scholarly journals The Effect of Oral Dexmedetomidine Premedication on Preoperative Cooperation and Emergence Delirium in Children Undergoing Dental Procedures

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sultan Keles ◽  
Ozlem Kocaturk
Keyword(s):  
Apple Juice ◽  
Separation Anxiety ◽  
Pediatric Anesthesia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Parental Separation ◽  
Hemodynamic Parameters ◽  
Emergence Delirium ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Dental Procedures ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction. The aim of this study was to detect the effect of 1 μg/kg of oral dexmedetomidine (DEX) as premedication among children undergoing dental procedures. Materials and Methods. The study involved 100 children between 2 and 6 years of age, ASA I, who underwent full-mouth dental rehabilitation. The DEX group (n=50) received 1 μg/kg DEX in apple juice, and the control group (n=50) received only apple juice. The patients’ scores on the Ramsay Sedation Scale (RSS), parental separation anxiety scale, mask acceptance scale, and pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale (PAEDS) and hemodynamic parameters were recorded. The data were analyzed using chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, Student’s t-test, and analysis of variance in SPSS. Results. RSS scores were significantly higher in the DEX group than group C at 15, 30, and 45 min (p<0.05). More children (68% easy separation, 74% satisfactory mask acceptance) in the DEX group showed satisfactory ease of parental separation and mask acceptance behavior (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the PAEDS scores and mean hemodynamic parameters of both groups. Conclusions. Oral DEX administered at 1 μg/kg provided satisfactory sedation levels, ease of parental separation, and mask acceptance in children but was not effective in preventing emergence delirium. The trial was registered (Protocol Registration Receipt NCT03174678) at clinicaltrials.gov.

scholarly journals Comparison of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine and Oral Midazolam for Premedication in Pediatric Dental Patients under General Anesthesia: A Randomised Clinical Trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Li Wang ◽  
Lili Huang ◽  
Tiejun Zhang ◽  
Wei Peng
Keyword(s):  
Separation Anxiety ◽  
Pediatric Anesthesia ◽  
Pediatric Dentistry ◽  
Parental Separation ◽  
Hemodynamic Parameters ◽  
Emergence Delirium ◽  
Oral Midazolam ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Acceptance Scale ◽  
Parental Separation Anxiety

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of preoperative intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral midazolam on preoperative sedation and postoperative agitation in pediatric dentistry. A total of 60 children (ASA grade I, aged 3–6 years) scheduled for elective pediatric dental treatment were randomly divided into the dexmedetomidine (DEX) and midazolam (MID) groups. Ramsay sedation score, parental separation anxiety scale, mask acceptance scale, pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale, and hemodynamic parameters were recorded. The Ramsay sedation scale and hemodynamic parameters of the children were observed and recorded immediately before administration and 10, 20, and 30 min after administration. A satisfactory mask acceptance scale rate was 93.33% in both MID and DEX groups, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (p>0.05). The proportions of children that “successfully separated from their parents” were 93.33% (MID) and 96.67% (DEX). No significant difference was found between the two groups (p>0.05). The incidence of agitation was 20% in the MID group and 0% in the DEX group, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). Intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral midazolam provided satisfactory sedation. No significant difference between the two groups was found in terms of parental separation anxiety and mask acceptance (p>0.05). The incidence of postoperative pediatrics emergence delirium was significantly lower in the DEX group (p<0.05).

scholarly journals The Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Emergence Agitation in Children After Desflurane Anesthesia

Acta Medica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Filiz Banu Ethemoglu ◽  
Aysun Ankay Yilbas ◽  
Basak Akca ◽  
Hemra Cil ◽  
Ozgur Canbay
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Postoperative Pain ◽  
Pediatric Anesthesia ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Emergence Agitation ◽  
Emergence Delirium ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Duration Of Surgery

Objective: To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on the emergence agitation in children after desflurane anesthesia. Materials-Methods: In this prospective  randomized comparative study, 50 children between the age group 2-10 years of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status  I or II, who were scheduled for infrainguinal urologic surgery were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups. Group dexmedetomidine (Group B) (n=25) received 0.2 μg/kg dexmedetomidine in 10 ml saline intravenously over 10 minutes after induction and group control (Group A) (n=25) received only 10 ml saline infusion after induction. The emergence agitation levels of the children were evaluated according to the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale in the recovery room and postoperative pain scores were evaluated using Children’s and Infants’ Postoperative Pain Scale at the 10th and 30th minutes after extubation. Age, gender, weight, hemodynamic parameters, duration of anesthesia, duration of surgery and side effects were recorded.  Results: There was no significant difference in Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scores at the 10th and 30th minutes after extubation between dexmedetomidine and saline groups. The decrease in emergence agitation at the 30th minute compared to the 10th minute was independent from sex, age and anesthesia duration in both groups. Incidence of hypotension and bradycardia was higher in the dexmedetomidine group compared to the saline group.  Conclusion: In children aged from two to 10 who undergo surgery with desflurane anesthesia, dexmedetomidine administration was not effective in preventing postoperative emergence agitation and caused increased side effects, such as hypotension and bradycardia. 

