scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance ofSalmonella entericaSerovars Typhi and Paratyphi Isolates from a General Hospital in Karawaci, Tangerang, Indonesia: A Five-Year Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nata Pratama Hardjo Lugito ◽  
Cucunawangsih
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Prevalent Disease ◽  
Paratyphoid Fever ◽  
Resistance Rates

Typhoid and paratyphoid fever known as enteric fever pose important global public health problem, with 21.6 million cases and approximately 250,000 deaths annually. It is a prevalent disease in Indonesia, but data on the antimicrobial resistance pattern is limited. This study aim was to provide data on the antimicrobial resistance pattern ofS.Typhi andS.Paratyphi bloodstream isolates in a general hospital in Karawaci, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia, during the period of January 2011 to December 2015. Susceptibility against antimicrobials was detected according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Out of a total of 168 isolates 55.4% wereS.Typhi and 44.6%S.Paratyphi A. Most of the isolates, 92.9%, were from children aged 6–18 years and adult population. There was low resistance ofS.Typhi against ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin, similar to previous studies in Indonesia. In the 2011–2015 period, resistance rates against most antimicrobials and MDR rate ofS.Typhi andS.Paratyphi were low, emphasizing that there is a distinct epidemiological dynamic of the enteric fever in Indonesia.

scholarly journals Is Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Enteric Fever Changing in Kathmandu Valley?

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-228
Author(s):  
Ganesh Kumar Rai ◽  
Subhana Karki ◽  
Bina Prajapati
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

Introduction: Enteric fever is a public health problem in developing countries including Nepal. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of Salmonella sp causing enteric fever is changing over time and also differs according to geographical location. Periodic surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella sp is mandatory for management of enteric fever rationally. The objective of this study was to analyze the resistance pattern of Salmonella sp to commonly used antimicrobials. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study undertaken reviewing the records of blood isolates of Salmonella sp over one year period at Kanti Children’s Hospital, Nepal. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing was done following Kirby Bauer’s disk diffusion technique using Muller Hinton agar. Results: Salmonella typhi was found to be 100% resistance to ampicillin and resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin was also high. The resistance to chloramphenicol and ofloxacin was low. No resistance was found to amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and amikacin. However, among the sensitive isolates of Salmonella typhi intermediate sensitivity to ceftriaxone and ceftazidime was reported to be high. Among the isolates of S paratyphi A, the resistance to nalidixic acid was 100% followed by 75% to ciprofloxacin. No resistance was found to chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, cefixime, amikacin and low resistance to amoxicillin and ofloxacin. Among the sensitive isolates of S paratyphi A, majority of them were only moderately sensitive to cefotaxime and ceftazidime and about 1/3 of the organisms had only intermediate sensitivity to ceftriaxone. Conclusiion: Commonly used parenteral third generation cephalosporins, first line drugs like chloramphenicol and amoxicillin and ofloxacin among fluoroquinolones were found to be effective in vitro in treating enteric fever. However, Salmonella typhi was found to be highly resistant to the most frequently used drugs like ciprofloxacin and cefixime and Salmonella paratyphi A to ciprofloxacin. A comparative chart of antimicrobial sensitivity of enteric fever in children over 10 year period from different hospitals of Kathmandu valley is also presented in the study. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i3.6625 J. Nepal Paediatr. SocVol.32(3) 2012 221-228

scholarly journals Changing trend of antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Enteric Fever: What is Next?

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-54
Author(s):  
HAM Nazmul Ahasan ◽  
Homayra Tahseen Hossain ◽  
Ishrat Binte Reza
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Successful Management ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Changing Trend ◽  
Global Public Health Problem

Enteric fever continues to be a major global public health problem, predominantly in the developing countries, including Bangladesh. Mortality rates due to enteric fever can be reduced from 30% to <1% by providing effective antimicrobial therapy which is facing challenges due to emerging antimicrobial resistance. The changing trend of antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Enteric fever from pre-antibiotic era through susceptible antibiotics, then multidrug resistance (MDREF) followed by re-emergence of sensitivity to some older resistant antibiotics pose therapeutic challenges for the physicians. The purpose of this review article is to compare the antibiogram of Salmonella isolates of different recent studies and analyzing the changing trend of antibiotic resistance pattern for further successful management. This may also enable planning of antibiotic recycling wherever feasible. J MEDICINE JAN 2020; 21 (1) : 51-54

