was no significant difference between thrombodynamics parameters, ADMA and homocysteine levels between the two groups. In both groups thrombodynamics parameters had no correlations with body mass index, hemoglobin level, platelet count and serum ADMA level. In patients with insulin resistance clot density correlated positively with serum level of C-reactive protein (rs=0.621, p=0.007); average and initial rates of clot growth correlated positively with homocysteine level (rs=0.539, p=0.017, and rs=0.554, p=0.014, respectively). In patients with insulin resistance clot density and rates of clot growth were not interrelated with the above mentioned parameters.Conclusions. The results of the study suggest that insulin resistant men with MS are characterized by clinical correlates between thrombodynamics parameters, homocysteine and C-reactive protein levels while patients without insulin resistance have other, unestablished determinants of clot density and rates of clot growth.

Clinical correlates of thrombodynamics in men with metabolic syndrome: the impact of insulin resistance

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 25-26
Author(s):  
Ivan Y. Pchelin ◽  
Natalia V. Hudiakova ◽  
Alexander N. Shishkin
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Control Group ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Clinical Correlates ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Background. Hypercoagulation is one of the cardiovascular risk factors in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). It results from various factors including hyperhomocysteinemia, endothelial dysfunction, non-enzymatic glycation of proteins etc.The aim of this study was to assess clinical correlates of thrombodynamics in insulin resistant and non insulin resistant men with metabolic syndrome.Methods. We investigated 79 patients with MS diagnosed in accordance with IDF criteria (2009). The main group consisted of 44 men with MS including insulin resistance. The control group consisted of 35 men with MS not including insulin resistance. In addition to routine clinical tests we performed thrombodynamics assay and measured serum levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and homocysteine. Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearmen’s correlation coefficient (rs) were used for statistical analysis.Results. There was no significant difference between thrombodynamics parameters, ADMA and homocysteine levels between the two groups. In both groups thrombodynamics parameters had no correlations with body mass index, hemoglobin level, platelet count and serum ADMA level. In patients with insulin resistance clot density correlated positively with serum level of C-reactive protein (rs=0.621, p=0.007); average and initial rates of clot growth correlated positively with homocysteine level (rs=0.539, p=0.017, and rs=0.554, p=0.014, respectively). In patients with insulin resistance clot density and rates of clot growth were not interrelated with the above mentioned parameters.Conclusions. The results of the study suggest that insulin resistant men with MS are characterized by clinical correlates between thrombodynamics parameters, homocysteine and C-reactive protein levels while patients without insulin resistance have other, unestablished determinants of clot density and rates of clot growth.

scholarly journals Association of Genetic Polymorphisms and Serum Levels of IL-6 and IL-8 with the Prognosis in Children with Neuroblastoma

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 529
Author(s):  
Silvia Selene Moreno-Guerrero ◽  
Arturo Ramírez-Pacheco ◽  
Luz María Rocha-Ramírez ◽  
Gabriela Hernández-Pliego ◽  
Pilar Eguía-Aguilar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Genetic Polymorphisms ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mexican Children ◽  
Genotype Frequencies ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Circulating Levels

There is evidence that high circulating levels of IL-6 and IL-8 are markers of a poor prognosis in various types of cancer, including NB. The participation of these cytokines in the tumor microenvironment has been described to promote progression and metastasis. Our objective was to evaluate the prognostic role of genetic polymorphisms and serum levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in a cohort of Mexican pediatric patients with NB. The detection of the SNPs rs1800795 IL-6 and rs4073 and rs2227306 IL-8 was carried out by PCR-RFLP and the levels of cytokines were determined by the ELISA method. We found elevated circulating levels of IL-8 and IL-6 in NB patients compared to the control group. The genotype frequencies of the rs1800795 IL-6 and rs4073 IL-8 variants were different between the patients with NB and the control group. Likewise, the survival analysis showed that the GG genotypes of rs1800795 IL-6 (p = 0.014) and AA genotypes of rs4073 IL-8 (p = 0.002), as well as high levels of IL-6 (p = 0.009) and IL-8 (p = 0.046), were associated with lower overall survival. We confirmed the impact on an adverse prognosis in a multivariate model. This study suggests that the SNPs rs1800795 IL-6 and rs4073 IL-8 and their serum levels could be promising biomarkers of a poor prognosis, associated with overall survival, metastasis, and a high risk in Mexican children with NB.