scholarly journals Emergence delirium and intranasal dexmedetomidine premedication in pediatric anesthesia: a retrospective study in plastic surgery

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Di Palma ◽  
Federica Maldarelli ◽  
Antonietta Cimino ◽  
Mario Zama ◽  
Sergio Giuseppe Picardo
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Plastic Surgery ◽  
Lower Incidence ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Pediatric Anesthesia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Emergence Delirium ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Combined Anesthesia ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Dexmedetomidine is increasingly used in the treatment of emergency delirium (ED) in pediatric patients. However, further evidence on its use in pediatric anesthesia and on potential differences in the reduction of ED according to patient’s age and type of anesthesia is required. Moreover, whether dexmedetomidine influences time of discharge from the surgical area remains unclear. We evaluated whether intranasal dexmedetomidine is effective in decreasing the incidence of ED in 106 children who had anesthesia for plastic surgery undergoing general or combined anesthesia at different ages. We also assessed if this drug has an impact on time to discharge from the surgical area. Methods In total, 106 children, aged 2–10 years, were enrolled in this retrospective study. Among them, 50 have been premedicated with dexmedetomidine (dexmedetomidine group); the remaining 56 patients served as controls (control group). The incidence of ED was evaluated according to the use of dexmedetomidine premedication, age and type of anesthesia (general vs combined). The length of anesthesia and duration of staying in the surgical area were also analyzed. Results Three patients who received dexmedetomidine premedication showed ED (6%), compared with 43 patients in the control group (77%; p<0.05). This lower incidence of ED was also present when stratifying patients according to the type of anesthesia or age. We observed no significant difference between the dexmedetomidine group and control group in terms of discharge from surgical area. Conclusions Premedication with dexmedetomidine is associated with decreased incidence of ED, regardless of patients’ age or type of anesthesia and without seemingly increasing the timing of discharge after surgery.

Success Rate of Obturation of Root Canals by Different Techniques in Primary Molars: A Comparative Clinical Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-44
Author(s):  
Satyawan G. Damle ◽  
Ritika Bansal ◽  
Dhanashree D. Sakhare
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Primary Molars ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Second Primary ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Comparative Clinical Study

Objective: To compare the success rate of different obturation procedures in primary mandibular second molars clinically and also by digital radiovisiography. Methods: A total of 40 children aged between 4-8 years with deeply carious mandibular second primary molars indicated for single session pulpectomy were selected. Canals were obturated with Metapex. The 3 study groups (Endodontic plugger, Handheld lentulospiral, Navi Tip syringe) were compared with the control group (reamer) both clinically and radiovisiographically. The data collected were statistically analyzed using Pearson’s Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test. Results: The use of Navi tip syringe led to the least number of voids followed by Endodontic plugger and Reamer and the highest number of voids was reported with Lentulospiral. Navitip presented maximum number of optimally filled cases followed by Endodontic plugger and Lentulospiral and least number of optimally filled cases with reamer. However, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in any of the groups with clinical (pain and tenderness to percussion) and radiographic parameters (presence or absence of voids and length of obturation). Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study, though the clinical outcome was statistically insignificant, Navitip syringe exhibited encouraging results and is a promising option for obturation in primary teeth.

scholarly journals Detection of AZF microdeletions and reproductive hormonal profile analysis of infertile sudanese men pursuing assisted reproductive approaches

BMC Urology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Osman Alhassan Elsaid ◽  
Tarteel Gadkareim ◽  
Tagwa Abobakr ◽  
Eiman Mubarak ◽  
Mehad A. Abdelrhem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Klinefelter Syndrome ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Male Factor ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Fisher's Exact Test ◽  
Infertile Men ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fisher’S Exact Test