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in Kathmandu : Two Years Study and Trends of Antimicrobial Resistance

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (157) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Malla ◽  
P Kansakar ◽  
Serichantalergs Serichantalergs ◽  
M Rahman ◽  
S Basnet
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Technique ◽  
Plasmid Analysis ◽  
Paratyphoid Fever

Enteric fever is prevalent in developing countries including Nepal, where it still remains as a major healthproblem. Appropriate antibiotics are essential for the treatment of typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Aprospective study was carried out to characterize the epidemiological features of enteric fever in Kathmandu,Nepal and to analyse the recent trend of antimicrobial resistance pattern of the Salmonella isolated from thecases of enteric fever from different hospitals in Kathmandu during June, 2002 to June, 2004. A total of 1469Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi ‘A’ isolates collected during this period from five different hospitallaboratories situated in Kathmandu were studied. The antimicrobial susceptibilities of the isolates towardsAmpicillin (10mcg), Chloramphenicol (30mcg), Cotrimoxazole (25mcg), Ciprofloxacin (5mcg) and Ceftriaxone(5mcg) were determined by standard disc diffusion technique and Agar dilution technique were used todetermine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicoland Ceftriaxone. All the isolates tested were found to be sensitive to Ceftriaxone and Ciprofloxacin, the mostcommonly used antibiotic for treatment of enteric fever in Nepal. Of the total isolates studied, 15.5% from2002, 8% from 2003 and 3.45% from 2004 were found to be multidrug resistant (exhibiting resistance towardsAmpicillin, Chloramphenicol and Cotrimoxazole). Of the total multi drug resistant Salmonella isolates, 92%were Salmonella typhi. All the multidrug resistant isolates were also further tested for susceptibilities towardsTetracycline (30mcg), Nalidixic acid (30 mcg), Streptomycin (10units), Gentamycin (25mcg), Azithromycin(15mcg), Kanamycin (30mcg), Neomycin (30mcg). 50% of the multi drug resistant Salmonella typhi werealso resistant to Tetracycline. Plasmid analysis revealed that all of the Mutidrug resistant Salmonella typhiisolates with Tetracycline resistance harbored a large molecular weight (147 Kb) plasmid.Key Words: Enteric fever, Salmonella, Antibiotic, Plasmid, Multidrugresistant

scholarly journals Phylogenomics and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A, B and C in England, 2016–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Anne Chattaway ◽  
Amy Gentle ◽  
Satheesh Nair ◽  
Laura Tingley ◽  
Martin Day ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Recent Emergence

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to first- and second-line treatment regimens of enteric fever is a global public-health problem, and routine genomic surveillance to inform clinical and public-health management guidance is essential. Here, we present the prospective analysis of genomic data to monitor trends in incidence, AMR and travel, and assess hierarchical clustering (HierCC) methodology of 1742 isolates of typhoidal salmonellae. Trend analysis of Salmonella Typhi and S. Paratyphi A cases per year increased 48 and 17.3%, respectively, between 2016 and 2019 in England, mainly associated with travel to South Asia. S. Paratyphi B cases have remained stable and are mainly associated with travel to the Middle East and South America. There has been an increase in the number of S. Typhi exhibiting a multidrug-resistant (MDR) profile and the emergence of extensively drug resistant (XDR) profiles. HierCC was a robust method to categorize clonal groups into clades and clusters associated with travel and AMR profiles. The majority of cases that had XDR S. Typhi reported recent travel to Pakistan (94 %) and belonged to a subpopulation of the 4.3.1 (H58) clone (HC5_1452). The phenotypic and genotypic AMR results showed high concordance for S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A, B and C, with 99.99 % concordance and only three (0.01 %) discordant results out of a possible 23 178 isolate/antibiotic combinations. Genomic surveillance of enteric fever has shown the recent emergence and increase of MDR and XDR S. Typhi strains, resulting in a review of clinical guidelines to improve management of imported infections.