scholarly journals The Cytoskeletal Elements MAP2 and NF-L Show Substantial Alterations in Different Stroke Models While Elevated Serum Levels Highlight Especially MAP2 as a Sensitive Biomarker in Stroke Patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca Mages ◽  
Thomas Fuhs ◽  
Susanne Aleithe ◽  
Alexandra Blietz ◽  
Constance Hobusch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Focal Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Cytoskeletal Elements

AbstractIn the setting of ischemic stroke, the neurofilament subunit NF-L and the microtubule-associated protein MAP2 have proven to be exceptionally ischemia-sensitive elements of the neuronal cytoskeleton. Since alterations of the cytoskeleton have been linked to the transition from reversible to irreversible tissue damage, the present study investigates underlying time- and region-specific alterations of NF-L and MAP2 in different animal models of focal cerebral ischemia. Although NF-L is increasingly established as a clinical stroke biomarker, MAP2 serum measurements after stroke are still lacking. Therefore, the present study further compares serum levels of MAP2 with NF-L in stroke patients. In the applied animal models, MAP2-related immunofluorescence intensities were decreased in ischemic areas, whereas the abundance of NF-L degradation products accounted for an increase of NF-L-related immunofluorescence intensity. Accordingly, Western blot analyses of ischemic areas revealed decreased protein levels of both MAP2 and NF-L. The cytoskeletal alterations are further reflected at an ultrastructural level as indicated by a significant reduction of detectable neurofilaments in cortical axons of ischemia-affected areas. Moreover, atomic force microscopy measurements confirmed altered mechanical properties as indicated by a decreased elastic strength in ischemia-affected tissue. In addition to the results from the animal models, stroke patients exhibited significantly elevated serum levels of MAP2, which increased with infarct size, whereas serum levels of NF-L did not differ significantly. Thus, MAP2 appears to be a more sensitive stroke biomarker than NF-L, especially for early neuronal damage. This perspective is strengthened by the results from the animal models, showing MAP2-related alterations at earlier time points compared to NF-L. The profound ischemia-induced alterations further qualify both cytoskeletal elements as promising targets for neuroprotective therapies.

scholarly journals SAT0296 SERUM LEPTIN LEVELS IN SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS PATIENTS WITH ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC ABNORMALITIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1093.1-1093
Author(s):  
G. Pellegrino ◽  
K. Stefanantoni ◽  
F. Facioni ◽  
C. Angelelli ◽  
A. Gigante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Cardiac Fibrosis ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pathologic Finding ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Ecg Abnormalities