Abstract Background Male factor is the major contributor in roughly half of infertility cases. Genetic factors account for 10–15% of male infertility. Microdeletions of azoospermia factors (AZF) on the Yq region are the second most frequent spermatogenesis disorder among infertile men after Klinefelter syndrome. We detected in our previous study a frequency of 37.5% AZF microdeletions which investigated mainly the AZFb and AZFc. We attempted in this study for the first time to evaluate the frequencies of all AZF sub-regions microdeletions and to analyze reproductive hormonal profiles in idiopathic cases of azoospermic and oligozoospermic men from Sudan. Methods A group of 51 medically fit infertile men were subjected to semen analysis. Four couples have participated in this study as a control group. Semen analysis was performed according to WHO criteria by professionals at Elsir Abu-Elhassan Fertility Centre where samples have been collected. We detected 12 STSs markers of Y chromosome AZF microdeletions using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Analysis of reproductive hormone levels including Follicle Stimulating, Luteinizing, and Prolactin hormones was performed using ELISA. Comparisons between outcome groups were performed using Student’s t-test Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. Results AZF microdeletion was identified in 16 out of 25 Azoospermic and 14 out of 26 of the Oligozoospermic. Microdeletion in the AZFa region was the most frequent among the 30 patients (N = 11) followed by AZFc, AZFd (N = 4 for each) and AZFb (N = 3). Among the Oligozoospermic participants, the most frequent deletions detected were in the AZFa region (N = 10 out of 14) and was significantly associated with Oligozoospermic phenotype, Fisher's Exact Test (2-sided) p = 0.009. Among the Azoospermic patients, the deletion of the AZFc region was the most frequent (N = 9 out of 16) and was significantly associated with Azoospermia phenotype Fisher's Exact Test p = 0.026. There was a significant difference in Y chromosome microdeletion frequency between the two groups. The hormonal analysis showed that the mean levels of PRL, LH, and FSH in Azoospermic patients were slightly higher than those in oligozoospermic. A weak negative correlation between prolactin higher level and Azoospermic patients was detected. (AZFa r = 0.665 and 0.602, p = 0.000 and 0.0004, AZFb r = 0.636 and 0.409, p = 0.000 and 0.025, and AZFd r = 0.398 and 0.442, p = 0.029 and 0.015). The correlation was positive for AZFa and negative for AZFb and AZFd. Conclusions We concluded in this study that the incidences of microdeletions of the Y chromosome confined to AZF a, b, c and d regions is 58.8% in infertile subjects with 31.4% were Azoospermic and 27.5% were Oligozoospermic. This might provide a piece of evidence that these specified regions of the Y chromosome are essential for controlling spermatogenesis. These findings will be useful for genetic counseling within infertility clinics in Sudan and to adopt appropriate methods for assisted reproduction.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Oral Dexmedetomidine versus Oral Midazolam As preanesthesia Medication in Pediatric Patients to Reduce anxiety

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 724-728
Author(s):  
Sabin Gauchan ◽  
Chitra Thapa ◽  
Abha Prasai
Keyword(s):  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Separation Anxiety ◽  
Elective Surgery ◽  
Sedation Score ◽  
Preoperative Anxiety ◽  
Parental Separation ◽  
Emergence Agitation ◽  
Oral Midazolam ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group D

Introduction: Preoperative period is a stressful period. In children the preoperative anxiety is expressed as difficult separation from parents and difficult mask induction. The level of preoperative anxiety also affects postoperative outcomes. To overcome anxiety premedication is often used by pediatric anesthesiologist. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the effect of oral midazolam 0.5mg/kg and oral dexmedetomidine 4μg/kg on parental separation, mask induction and postoperative emergence agitation in children undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia. Methodology: 120 children aged 2-8years undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia were divided into two groups: Group M and Group D. Patients in group M received oral midazolam 0.5mg/kg and patients in group D received oral dexmedetomidine 4μg/kg. After 45min of premedication sedation score was assessed in both the groups. Ease of parental separation and mask acceptance was compared in both the groups. In the postoperative period occurrence of emergence agitation was compared in both the groups. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in preoperative sedation score in both the groups. Parent separation anxiety score and mask acceptance score were statistically similar in both the groups. But emergence agitation was significantly lesser in patients who received dexmedetomidine premedication. Conclusions: Premedication with oral midazolam as well as oral dexmedetomidine effectively reduces parental separation anxiety and produces satisfactory mask induction in pediatric age group. However, dexmedetomidine is more effective in reducing emergence delirium in comparison to midazolam.

scholarly journals Effect of Grinding and Subsequent Various Surface Treatments on the Surface Roughness of Full Contour Monolithic Zirconia