scholarly journals Outcomes of Patients Who Have Undergone AV Shunt Procedure at Dr. Zainoel Abidin General Hospital in Banda Aceh

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 721-725
Author(s):  
Khalikul Razi ◽  
Yopie Afriandi Habibie ◽  
Zulfan Zulfan ◽  
Rovy Pratama
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Shunt Procedure ◽  
Av Shunt ◽  
Banda Aceh

In recent decades, kidney disease has been documented as a global public health problem. The current challenge is about improving the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients in order to provide a longer life expectancy for them. In hemodialysis, there has been a considerable development in finding access to the vascular system, one of which developments was the creation of arteriovenous access by Cimino and Brescia (called an AV shunt). Research on the AV shunt is still limited, so the researchers are interested in conducting this descriptive epidemiological survey study on the profile of patients undergoing AV shunt procedures at Dr. Zainoel Abidin General Hospital in Banda Aceh in 2017. Data were obtained retrospectively from the medical records of the Central Surgery Installation Department of Dr.Zainoel Abidin General Hospital in Banda Aceh, and there were 105 patients have undergone AV shunt, 72 men (68.6%) and 33 women (31.4%). The frequency based on the age was the risking age about 45-54 years as many as 30 people (28.6%). Based on the outcomes obtained 95 people (90.48%) who have used the AV shunt for hemodialysis access, consisting of 66 men (62.86%) and 29 women (27.62). Based on the duration of use, AV Shunt is mostly used for 1 year with the number of 48 patients (50.52%) in the proportion of men and women were 38.95% and 11.57%. With an average duration of use of AV Shunt 2,6 years. From the results of this study, we conclude that the result was obtained that the highest cases in patients who have undergone AV Shunt is man as much as 68.6%. Furthermore, Pertaining to this study, it was obtained that the majority of age who undergo Av shunt is 45-54 years. In addition, the result of this study showed that the success rate of surgery AV shunt in Dr. Zainoel Abidin General Hospital in Banda Aceh was high. It is about 90, 48% with an average duration use of Av shunt is 2.6 years.

scholarly journals Paradigm Shift in Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Bacterial Isolates during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 954
Author(s):  
Vikas Saini ◽  
Charu Jain ◽  
Narendra Pal Singh ◽  
Ahmad Alsulimani ◽  
Chhavi Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Hospital Infection Control ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an emerging public health problem in modern times and the current COVID-19 pandemic has further exaggerated this problem. Due to bacterial co-infection in COVID-19 cases, an irrational consumption of antibiotics has occurred during the pandemic. This study aimed to observe the COVID-19 patients hospitalized from 1 March 2019 to 31 December 2020 and to evaluate the AMR pattern of bacterial agents isolated. This was a single-center study comprising 494 bacterial isolates (blood and urine) that were obtained from patients with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to the ICU and investigated in the Department of Microbiology of a tertiary care hospital in Delhi, India. Out of the total bacterial isolates, 55.46% were gram negative and 44.53% were gram positive pathogens. Of the blood samples processed, the most common isolates were CoNS (Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus) and Staphylococcus aureus. Amongst the urinary isolates, most common pathogens were Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. A total of 60% MRSA was observed in urine and blood isolates. Up to 40% increase in AMR was observed amongst these isolates obtained during COVID-19 period compared to pre-COVID-19 times. The overuse of antibiotics gave abundant opportunity for the bacterial pathogens to gradually develop mechanisms and to acquire resistance. Since the dynamics of SARS-COV-2 are unpredictable, a compromise on hospital antibiotic policy may ultimately escalate the burden of drug resistant pathogens in hospitals. A shortage of trained staff during COVID-19 pandemic renders it impossible to maintain these records in places where the entire hospital staff is struggling to save lives. This study highlights the extensive rise in the use of antibiotics for respiratory illness due to COVID-19 compared to antibiotic use prior to COVID-19 in ICUs. The regular prescription audit followed by a constant surveillance of hospital infection control practices by the dedicated teams and training of clinicians can improve the quality of medications in the long run and help to fight the menace of AMR.