Background:Electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities are described in 25-75% Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) cases and they are associated with other systemic manifestations as well as with a worse prognosis. There is an increasing need for clinical and laboratory biomarkers to ameliorate the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to patients with ECG abnormalities, due to their actual low sensitivity and specificity. Adipokines are circulating proteins that appear dysregulated in SSc and leptin in particular is synthesized in response to inflammatory conditions and seems to play a proinflammatory and pro-fibrotic action in SSc. Interesting, many studies in the last years have underlined its role in the cardiac remodeling mechanisms and in the development of cardiac fibrosis in other chronic diseases.Objectives:Aim of our study is to evaluate the role of leptin in the development of cardiac rhythm disorders (CRD) during SSc. Furthermore, by the analysis of the clinical and demographical parameters of our SSc patients, we tried to define other possible features associated with increased serum leptin concentration.Methods:We included eighty-five SSc patients, fulfilling the 2013 ACR/EULAR classification criteria, attending the Regional Rare Disease Center of Policlinico Umberto I of Rome. Fifty presented significant CRD at non-invasive diagnostic techniques (12 Lead ECG, 24-hour Holter ECG). Demographic, clinical, conventional cardiovascular risk factors were examined; instrumental and laboratory assessments were obtained, together with ECG recordings. Thirty-five SSc patients without pathologic finding at ECG traces, matched for demographic and clinical features, were recruited as the control group. In all cases, after obtaining written informed consent, blood samples were taken to measure serum levels of leptin using an ELISA assay (Life Technologies-Italia).Results:The fifty SSc patients with CRD (mean age 51±15 years; F:M 41:9) had pulmonary fibrosis (PF) in 32 cases (64%) and a BMI >25Kg/m2in 22 (44%) while in the control group of thirty-five SSc patients (mean age 49±16 years; F:M 33:2) PF was found in 15 (43%) and a BMI >25Kg/m2in 9 (35%); We detected significantly higher median values of serum leptin in SSc patients with CRD compared to the control group (12027 pg/ml IQR 12314 versus 6392 pg/ml IQR 7103;p 0,0009). Additionally, SSc patients with a BMI> 25 kg/m2(31 cases) as well as those with PF (47 cases) showed a significantly higher median serum leptin levels compared to those with BMI <25 kg/m2(13161 pg/ml IQR 13610 versus 8187 pg/ml IQR 8255;p 0,0008) and those without PF (11740 pg/ml IQR 11940 versus 7616 pg/ml IQR 7855;p 0,0079).Conclusion:To our knowledge this is the first report on high serum levels of leptin in SSc patients with CRD that also confirms its increase in those cases with a BMI >25 kg/m2and with PF, according to scientific literature data. The role of leptin in the pathogenesis of SSc remains unclear although it is already known its involvement in the development of cardiac fibrosis during other chronic diseases. On the basis of these results we speculate on leptin involvement in the pathogenesis of CRD during SSc, although further studies are needed with larger cohort of patients.References:[1]Vacca A et al. Rheumatology, 2014[2]Tyndall AJ et al. Ann Rheum Dis, 2010[3]Muresan L et al. Iran J Pub Health, 2017[4]Sanna T et al. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J, 2009[5]Riccieri V et al. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 2011[6]Żółkiewicz J et al. Arch Dermatol Res, 2019[7]Huby AC et al. Circulation, 2015[8]Shulze PC et al. Clin Chim Acta, 2005[9]Van de Hoogen F et al. Arthritis Rheum, 2013[10]Gui X et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2018Disclosure of Interests:Greta Pellegrino: None declared, Katia Stefanantoni Consultant of: ItalfarmacoBoehringer Ingelheim, Fausta Facioni: None declared, Carlotta Angelelli: None declared, Antonietta Gigante: None declared, Roberto Badagliacca: None declared, Carmine Dario Vizza: None declared, Sergio Morelli: None declared, Edoardo Rosato: None declared, Valeria Riccieri: None declared

High serum miR-421 is associated with metabolic dysregulation and inflammation in patients with metabolic syndrome

Epigenomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aécio A Braga ◽  
Raul H Bortolin ◽  
Magda E Graciano-Saldarriaga ◽  
Thiago DC Hirata ◽  
Alvaro Cerda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Metabolic Dysregulation ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Screening Study

Aim: To explore the association of circulating miRNAs with adiposity, metabolic status and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Patients & methods: Serum levels of 372 miRNAs were measured in patients with (n = 6) and without MetS (n = 6) by quantitative PCR array, and dysregulated miRNAs were validated in a larger cohort (MetS, n = 89; non-MetS, n = 144). Results: In the screening study, seven miRNAs were dysregulated in patients with MetS, and miR-421 remained increased in the validation study. miR-421 was associated with a high risk of MetS and insulin resistance and hypertension and correlated with glycated hemoglobin, triacylglycerols, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, IL-6, resistin and adiponectin (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Circulating miR-421 is a potential biomarker for insulin resistance, metabolic dysregulation and inflammatory status in patients with MetS.

scholarly journals Effect of 12 Months of Exercise with Stachys Lavandulifolia Consumption on anxiety, Metabolic Syndrome Profiles and Antioxidant Defense and Lipid Peroxidation in Women with Syndrome Metabolic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali osali ◽  
Alireza Rostami
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Before And After