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (32) ◽  
pp. 2624-2628
Author(s):  
Surya Teja ◽  
Sanath Kumar Shetty ◽  
Mohammed Mohammed ◽  
Karkala Syed ◽  
Uma Mayoor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Surface Treatments ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dental Procedures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Monolithic Zirconia ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Natural Dentition ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Control Group Group

BACKGROUND A smooth zirconia surface is necessary to protect the opposing natural dentition, to prevent plaque accumulation and to increase the survival rate of restoration by reducing the chances of failure by crack propagation. Surface roughness can be incorporated by routine dental procedures done in labs and clinics to adjust the restoration. It is unclear which surface treatment is most appropriate to achieve clinically acceptable zirconia surface. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of grinding and subsequent various surface treatments on the surface roughness of full contour monolithic zirconia. METHODS In this invitro study 10 zirconia bars of final dimensions 20 x 4 x 2 mm & 40 zirconia bars of final dimensions 20 x 4 x 2.2 mm were milled and sintered. The zirconia bars with final dimensions 20 x 4 x 2mm were glazed and selected as samples for control group (Group C) (n = 10). Forty zirconia bars with dimensions of 20 x 4 x 2.2 mm were grounded using a standard straight cylindrical diamond point (105 – 125 µm) by placing them in a customized grinding apparatus till the dimensions became similar to that of control group i.e. 20 x 4 x 2 mm. After grinding and confirming the dimensions of each full contour monolithic zirconia bar using digital vernier caliper, zirconia bars were randomly allocated into 4 groups with 10 samples in each group (n = 10), namely (Group G: Grinding only, Group G+R: Grinding & Reheating, Group G+G: Grinding & Glazing, Group G+P: Grinding & Polishing) respectively. Surface roughness values were measured using a profilometer. Differences between groups were examined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (P ≤ 0.05) and Post hoc Tukey HSD test was done for multiple comparisons of surface roughness in between the groups using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. RESULTS Group C showed the least surface roughness values. The maximum surface roughness values were seen in Group G. Surface roughness of Group G, Group G + H and Group G + G were statistically significant from Group C and Group G + P. There was no statistically significant difference in surface roughness values between Group C and Group G + P. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that polishing after grinding significantly reduced the surface roughness and re-established the surface smoothness of full-contour monolithic zirconia bars. KEY WORDS Surface Roughness, Zirconia, Monolithic, Full Contour, Profilometer

scholarly journals Emergence delirium and intranasal dexmedetomidine premedication in pediatric anesthesia: a retrospective study in plastic surgery

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Di Palma ◽  
Federica Maldarelli ◽  
Antonietta Cimino ◽  
Mario Zama ◽  
Sergio Giuseppe Picardo
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Plastic Surgery ◽  
Lower Incidence ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Pediatric Anesthesia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Emergence Delirium ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Combined Anesthesia ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Dexmedetomidine is widely used in the treatment of emergency delirium (ED) in pediatric patients. However, further evidence on its use in pediatric anesthesia on potential differences in the reduction of ED according to patient’s age and type of anesthesia is required. Moreover, whether dexmedetomidine influences time of discharge from the surgical area remains unclear. We evaluated whether intranasal dexmedetomidine is effective in decreasing the incidence of ED in 106 children who had anesthesia for plastic surgery undergoing general or combined anesthesia at different ages. We also assessed if this drug has an impact on time to discharge from the surgical area. Methods In total, 106 children, aged 2–10 years, were enrolled in this retrospective study. Among them, 50 have been premedicated with dexmedetomidine (dexmedetomidine group); the remaining 56 patients served as controls (control group). The incidence of ED was evaluated according to the use of dexmedetomidine premedication, age and type of anesthesia (general vs combined). The length of anesthesia and duration of staying in the surgical area were also analyzed. Results Three patients who received dexmedetomidine premedication showed ED (6%), compared with 43 patients in the control group (77%; p<0.05). This lower incidence of ED was also present when stratifying patients according to the type of anesthesia or age. No difference between the dexmedetomidine group and control group were reported in timing of discharge from surgical area.Conclusions Premedication with dexmedetomidine is associated with decreased incidence of ED without increasing timing of discharge after surgery, regardless of patients’ age or type of anesthesia. In particular, patients subjected to combined anesthesia report benefit from the use of this molecule.