scholarly journals Differences in Neisseria gonorrhoeae population structure and antimicrobial resistance pattern between men who have sex with men and heterosexuals

2016 ◽  
Vol 145 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. SERRA-PLADEVALL ◽  
M. J. BARBERÁ ◽  
A. E. CALLARISA ◽  
R. BARTOLOMÉ-COMAS ◽  
A. ANDREU
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Sexual Practices ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Sequence Types

SUMMARYThis study compared the antimicrobial susceptibility and genotypes of strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from men who have sex with men (MSM) and from heterosexuals. One hundred and eleven strains were characterized from 107 patients, comprising 57 strains from 54 heterosexuals and 54 strains from 53 MSM. Antimicrobial resistance rates were higher in strains from heterosexual patients, with resistance to cefixime (P = 0·0159) and ciprofloxacin (P = 0·002) being significantly higher. Typing by N. gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) showed that the most prevalent sequence types (ST) and genogroups (G) respectively were ST2400, ST2992, and ST5793, and G1407, G2992, and G2400. A statistically significant association was observed for MSM and genogroups G2400 (P = 0·0005) and G2992 (P = 0·0488), and G1407 with heterosexuals (P = 0·0002). We conclude that in our region distinct populations of gonococci are circulating among subjects with different sexual practices, with their corresponding transmission patterns. Furthermore, the high prevalence of genotype G2400 in MSM, has not to our knowledge been previously described.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Use and Resistance Pattern in Ethiopia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oumer Abdu Muhie
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Bacterial Detection

Background. In the last decades, medicines have had an unprecedented positive effect on health, leading to reduced mortality and disease burden and consequently to an improved quality of life. The rapid and ongoing spread of antimicrobial-resistant organisms threatens our ability to successfully treat a growing number of infectious diseases. In the absence of the development of new generations of antibiotic drugs, appropriate use of existing antibiotics is needed to ensure the long-term availability of effective treatment for bacterial infections. Irrational use of antibiotics is an ongoing global public health problem that deserves more attention. This review is conducted to evaluate the prevalence of inappropriate antibiotic utilization and resistance to antibiotics in Ethiopia. Methods. Electronic search in PubMed/MEDLINE and Google was used to find published literature with reference lists of relevant articles searched manually. Titles and abstracts were initially screened for eligibility. The full texts of articles judged to be eligible were reviewed if they meet the inclusion criteria. Data were extracted on important variables like the sample size, region of the study, the inappropriate antibiotic use, bacterial detection rate, multidrug resistance pattern, and more other variables. Microsoft Excel was used for data extraction. Quantitative analysis was performed using STATA version 11. Results. The electronic searches identified 193 articles of which 33 were found eligible. The random-effects model was used to provide point estimates (with 95% confidence interval (CI)) of bacterial detection rate, inappropriate antibiotic use, and multidrug resistance rate to account for heterogeneity. The pooled bacteria detection rate was 29.1 with 95% CI (16.6–41.7). The pooled prevalence of multidrug resistant strains identified was 59.7% (95% CI: 43.5–75.9). The pooled estimate of inappropriate antibiotic use was 49.2% (95% CI: 32.2–66.2). The pooled proportion of self-antibiotic prescription was 43.3% (95% CI: 15.7–70.9). Other reasons for inappropriate antibiotic use included a wrong indication, wrong duration, improper route of administration, use of leftover antibiotics from a family member, and immature discontinuation of antibiotics. Conclusion and Recommendations. Inappropriate antibiotic use is a huge problem in Ethiopia, and many bacteria were resistant to commonly used antibiotics and similarly, multidrug-resistant bacterial strains are numerous. Appropriate antibiotic use should be ensured by prohibiting over-the-counter sale of antibiotics and strengthening antimicrobial stewardship.

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