Abstract BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 months of aerobic exercise combining stachys lavandulifolia (S. lavandulifolia) consumption on anxiety, Metabolic Syndrome profiles and antioxidant defense (Glutathione) and lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde) in 50-65 years old women with syndrome metabolic.Methods48 women with syndrome Metabolic were randomly divided into four groups: exercise (n=12), exercise+S. lavandulifolia (n=12), S. lavandulifolia (n=12) and control group (n=12). S. lavandulifolia groups consumed 3 g aerial parts of S. lavandulifolia daily. Training groups performed an exercise protocol of aerobic exercise for 12 months (three sessions per week). Blood samples were obtained before and after training period for antioxidant indicators and lipid degradation measurement. Also, Beck anxiety questionnaire used for evaluating levels of anxiety. T-test and one-way analysis of variance were used for the evaluation of within-group and between-group differences, respectively.ResultsA significant increase was observed in serum levels of Malondialdehyde (P =0.004), Catalase indexes (Pvalue= 0.01), and Glutathione (P=0.001) in the training group and S. lavandulifolia groups after 12 months. Body weight, BMI, and SBP and Anexiety was decreased significantly greater in exercise +S. lavandulifolia group compared to control, exercise and S. lavandulifolia groups (P=0.001)ConclusionAnxiolytic effect and Anti-Oxidative Stress Activity was seen, so taking S. lavandulifolia along with exercises may have beneficial effects on reinforcement the antioxidant system and prevention of anxiety and The negative effects of indicators related to cardiovascular disease in women with metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals The Impact of Psoriasis and Metabolic Syndrome on the Systemic Inflammation and Oxidative Damage to Nucleic Acids

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drahomira Holmannova ◽  
Lenka Borska ◽  
Ctirad Andrys ◽  
Pavel Borsky ◽  
Jan Kremlacek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Serum Level ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Systemic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
The Impact

Background. Psoriasis is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease associated with a wide range of comorbidities, including metabolic syndrome (MetS). Serum calprotectin, ANGPTL8, and oxidative damage to nucleic acids might be associated with both diseases. The presented study describes the influence of psoriasis and MetS on the serum levels of markers of systemic inflammation (calprotectin and ANGPTL8) and markers of oxidative damage to nucleic acids. The applicability of serum levels of calprotectin and ANGPTL8 for monitoring of the activity of psoriasis (diagnostic markers) is also evaluated. Methods. Clinical examination (PASI score, MetS), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA). Serum calprotectin, ANGPTL8, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, 8-hydroxyguanosine, and 8-hydroxyguanine. Results and Conclusions. The psoriasis significantly increased the serum level of calprotectin and the serum level of oxidative damage to nucleic acids, however not the serum level of ANGPTL8. The presence of MetS did not significantly affect the serum levels of calprotectin, ANGPTL8, and oxidative damage to nucleic acids in either psoriasis patients or controls. It seems that the serum level of calprotectin (but not the serum level of ANGPTL8) could be used as a biomarker for monitoring the activity of psoriasis.

scholarly journals Interleukin-18 Promoter Gene Polymorphisms are not Associated with Myocardial Infarction in Type 2 Diabetes in Slovenia

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Kariž ◽  
D Petrovič
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Interleukin 18 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Promoter Gene ◽  
The Impact

Interleukin-18 Promoter Gene Polymorphisms are not Associated with Myocardial Infarction in Type 2 Diabetes in SloveniaType 2 diabetes is a major risk factor for myocardial infarction (MI) and chronic inflammation may play a central role in both diseases. Interleukin (IL)-18 is a potent proinflammatory cytokine, which is considered important in acute coronary syndromes and type 2 diabetes. We investigated the association of the -137 (G>C), polymorphism (rs187238) and the -607 (C<A) polymorphism (rs1946518) of the IL-18 gene promoter region in 495 Caucasians with type 2 diabetes, of whom 169 had MI and 326 subjects had no clinically evident coronary artery disease (controls). We also investigated the impact of these polymorphisms on the serum IL-18 level in subsets of both groups and in a normal group. Genotype distributions of the polymorphisms showed no significant difference between cases and controls. However, IL-18 serum levels were significantly lower in diabetics with the137 CC genotype than in those with other genotypes (241.5 ± 132.7 ng/Lvs.340.2 ± 167.4 ng/L; p <0.05). High sensitivity C-reactive protein and IL-18 serum levels were higher in diabetics in the MI group than in the control group. We conclude that these IL-18 promoter gene polymorphisms are not risk factors for MI in Caucasians with type 2 diabetes.

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