scholarly journals Perbedaan efektivitas jus tomat (Lucopersicon esculentum Mill.) dan jus apel (Mallus sylvestris Mill.) sebagai bahan alami pemutih gigi

e-GIGI ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Enny F. S. Lumuhu ◽  
Martha M. Kaseke ◽  
Wulan G. Parengkuan
Keyword(s):  
Apple Juice ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Tomato Juice ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Carbamide Peroxide ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Anterior Teeth ◽  
Tooth Discoloration ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract: Teeth appearance plays an important role in human interaction. One of its problems is tooth discoloration which can affect personal self confidence and appearance. Chemicals for whitening the teeth can cause negative effects such as decreased enamel hardness and gingival iritaion. An alternative material that can be used for that purpose is natural substance inter alia tomato juice (Lucopersicon esculentum Mill.) which contains hydrogen peroxide and apple juice (Mallus sylvestris Mill.) which contains malic acid. This study aimed to determine the difference in effectiveness of tomato juice and apple juice as natural bleaching agents. This was a true experimental study with a pretest postest only control group design. There were 30 samples of post-extraction anterior teeth soaked in coffee for 12 days and were further divided into 3 groups, each of 10 samples. Group 1 was immersed in tomato juice; group 2 was immersed in apple juice; and group 3 as the positive control was immersed in carbamide peroxide 10%. Each group was observed after 1 day, 3 days, and 5 days. The color change was measured by using CIEL*a*b method. The results showed that tomato juice, apple juice, and carbamide peroxide 10% could whiten the teeth. However, tomato juice was more effective compared to apple juice and carbamide peroxide 10%. Apple juice and carbamide peroxide 10% did not show any significant difference in color change. Keywords: tomato juice, apple juice, carbamide peroxide 10%, tooth discolorationAbstrak: Penampilan gigi berperan dalam interaksi manusia. Masalah dalam penampilan gigi salah satunya ialah perubahan warna gigi yang dapat memengaruhi kepercayaan diri dan keindahan penampilan seseorang. Penggunaan bahan kimia untuk memutihkan gigi dapat berdampak negatif seperti penurunan kekerasan email dan iritasi gingiva. Bahan alternatif yang dapat digunakan untuk memutihkan gigi yaitu dengan bahan alami antara lain jus tomat (Lucopersicon esculentum Mill.) yang mengandung hidrogen peroksida dan jus apel (Mallus sylvestris Mill.) yang mengandung asam malat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan efektivitas jus tomat dan jus apel sebagai bahan alami pemutih gigi. Terdapat 30 sampel gigi anterior pasca ekstraksi yang direndam kopi selama 12 hari. Sampel dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok masing-masing terdiri dari 10 sampel. Kelompok 1 direndam dalam jus tomat; kelompok 2 direndam dalam jus apel; dan kelompok 3 sebagai kontrol positif menggunakan karbamid peroksida 10%. Setiap kelompok dilakukan pengamatan 1 hari, 3 hari dan 5 hari. Perubahan warna diukur menggunakan metode CIEL*a*b. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan jus tomat, jus apel, dan karbamid peroksida 10% dapat memutihkan gigi. Jus tomat lebih efektif memutihkan gigi dibandingkan jus apel dan karbamid peroksida 10%. Jus apel dan karbamid peroksida 10% tidak memiliki perbedaan memutihkan gigi yang signifikan.Kata kunci: jus tomat, jus apel, karbamid peroksida 10%, perubahan warna gigi

scholarly journals EFFECTIVENESS OF COLD PACK WITH EARLY AMBULATION IN PREVENTING COMPLICATIONS OF HAEMORRHAGE AND HAEMATOMA IN PATIENTS POST CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
Rizal Ginanjar ◽  
Soeharyo Hadisaputro ◽  
Mardiyono Mardiyono ◽  
Sudirman Sudirman
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Catheterization ◽  
Early Mobilization ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Early Ambulation ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cold Pack ◽  
And Control

Objective: To examine the effect of early ambulation with cold pack on the prevention of bleeding and haematoma complications in patients post-cardiac catheterization. Methods: This research used an experimental method with randomized posttest-only control group design. Thirty respondents were randomly selected using simple random sampling, with 15 assigned in the experiment and control group. The experiment group was given cold pack and early mobilization, while the control group was given sand pillow with immobilization for 6 hours. Independent t-test and Fisher’s exact test were used for data analysis.Results: Findings showed that there was no significant difference in hemorrhage between experiment and control group after given intervention (p= 1.000), and found a significant difference in hematoma between the two groups  (p=0.001).Conclusion: Cold packs with early ambulation and sand pillow with immobilization for 6 hours were equally effective in preventing hemorrhage. However, cold packs with early ambulation was more effective in preventing haematoma.

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